No description available.

The question of the absolute mass scale of neutrinos is of particular interest for particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. The KATRIN experiment (KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment) aims to address the effective electron antineutrino mass from the shape of the tritium β-spectrum with an unprecedented sensitivity of 0.2 eV/c2 . One of the major systematic effects concerns the experimental energy scale, which has to be stable at the level of only a few parts in a million. For its calibration and monitoring the monoener- getic electrons emitted in the internal conversion of γ-transition of the metastable isotope 83m Kr will be extensively applied. The aim of this thesis is to address the problem of KA- TRIN energy scale distortions and its monitoring in detail. The source of electrons based on 83m Kr embedded in a solid as well as the source based on gaseous 83m Kr are studied. Based on the experimental results an approach for the continuous stability monitoring is proposed. 1

Le mode d’excitation collective exotique appelé chiralité a été étudié et des isomères de longue durée de vie ont été recherchés dans les noyaux ¹³⁶Nd et ¹³⁵Nd. Cinq paires de bandes Δ I=1 presque dégénérées et de même parité ont été identifiées à des spins élevés dans ¹³⁶Nd Les bandes observées ont été étudiées en utilisant la théorie de la fonctionnelle de densité covariante contrainte et rotation autour d'une axe incliné, et par un nouveau modèle de rotor plus particules développé pour décrire le couplage de particules dans quatre couches j à un rotor triaxial. Les propriétés de ces bandes doublet sont en bon accord avec les résultats des calculs théoriques. Par conséquent, l'existence de bandes chirales multiples (MχD) dans le noyau ¹³⁶Nd a été établie. Il s'agit de la première preuve expérimentale de l'existence de bandes chirales dans des noyaux pairs. Les cinq paires de bandes chirales constituent le plus grand ensablé de bandes chirales observé jusqu'à présent dans un seul noyau. De plus, le schéma de niveaux de ¹³⁶Nd a été considérablement étendu aux spins bas, moyens et très élevés. Les configurations possibles de toutes les bandes rotationnelles ont été attribuées á l'aide du modèle Nilsson-Strutinsky en rotation. La structure de ¹³⁶Nd a été clarifiée et les divers types d'excitations uni-particule et collectives ont été bien compris. Une nouvelle paire de bandes chirales á parité positive a été identifiée dans. Les caractéristiques des bandes soutiennent leur interprétation en termes de bandes chirales. Des bandes chirales à parité négative ayant été identifiées précédemment, la présence de multiple bandes chirales dans ¹³⁵Nd est ainsi établie. Les bandes chirales observées ont été étudiées en utilisant la théorie avec fonctionnelle de densité covariante contrainte et avec le modèle rotor plus particules; elles reproduisent fidèlement les données expérimentales, confirmant ainsi le phénomène MχD dans ce noyau. Les bandes chirales nouvellement observées dans ¹³⁵Nd représentent une étape importante dans la confirmation de l'existence du phénomène MχD dans les noyaux. La recherche d'états isométriques à longue durée de vie dans ¹³⁵Nd et ¹³⁶Nd a été aussi effectuée, mais n'a pas permis d'identifier de nouveaux isomères. Cependant, nous avons pu confirmer la présence des isomères déjà identifiés dans les noyaux ¹³⁸Nd, ¹³⁴Ce, ¹³⁶Pr, et ¹³⁷Pr dans nos données. / The exotic collective excitation mode called chirality has been investigated and long-lived isomers have been searched for in the ¹³⁶Nd and ¹³⁵Nd nuclei. Five pairs of nearly degenerate Δ I=1 bands with the same parity have been identified at high spins in ¹³⁶Nd. The observed bands were investigated by the constrained and tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory and a new developed four single-j shells particle-rotor model. It was found that the properties of these doublet bands are in good agreement with results of the model calculations. Therefore, the multiple chiral doublets (MχD) phenomenon in the nucleus ¹³⁶Nd was confirmed. This was the first experimental evidence for the MχD bands in even-even nuclei. The five pairs of chiral doublet bands is the largest observed in a single nucleus until now. In addition, the level scheme of the ¹³⁶Nd has been extended significantly at low, medium, and very high spins. Possible configurations of all rotational bands have been assigned by using the cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky model. The band structure of ¹³⁶Nd was clarified and the various types of single-particle and collective excitations were well understood. A new pair of positive-parity chiral doublet bands has been identified in ¹³⁵Nd. The characteristics of the doublet bands support the chiral interpretation. Together with the previously reported negative-parity chiral doublet bands show the presence of MχD bands in ¹³⁵Nd. The observed doublet bands were compared with constrained covariant density functional theory and particle-rotor model calculations which nicely reproduce the experimental data, confirming the MχD phenomenon in this nucleus. The newly observed MχD bands in ¹³⁵Nd represent an important milestone in supporting the existence of MχD in nuclei. The search for long-lived isomeric states in ¹³⁵Nd and ¹³⁶Nd has also been performed. This did not lead to the identification of new isomers, but we could confirm the existence of the previously reported isomers in the nuclei ¹³⁸Nd, ¹³⁴Ce, ¹³⁶Pr, and ¹³⁷Pr in our data.

