京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22508号 / 農博第2412号 / 新制||農||1078(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5288(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 加納 健司, 教授 三芳 秀人, 教授 宮川 恒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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<div>The goal of this research was to improve crop yield and quality and enhance nutrient use efficiency of aquaponics for the development of sustainable aquaponic production system. Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture and hydroponics by recirculating water and residual nutrients resulting from aquaculture wastewater into hydroponic crop production. The project had four objectives. The first objective was to characterize nutrient composition and accumulation in recirculating water and plant parts of tomato, basil, and lettuce grown in aquaponic systems, and to compare their growth and yield with those grown in hydroponic systems. The second objective was to determine the effects of feeding management regime on water quality, crop yield and quality, and N use efficiency for vegetable and herb production in recirculating aquaponics in comparison to hydroponics. The third objective was to optimize water-flow rate for efficient aquaponic system for maximum crop yield. The fourth objective was to investigate and compare the N and P mass balance between aquaponics and hydroponics. Four conclusions were determined that 1) Aquaponic solution was deficient in Ca and/or Mg leading to plant nutrient deficiency but sufficient or high in P; And luxuriant nutrient profiles in hydroponics are not necessary to enhance crop yield in aquaponics as long as key factors affecting crop yield are identified and properly addressed. 2) Uniform feeding regime improved water quality by reducing toxic ions and enhancing initial nutrient availability and considerably increased the yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops in aquaponics as close or similar to those in hydroponics. 3) Flow rate is an important factor affecting water quality parameters and optimizing flow rate is essential to maximize aquaponic crop production and improve energy efficiency; High hydraulic loading rate at 3.3 m3/m2-day improved performance and yield of all crops in an aquaponics system regardless of their growth rate, but the water hydraulic loading rate for fast-growing and medium-growing crops can be reduced to 2.2 m3/m2-day without production reduction. 4) Plant species had significant influence on N and P removal and mass balance in aquaponics and hydroponics; Fruity vegetables showed better growth adaption in aquaponic system, while yields of leafy vegetables may be reduced when grown in aquaponics than hydroponics; Aquaponics is more efficient than hydroponics releasing less environmental wastes, however, N and P use efficiency in aquaponics and hydroponics can be further improved via proper management.</div><div>The important findings obtained from this research will fill the knowledge gap in aquaponic research and provide new management strategies to improve quantitative study of aquaponic crop production and new management strategies for cultivating crops in aquaponics. The findings will also greatly contribute to the commercial aquaponic development, and ultimately improve food security and resource use efficiency in the US and global agricultural production.</div>

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of alternative cropping systems on farm net returns, and nitrate-N and sediment yields in Thomas Brook Watershed (TBW). The study involved integrated bio-physical and economic optimization modelling. Crop yield and nitrate-N pollution response functions were estimated and then used in trade-off analysis between farm returns and environmental quality improvement. Five crop rotation systems were evaluated for seven fertilizer levels under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till systems (NT). Nitrate-N leached, as well as estimated maximum economic rate of N (MERN) fertilizer level and marginal abatement costs depended on crop type, rotation system, and tillage type. The most cost effective cropping systems that met restrictions on Health Canada maximum limit on nitrate-N in water included corn-corn-corn-alfalfa-alfalfa under NT for corn-based cropping systems, potato-winter wheat-carrot-corn under CT for vegetable horticulture-based and potato-barley-winter wheat-potato-corn under NT for potato-based cropping systems.

L'exsudation racinaire est connue pour avoir une influence sur le fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes, en particulier celles impliquées dans le cycle de l'azote (Haichar et al, 2012). Elle est liée à la physiologie de la plante, cette dernière pouvant être évaluée via les traits fonctionnels végétaux, permettant une classification des plantes en fonction de leur performance dans leur environnement. Ainsi, nous pouvons distinguer d'une part les espèces exploitatrices, avec une efficience de la photosynthèse élevée et une acquisition rapide de l'azote dans les sols, et d'autre part les plantes conservatrices, possédant des caractéristiques contraires (Aerts & Chapin, 1999) et des plantes intermédiaires dont les caractéristiques sont intermediaires.L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de déterminer l'influence de la stratégie de gestion des ressources de 6 poacées, réparties le long d'un gradient de stratégie de gestion des ressources, allant de stratégies conservatrices (Sesleria caerulea et Festuca paniculata), intermédiaires (Antoxanthum odoratum, Bromus erectus) à des stratégies exploitatrices (Dactylis glomerata et Trisetum flavescens), sur la diversité et le fonctionnement des communautés totales et dénitrifiantes. I) Dans un premier temps nous avons étudié le lien entre la stratégie de gestion de ressources des plantes et la quantité d'exsudats racinaires dans le sol adhérent aux racines (SAR). Nous avons ensuite déterminé l'influence de la quantité d'exsudats racinaire sur les activités microbiennes potentielles des communautés microbiennes du SAR (respiration et dénitrification potentielles), puis par une approche ADN-SIP (Stable Isotope Probing) couplée à du séquençage haut-débit, l'influence de l'exsudation racinaire sur la structure et la diversité des communautés bactérienne colonisant le SAR et le système racinaire. II) Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié le lien entre la stratégie de gestion des ressources des plantes et la nature des exsudats racinaires libérés au niveau du SAR et présents dans les extraits racinaires en analysant les profils des métabolites primaires chez Festuca paniculata, Bromus erectus et Dactylis glomerata, représentant respectivement des stratégies de gestion des ressources conservative, intermédiaire et exploitatrice / Root exudation is known to influence microbial communities functioning, in particular those involve in nitrogen cycle. (Haichar et al, 2012). It’s linked to plant physiology, which can be evaluated with functional traits, allowing a plant distribution in function of their performance in their environment. Thus, we can distinguish competitive species, with higher photosynthetic capacity and rapid rates of N acquisition, conservative species with the opposite characteristics (Aerts & Chapin, 1999) and intermediate plants, with intermediate characteristics.The objective of this work is to determinate the influence of nutrient management strategiy of 6 poaceae, along a strategies gradient from conservative strategy (Sesleria caerulea and Festuca paniculata), intermediate (Antoxanthum odoratum and Bromus erectus) to competitive strategy (Dactylis glomerata and Trisetum flavescens), on diversity and functioning of total and denitrifying communities.I) Firstly, we studied the link between the plant nutrient management strategy and the root exudates quantity in the root adhering soil (RAS). Then, we determined the influence of the rate of root exudation on potential microbial activities (respiration and denitrification), and with a DNA-SIP (Stable Isotope Probing) approach coupled to high-throughput sequencing, the influence of root exudation on the bacterial structure and diversity of communities colonizing the RAS and the root system. II) Secondly, we studied the link between the plant nutrient management strategy and the nature of molecules exuded in RAS and present in root extracts by analyzing primary metabolites profile to Festuca paniculata, Bromus erectus and Dactylis glomerata, respectively a conservative, an intermediate and a competitive plant. Then, we determined the influence of primary metabolites profile of each plant on semi-real denitrification of communities colonizing RAS of plants. III) Finally, an mRNA-SIP approach is in progress to determine the influence of exuded metabolites on active bacterial communities functioning and the expression of genes involved in denitrification process in RAS and root system. Our results show an influence of the nutrient management strategy on the rate of carbon exudation, the competitive plants exuding more than conservatives ones.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thays Schneider.pdf: 1808530 bytes, checksum: 30d501a211bd2062abba571e9202b79e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS) is in a form of integrated production, which achieve a higher environmental, economic and social sustainability. Because of the efficient nutrient cycling and biodiversity of crops, the system combines food production with environmental conservation. The lack of research in the context of the potassium (K) dynamic in subtropical soils under ICLS and how the shading provided by the arboreal component alters the production, determined the focus of this research. The main objective of this project consists in evaluating the effects of shade (provided by eucalyptus) on the attributes of plants and soil fertility under conditions of K rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 K2O) applied on the soil surface in the entire area. Two experiments are being conducted simultaneously in an Typic Hapludox on a model farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), Ponta Grossa (PR). The experiment employs an experimental design in randomized complete block with split plots and three replications. The plots (4 x 24 m) consists of annual plants (corn, oat and soybean) and the distances considered in relation to eucalyptus (shading effect) were: 0-4, 4-8, 8-12 and 12-16 m. The subplots (4 x 6 m) receive doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 of K2O) K (as potassium chloride), at the soil surface at the time of seeding culture of autumn-winter (oat) and at seeding of the summer crop (corn and soybeans). The second experiment was also a randomized complete block design with split plot and three replications. The plots were characterized by rows of eucalyptus and subplots doses of K (similar to the first experiment). In the maize crop (2012/13 and 2014/15) and soybean (2013/14) were evaluated nutritional status (for macronutrients) and grain maize yield (GYM and GYS). During oat growing (2013 and 2014) were evaluated the dry matter yield (DMY), height and macronutrient accumulation. The evaluation of nutritional status of eucalyptus was conducted in the summer (2013/14), and the nutrients in the leaf litter under the canopy. Soil samples of layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm were performed in both experiments at 6, 12 and 30 months after the start of the experiment (Sep / 2012). After that, was determined pH concentration, H + Al, C, Ca, Mg, K, Al, CEC and effective CEC (ECEC), base saturation (%) and aluminum (m%) and the percentage of K, Ca and Mg in the effective CEC. In general, higher concentrations of cations was observed in less shaded transects, which favored the largest DMY for oats/2014 (2218.83 kg ha-1) and GYM (10,470.1 kg ha-1 in 2012/13 and 8742, 5 kg ha-1 in 2014/15) and GYS (1989.0 kg ha-1). Moreover, high concentrations of Ca and Mg were detected in the whole profile favoring saturation in these ECEC in second experiment. Leaching was not observed in profile in the second experiment. The concentration of N, P and K in shoots of eucalypt was within the proper range, but the opposite was observed for Ca, Mg and S. The reduction of the concentration of N, P, K, Mg and S in the litter, may indicate a biochemical decomposition. However, the concentration of Ca in the litter, suggests the influence of biogeochemical cycling. K doses did not affect the production of eucalyptus at 8 years. / O sistema integrado de produção agropecuária (SIPA) consiste em uma das formas de produção integrada, o qual busca maior sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social. Em razão da eficiente ciclagem de nutrientes e biodiversidade de culturas, o sistema alia a produção de alimentos com a conservação do meio ambiente. A ausência de pesquisa no âmbito da dinâmica do potássio (K) em solos subtropicais sob SIPA e como a restrição de radiação proporcionado pelo componente arbóreo altera a produção, determinou o foco desta pesquisa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da restrição de radiação (proporcionado pelo eucalipto) sobre os atributos de plantas e de fertilidade do solo, em condições de doses de K (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O) aplicadas na superfície do solo, em área total. Dois experimentos paralelos foram implantados (em setembro/2012) em um Latossolo Vermelho na Fazenda Modelo, município de Ponta Grossa (PR). O primeiro experimento empregou delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas (4 x 24 m) consistem das plantas anuais (milho, aveia branca e soja) e as distâncias consideradas em relação ao eucalipto (efeito da restrição de radiação) foram: 0-4, 4-8, 8-12 e 12-16 m. As subparcelas (4 x 6 m) recebem as doses (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O) de K (na forma de cloreto de potássio), na superfície do solo, por ocasião da semeadura da cultura de inverno (aveia branca, para produção de forragem) e na semeadura da cultura de verão (milho e soja, para produção de grãos). O segundo experimento também foi em blocos completos casualizados com parcela subdividida e três repetições. As parcelas foram caracterizadas por renques de eucalipto e as subparcelas as doses de K (similarmente ao primeiro experimento). Nas culturas de milho (2012/13 e 2014/15) e soja (2013/14) foram avaliados o estado nutricional (para os macronutrientes) e o rendimento de grãos (RGM e RGS). Durante o cultivo da aveia branca (2013 e 2014), foram avaliados o rendimento de massa seca (RMS), altura e acúmulo de macronutrientes. A avaliação do estado nutricional do eucalipto foi realizada no verão (2013/14), bem como os nutrientes na serapilheira sob a copa. Coletas de solo das camadas 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm foram realizadas em ambos os experimentos aos 6, 12 e 30 meses após o início do experimento (Set/2012), visando determinar as concentrações de pH, H+Al, C, Ca, Mg, K, Al, CTC potencial (CTC) e efetiva (CTCe), saturação de bases (V%) e de alumínio (m%) e a porcentagem de K, Ca e Mg na CTC efetiva. Maior influência da restrição de radiação em relação às doses de K foi observado para o experimento 1. Redução do K trocável foi observado aos 30 meses, o que reduziu a 1% a saturação de K na CTCe. Em geral, maiores concentrações de cátions foram observadas em transectos menos sombreados, o que favoreceu o maior RMS para aveia/2014 (2218,83 kg ha-1) e RGM (10470,1 kg ha-1 em 2012/13 e 8742,5 kg ha-1em 2014/15) e RGS (1989,0 kg ha-1). Por outro lado, concentrações altas de Ca e Mg foram verificadas em todo perfil, favorecendo a saturação destes na CTCe no segundo experimento. Lixiviação não foi observada no perfil no segundo experimento. As concentrações de N, P e K na parte aérea do eucalipto esteve dentro da faixa adequada, contudo concentrações baixas foram observados para Ca, Mg e S. A redução da concentração de N, P, K, Mg e S na serapilheira, pode indicar decomposição bioquímica. Todavia, aumento da concentração de Ca na serapilheira sugere a influência da ciclagem biogeoquímica. Doses de K não afetaram a produção do eucalipto aos 8 anos.