No description available.

Neste trabalho são analisados dados experimentais do canal de reação p ! K+0 no intervalo de energias, 1, 0 E < 3, 6GeV (1, 66 W < 2, 76GeV ), para o fóton incidente. Os dados foram tomados durante o experimento G10 na sala-B do Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). Na sala-B está localizado o detector espectrômetro CLAS que utiliza um sistema de fótons monitorados aumentando consideravelmente a acurácia na determinação do fóton que gerou um evento no alvo de hidrogênio líquido. Neste estudo foram utilizados dois métodos de análise diferentes, um por meio do ajuste cinemático e o outro através da subtração de fundo somente. O ajuste cinemático procura levar em conta aspectos cinemáticos da reação na seleção dos dados, usando para isso ferramentas estatísticas. Já o método de subtração de fundos separa a região de interesse através de cortes lineares de algumas grandezas relevantes. Com isso, foi obtida a seção de choque diferencial em todo intervalo de energias do fóton incidente e em ângulos cos(CM K+ ) variando de -0.9 a 0.9. A secção de choque total, tot(W) , calculada por meio da análise de ondas parciais mostrou que os resutados encontrados são compatíveis aos dados do SAPHIR, indicando que não há evidências da ressonância P13. / This work analyzed the experimental data for the reaction p ! K+0 with incident photon energy of, 1.0 E < 3.6GeV (1, 66 W < 2, 76GeV ). The data were taken during the G10 experiment in Hall-B of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). In Hall-B is located the CLAS detector spectrometer that uses a system of tagged photons increasing the accuracy in the determination of the photon that generated an event in the target of liquid hydrogen. This study used two different methods of analysis: the kinematic fit and the method of background subtraction. The kinematic fit takes into account kinematic aspects of the reaction in the selection of data, using statistical tools. In the other hand, the subtraction method to separate the background in the region of interest through linear cuts of some relevant quantities. Following it, was obtained the differential cross section in the range of energies of the incident photons and at an angles cos(CM K+ ) ranging from -0.9 to 0.9. The total cross section, tot(W), calculated through Partial Wave analysis, shows that the results are consistent with SAPHIR data, indicating no evidences of P13 resonance.

L’émission de paires de neutrons par les noyaux riches en neutrons 18C et 20O (isotones N = 12) est étudié par réactions de knock-out d’un nucléon des faisceaux secondaires 19N et 21O, peuplant ainsi des états non liés jusqu’à 15 MeV au-dessus de leur seuil d’émission deux neutrons. L’analyse des corrélations des triples coïncidences fragment+n+n montre que la décroissance 19N(−1p)→18C → 16C+n+n est clairement dominée par l’émission directe de paires. Les corrélations n-n, les plus grandes jamais observées, suggèrent la prédominance d’un coeur de 14C entouré de quatre neutrons arrangés en paires très corrélées. De plus, une importante compétition du mode de décroissance séquentiel est observée dans la décroissance 21O(−1n) → 20O → 18O+n+n, interprétée par la déformation causée par le knock-out d’un neutron très lié ayant pour effet de casser le cœur de 16O et ainsi de réduire le nombre de paires.De plus, les états non liés du 26F et 28F sont étudiés. Les deux systèmes étant peuplés par knock-out d’un nucléon du 27F dans le cas du 26F et du 29Ne ou du 29F pour 28F. Cinq états ont été observés pour 26F avec en particulier l’état de plus basse énergie (0.39 MeV) identifié comme l’état 3+ résultant du couplage d5/2 ⊗ d3/2 . Pour 28F, cinq états ont aussi été observés et l’état fondamental (200 keV) a été identifié comme étant de parité négative, plaçant ainsi 28F dans l’îlot d’inversion. / The emission of neutron pairs from the neutron-rich N = 12 isotones 18C and 20O has been studied by high-energy nucleon knockout from 19N and 21O secondary beams, populating unbound states of the two isotones up to 15 MeV above their two-neutron emission thresholds. The analysis of triple fragment-n-n correlations shows that the decay 19N(−1p) → 18C → 16C+n+n is clearly dominated by direct pair emission. The two-neutron correlation strength, the largest ever observed, suggests the predominance of a 14C core surrounded by four neutrons arranged in strongly correlated pairs. On the other hand, a significant competition of a sequential branch is found in the decay 21O(−1n) → 20O → 18O+n+n, attributed to its formation through the knockout of a deeply-bound neutron that breaks the 16O core and reduces the number of pairs.Moreover, unbound states in 26F and 28F have been studied. The two systems were probed using single-nucleon knockout reaction from secondary beams of 27F respectively in the case of 26F, and 29Ne and 29F for 28F. Five possible states have been identified in 26F, with in particular the lowest energy one (0.39 MeV) being identified as the 3+ state resulting from the d5/2 ⊗ d3/2 coupling. In the case of 28F, five unbound state have also been observed and in particular its ground state (200 keV) has been identified as a negative parity state, meaning that 28F is located inside the island of inversion.