Diffuse Phosphor (P)-Austräge aus der Landwirtschaft tragen zur Gewässereutrophierung bei. Der Phosphorsättigungsgrad (DPS) ist ein etablierter Parameter, um das P-Austragsrisiko aus Böden zu erfassen. Ein bodentypunabhängiger Ansatz, der die Abschätzung des DPS durch eine einfache Standardmethode wasserlöslichen P (WSP) ermöglicht (WSP-DPS-Ansatz), wurde an europäischen Böden entwickelt. In der Dissertation wurde dieser Ansatz erstmalig: i) an tropischen Böden getestet und ii) dazu verwendet P-Austragsrisiken von Boden-P-Monitoringdaten und von landwirtschaftlichen Institutionen empfohlenen P-Gehalten abzuleiten. Neben dem DPS wurde der Einfluss der in Brasilien gängigen anorganischen Oberflächendüngung auf das Austragsrisiko mittels Laboranalysen und Feldstudien erfasst. Die Bodentypunabhängigkeit des WSP-DPS-Ansatzes wurde für Böden Brasiliens bestätigt. Infrarotspektroskopische Analysen lieferten eine Erklärung für relativ niedrige gelöste P-Konzentrationen im Oberflächenabfluss von Oxisols. Pedotransferfunktionen zwischen WSP und Methoden, die in Brasilien und Deutschland zur Abschätzung pflanzenverfügbaren P verwendet werden, ermöglichten die Berechnung von DPS-Werten aus Monitoringdaten. Erste DPS-Karten zeigten relative geringe Austragsrisiken für das Untersuchungsgebiet in Brasilien und hohe Risiken für Deutschland, die teilweise durch unterschiedliche empfohlene Boden-P-Gehalte erklärbar waren. Um mit einer einfachen und kosteneffizienten Methode sowohl die landwirtschaftliche Produktion als auch den Gewässerschutz zu berücksichtigen, wurden die Wasser- und CaCl2-Methode zur Abschätzung von pflanzenverfügbarem P mit dem WSP-DPS-Ansatz kombiniert. Dieser Ansatz könnte helfen die Herausforderungen zu lösen mit denen die Menschheit in den nächsten Jahrzehnten bezüglich P in der Landwirtschaft konfrontiert sein wird: Einer effizienten Nutzung der limitierten Ressource P und dem Schutz der Gewässer vor diffusen P-Einträgen. / Diffuse phosphorus (P) losses from agriculture contribute to the eutrophication of surface waters. The degree of P saturation (DPS) is an established parameter for assessing the risk of P loss from agricultural soils. A soil type-independent approach for estimating the DPS by a simple standard method of water-soluble phosphorus (WSP; the WSP-DPS approach) was developed on European soils. In the thesis, the WSP-DPS approach was for the first time: i) tested on tropical soils and ii) used to derive P loss risks from soil P monitoring data and from recommended soil P levels by agricultural institutions. In addition to DPS, laboratory analyses and field studies were combined to assess the risk of P loss associated with the superficial application of inorganic fertilizer, which is commonly used in Brazil. The soil type-independency of the WSP-DPS approach was confirmed for soils of Brazil. Infrared spectroscopic analyses provided an explanation for the relatively low dissolved P concentrations in the surface runoff of Oxisols. Pedotransfer functions were determined between WSP and methods used to estimate plant-available P in Brazil and Germany and allowed for the transformation of soil P monitoring data into DPS values. The first DPS maps revealed relatively low P loss risks for the investigation area in Brazil and high risks for Germany. This difference was partly explainable by the recommended soil P levels in the two countries. To consider both agricultural production and the protection of surface waters in soil P management with a simple and cost-effective method, the soil test methods of using water and CaCl2 to estimate plant-available P and the WSP-DPS approach were combined. This approach could help to solve the challenges humanity faces regarding P in agriculture in the coming decades: An efficient use of the limited resource P and the protection of surface waters from diffuse P losses.