Le présent manuscrit de thèse regroupe les études par spectroscopie γ des noyaux 84−88Se produits par une réaction de fission induite par neutrons thermiques, sur une cible de 235U. Cette expérience a été réalisée à l’Institut Laue-Langevin à Grenoble après du multi-détecteurs EXILL. Les données brutes recueillies par EXILL ont été traitées et analysées afin de déterminer la structure des noyaux étudiés. Grâce à cette étude spectroscopique détaillée, un premier schéma de niveaux a été établi pour la première fois au 88Se et de nouveaux états excités ont été assignées à d’autre isotopes de sélénium (84-87Se). De plus, l’analyse de la corrélations angulaires a été faite pour confirmer l’assignation de spins des premières états excités. Des calculs théoriques utilisant le modèle en couches (SM), le modèle collectif algébrique (ACM) et le modèle quasiparticule plus phonon (QPM), ont été effectués pour interpréter la structure nucléaire et la forme du noyau d’intérêt 88Se. Selon ces modèles, le noyau 88Se est γ-instable et peut être interprété comme un noyau transitoire et sa structure nucléaire du 88Se a été bien reproduite par le modèle en couches et le modèle ACM. Les calculs du modèle QPM indiquent que le degré de collectivité de l’état 22+ du 88Se est faible parce que une composante neutronique reste dominante dans la structure de la bande γ. / The present thesis manuscript includes the nuclear spectroscopy studies of 84−88Se. A more favourable fission reaction for their study is 235U(nth, f). The measurement was performed at the PF1B cold-neutron beam facility of the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble. The fission reaction has been used in conjunction with the EXILL Ge array to study excited states in the neutron-rich Se nuclei. Thanks to this spectroscopic study, a first level scheme of 88Se was established and new excited states were assigned to other selenium isotopes. Furthermore, the angular correlation studies were carried out to confirm the spin assignment of the first excited states in the 84-88Se nuclei. The theoretical calculations using the shell model (SM), the algebraic collective model (ACM) and the quasiparticle plus phonon model (QPM) were performed in order to interpret the nuclear structure and the shape of the nucleus of interest 88Se. According to these models, the nucleus 88Se is γ-unstable and can be interpreted as a transitional nucleus. The shell-model calculations using a 78Ni core and the ACM calculations reproduce the decay scheme of 88Se well. The QPM calculations show that the collectivity of second state 2+2 of 88Se is weak and that this state contains a strong quasiparticle component.

Neste trabalho são analisados dados experimentais do canal de reação p ! K+0 no intervalo de energias, 1, 0 E < 3, 6GeV (1, 66 W < 2, 76GeV ), para o fóton incidente. Os dados foram tomados durante o experimento G10 na sala-B do Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). Na sala-B está localizado o detector espectrômetro CLAS que utiliza um sistema de fótons monitorados aumentando consideravelmente a acurácia na determinação do fóton que gerou um evento no alvo de hidrogênio líquido. Neste estudo foram utilizados dois métodos de análise diferentes, um por meio do ajuste cinemático e o outro através da subtração de fundo somente. O ajuste cinemático procura levar em conta aspectos cinemáticos da reação na seleção dos dados, usando para isso ferramentas estatísticas. Já o método de subtração de fundos separa a região de interesse através de cortes lineares de algumas grandezas relevantes. Com isso, foi obtida a seção de choque diferencial em todo intervalo de energias do fóton incidente e em ângulos cos(CM K+ ) variando de -0.9 a 0.9. A secção de choque total, tot(W) , calculada por meio da análise de ondas parciais mostrou que os resutados encontrados são compatíveis aos dados do SAPHIR, indicando que não há evidências da ressonância P13. / This work analyzed the experimental data for the reaction p ! K+0 with incident photon energy of, 1.0 E < 3.6GeV (1, 66 W < 2, 76GeV ). The data were taken during the G10 experiment in Hall-B of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). In Hall-B is located the CLAS detector spectrometer that uses a system of tagged photons increasing the accuracy in the determination of the photon that generated an event in the target of liquid hydrogen. This study used two different methods of analysis: the kinematic fit and the method of background subtraction. The kinematic fit takes into account kinematic aspects of the reaction in the selection of data, using statistical tools. In the other hand, the subtraction method to separate the background in the region of interest through linear cuts of some relevant quantities. Following it, was obtained the differential cross section in the range of energies of the incident photons and at an angles cos(CM K+ ) ranging from -0.9 to 0.9. The total cross section, tot(W), calculated through Partial Wave analysis, shows that the results are consistent with SAPHIR data, indicating no evidences of P13 resonance.

Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden Experimente aus den Jahren 2008/09 für die Kerne 86Kr und 136Ba analysiert. Zur Auswertung mussten neben Photonenfluss- und Effizienzbestimmung auch Simulationen durchgeführt werden, welche die experimentellen Bedingungen widerspiegeln. Nicht am Kern gestreute Ereignisse und Detektorantwortfunktionen wurden mit Hilfe des Programmpaketes GEANT4 simuliert, um in den gemessenen Daten berücksichtigt zu werden. Daraus zeigt sich, dass neben diskreten Energiezuständen auch ein beachtlicher Teil des ermittelten Anregungsquerschnitts in einer Art Quasikontinuum aus unauflösbaren Peaks liegt. Die ermittelten Wirkungsquerschnitte werden mit Hilfe eines statistischen Ansatzes auf Verzweigung in mögliche Zerfallskanäle und auf Fütterung durch Zustände höherer Energie korrigiert.

Componentes de buraco de nêutrons nos isótopos ANTPOT 99, 101, 103 Ru foram investigadas atrav6s de reações (d,t), induzidas por dêuterons de 15,5 MeV em ANTPOT 100Ru e 16 MeV em ANTPOT 102 Ru e ANTPOT 101 Ru. Os grupos de trítons emergentes, analisados em momento por um espectrógrafo magnético, foram detectados em placas de emulsão nuclear. Resolução em energia melhor que 8 keV permitiu a identificação de 14, 36 e 46 níveis, até as energias de excitação de 1,4; 2,1 e 2,5 MeV, respectivamente, nos ANTPOT 99, 101, 103 Ru. Os momentos angulares orbitais transferidos, l, e as intensidades espectroscópicas foram obtidos a partir da comparação entre distribuições angulares experimentais, medidas cm ângulos judiriosamente escolhidos entre 8º e 46º, e as previstas pela Aproximação de Born com Ondas Distorcidas. A análise das distribuições das intensidades espectroscópicas, associadas a cada l, nos três isótopos revela um padrão de semelhança, embora haja um deslocamento das maiores intensidades espectroscópicas para menores energias, quando se eleva o número de nêutrons, que indica, juntamente com um aumento da densidade de níveis, crescente deformação nuclear. Especial atenção é dirigida a transições para estados de baixa energia de excitação com l = 3 e l = 1, associadas a orbitais não pertencentes à camada de valência, cuja descrição é discutida em termos de um modelo quase-partícula-rotor prolato, não-rígido, com o tratamento completo da interação de Coriolis, e do Modelo de Bósons e Férmions Interatuantes. / Neutron-hole components in 99, 101, 103 Ru Isotopes were Investigated by (d,t) reactions at incident deuteron energies of 15.5 MeV and 16 MeV on, respectively, 100 Ru and 102,104 Ru. Outgoing triton groups were momentum analyzed by a magnetic spectrograph and dctectcd in nuclear emulsion plates with an energy resolution better than 8 keV. A total of 14, 36 and 46 leveis up to 1.4, 2.1 and 2.5 MeV excitation energy were identified, respectively, 99, 101, 103 Ru. The transferred orbital angular momenta, l, and the spectroscopic strengths were obtained by con1paring experimental angular distributions, measured at carefully chosen scattering angles between 8º and 46º, with Distorted Wave Born Approximation predictions. The analysis of the spectroscopic strength distributions corresponding to each l-value reveals a similar pattern among the three isotopes, although there is a shift of the highest strengths towards low energy, for increasing neutron number, indicating increasing deform at ion. Special attention is drawn to transitions to low-lying states with l=3 and l=1 character, associated with the next major shell, whose description is discussed in terms of a quasiparticle-prolate non-rigid rotor model with the Coriolis effect fully treated, and the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model.