The treatment of synthetic landfill leachate and raw landfill leachate were investigated using two sets of 3 L aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBR): activated sludge SBR (ASBR) and granular SBR (GSBR). In synthetic young landfill leachate treatment, GSBR was more efficient in nitrogen and carbon removal than ASBR. During the steady period of the experiment, 99% total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) was removed through nitritation and nitrification in GSBR with an average influent TAN concentration of 498 mg/L. On the contrary, complete nitrification was not achieved in ASBR with a nitrification efficiency of 77±10%. GSBR also presented higher efficiency in denitrification and COD removal compared to ASBR. Phosphorus removal efficiency was almost identical in both reactors. Synthetic old landfill leachate treatment using GSBR maintained the stable COD removal efficiency at 66%, when the ammonia nitrogen to the maximum of 465±46 mg/L. The ASBR required a start-up of at least 30 days and removed 59±9% of COD when an influent ammonia nitrogen concentration about 200 mg/L. The GSBR was also more efficient than the ASBR for nitrogen removal. The granular sludge reached a maximum ammonia removal of 95±7%, whereas 96±5% was achieved by ASBR. The phosphorus removal was likely affected by the free nitrous acid (FNA) and the low biodegradability of tannic acid. In raw landfill leachate treatment, the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency was in GSBR approximately 99.7%. However, the ASBR treatment did not show a consistent performance in TAN removal. TAN removal efficiency decreased with increasing ammonia concentration in the influent. Nitrification in GSBR was partially inhibited at FA concentrations of 48 to 57 mg/L, which was two times more than the FA concentration that inhibited nitrification in ASBR. In terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, low removal efficiencies of 17% and 26% were observed in ASBR and GSBR, respectively. The low COD removal efficiencies were associated with the refractory organic content of the leachate used in this study, which resulted in a poor phosphorous removal performance as well. Overall, aerobic granular sludge showed a better performance in removing nutrients and organic matter from young or old landfill leachate, being more efficient than the conventional suspended growth activated sludge. Therefore, the use of AGS for leachate treatment should be encouraged. Further investigations should also be addressed, especially with a focus on improving SND and phosphorus removal efficiencies. / May 2017

As the global population grows, water and food demand also increase. The intensive aquaculture industry has helped to mitigate these problems. In order to make aquaculture sustainable, it is necessary to remove the abundant nutrients produced by fish in the water. In this study, the role of the microalga of Chlorella vulgaris in the Isolated Cultivation of Algal Resources Utilizing Selectivity (ICARUS) membrane photobioreactor was evaluated for nutrient control in the aquaculture system. The production of algal biomass, the removal rate of nutrients, and the impact of microalgae on cultured organisms were monitored during the operation of aquaculture systems. At the end of the experiment, the yield of algae in ICARUS was approximately 344 ± 11.3 mg / L. Compared to the control groups, this production of algae is considered to be low. Likely factors were insufficient indoor light intensity, membrane fouling limiting the mass transfer of nutrients, and improvements still needed for the overall ICARUS prototype design. However, ICARUS can efficiently prevent algae from contamination, and provide pure harvest production for food supplement. It was observed that algae have the ability to help stabilize pH and increase dissolved oxygen for the system. However, in high-density, mixed systems, algae may cause physical damage to fish (e.g., clogging of gills). The high ammonia concentrations produced by fish could be controlled by Chlorella vulgaris since this species of algae prefers ammonia to nitrate. In conjunction with algal growth, aquaculture systems concentration of ammonia was maintained at 0.90±0.16 mg/L. The integration of ICARUS is not only a potentially sustainable option for aquaculture, but also a multipurpose tool for other types of wastewater treatment. An economic analysis for scale-up of the ICARUS system was performed. In summary, this study aimed to develop a new commercial ICARUS photobioreactor which can serve for different types of wastewater systems with a high algal production efficiency and economic benefits.

The polluted agricultural wastewater, after reaching marine recipients, can cause eutrophication. This problem can be tackled and mitigated by using constructed wetlands as water treatment systems. The fact that constructed wetlands work through long periods of time has led many scientists to evaluate how long they can still treat their influents effectively. The development and growth of vegetation and the accumulation of nutrients on the soils in a wetland are expected to occur. These processes change the wetland efficiency to remove pollutants. In this study, a set of wetlands constructed to treat agricultural wastewater were analyzed in different periods to assess if there is a difference in removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. This assessment was performed by analyzing the retention rate, k and k20 values, which are variables that quantify the nutrients removal, in different periods of each employed wetland. Some of the observations demonstrated differences when comparing different periods of the wetlands. The nitrogen removal presented better performance in one of the employed wetlands when this was older. Another employed wetland has not shown a clear difference between different periods. In the wetlands with high vegetation densities, the nitrogen removal was more stable over consecutive years. The occurrence of oscillations in nitrogen removal was observed more often in the wetlands with the highest vegetation densities over consecutive years. The phosphorus removal presented no clear differences between different periods. The results suggest that the removal of nitrogen improves after wetland creation due to the growth of vegetation. In addition, they suggest that wetlands with high vegetation densities tend to oscillate the nitrogen removal more or less often according to the density of the vegetation due to the balance between denitrification and decomposition. Further, the results suggest that the removal of phosphorus remains unchanged over longer periods than the periods considered in this study (four to six years) due to the deposition of organic matter on the soils.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jaremtchuk_ar_me_botfmvz.pdf: 100783 bytes, checksum: 6d3683f6d5cb14bda645bee4707e1a62 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente experimento teve como objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas, composição químico-bromatológica e extração de potássio de cinco genótipos de milho para silagem. O delineamento foi realizado em parcelas subdivididas no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 3 híbridos (DKB 390, AGX 8517, A-2560) e 2 variedades (AL-Bianco, Piratininga), em 2 alturas de corte (20 e 40 cm acima do solo) e 4 repetições. Após a colheita foram realizadas as determinações de parâmetros bromatológicos e potássio (K), bem como simulação para estimativa de produção de leite/ha (EPL) e da ingestão de MS (EIMS). Houve aumento no teor de MS com a elevação da altura de corte (P<0,05), sendo observados valores de 31,7 e 33,9%, para 20 cm e 40 cm respectivamente. A produção de MS/ha para os genótipos cortados a 20 cm variou entre 10,24 e 12,08 t e para 40 cm entre 8,92 e 10,51 t. A elevação na altura de corte reduziu em média 19,1% a extração de potássio. O aumento na altura de corte levou à redução na EPL/ha e ao aumento na EIMS. Os genótipos de milho estudados devem ser cortados a 20 cm de altura do solo por proporcionar maior produtividade animal por área em relação aos genótipos cortados a 40 cm do solo.

Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Marcelo Zaiat / Banca: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Resumo: Avaliou-se o desempenho de um sistema combinado anaeróbioaeróbio para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) de 18624, 11395, 6690 e 21705 mg L-1. Foram utilizados quatro reatores anaeróbios horizontais com volume total de 49,5 L cada, um com manta de lodo (RAHML) e três de leito fixo (RAHLF), instalados em série e seguidos de um reator aeróbio operado em bateladas alimentadas sequenciais (RBS, com alimentação contínua). Nos RAHLF foram utilizados como meios suporte anéis de bambu, anéis plásticos de eletroduto corrugado e anéis de bucha (Luffa cillyndrica), respectivamente. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e as cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no RAHML foram de 12, 10, 8 e 8 h e 52,6; 60,9; 64,8 e 123,2 g DQO (L d)-1, respectivamente. O RBS foi operado com ciclo de 24 h e COV de 0,34; 0,50; 0,32 e 3,88 g DQO (L d)-1. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal e SST no conjunto de reatores anaeróbios horizontais, em série, diminuíram de 95,5 a 96,7% para 78,8%, e de 95,0 a 98,7% para 85,6% respectivamente, com o aumento da COV para 123,2 g DQO (L d)-1 no RAHML. As maiores produções de metano ocorreram nos RAHLF com valores médios de até 0,925 m3 CH4 (m3 reator d)-1 e 0,31 m3 CH4 (g DQO removida)-1 . A inclusão do RBS permitiu melhorar a qualidade do efluente e a estabilidade do sistema de tratamento, atingindo eficiências de remoção de DQOtotal de 94,2 a 99,0% e de SST de 94,4 a 99,3%. As eficiências médias de remoção de K, Ca, Mg e Na no sistema de tratamento foram de 50 a 81%, de 67 a 89 % de 65 a 79% e de 53 a 68%, respectivamente, e de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn foram maiores, de 97 a 98%, de 63 a 99%, de 75 a 85% e de 89 a 94%, respectivamente, e podem ser atribuídas à imobilização no lodo. / Abstract: An anaerobic-aerobic combined system performance was evaluated in swine water waste treatment with an average total suspended solids (TSS) concentration from 18624, 11395, 6690 and 21705 mg L-1, constituted by four horizontal anaerobic reactors each one having a total volume of 49.5 L, one of control-sludge (RAHML), and tree of fixed film installed in series (RAHLF), followed by a sequential operated batch reactor (ASBR) with continue feeding with total volume of 339 L. In the RAHLF was used of bamboo were used as support to fix the film, plastic rings, and wad (Luffa cillyndrica) rings. The hydraulic detention timing (HDT) and volumetric organic loads (VOL) applied in RAHML were 12, 10, 8 and 8 h of 52.6, 60.9, 64.8 and 123.2 g COD (Ld)-1 and the RBS operated in a 24-hours operational cycle were 0.34, 0.50, 0.32 and 3.88 g COD (L d)-1, into the assays number 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The total COD and medium SST removed efficiently horizontal reactors set in serie, were from 95.5 to 96.7%, for 78.8 % and from 95 to 98.7% for 85.6% respectively. Increasing (VOL) to 123,2 g COD (L d)-1 in the (RAHLF). The higher methane production happened in RAHLF with medial values up to 0.925 m3 CH4 and 0.31 m3 CH4 (g COD removed). The ASBR inclusion enabled obtain COD removing efficiency in suspended solid from 94.2 a 99% and from 94.4 a 99.3% respectively. The K, Ca, Mg and Na medium removed efficiently in system were from 50 for 81% and 67 for 89%, 65 for 79% and 53 for 68%, for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn medium removed efficiently in system were high from 97 for 98% and 63 for 99%, and 75 for 85% and 89 for 94%, respectively, and can be attributed to the sludge immobilization. / Mestre

Orientador: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Armando de Andrade Rodrigues / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomical, chemical composition and removal of potassium of five different genotypes of corn grown for silage. A split-plot complete randomized block design was used, with three hybrids (DKB 390, AGX 8517, A-2560) and two varieties (AL-Bianco, Piratininga), using two cut heights (20 and 40 cm above soil level) and four replicates per treatment. After harvest, plants were analyzed for chemical characteristics and potassium (K). Milk production and DM intake were predicted for each treatment. There was an increase in DM content with the increase in cut height (P<0.05): 31.7 e 33.9%, for 20 and 40 cm, respectively. Depending on genotype, estimates of DM yield (ton/ha) ranged from 10.24 to 12.08 for plants cut at 20 cm and from 8.92 to 10.51 for plants cut at 40 cm. On average, there was a decrease (19.1%) in potassium removal by the crop as a result of increased cut height. Increased cut height also led to a decrease in predicted milk production and an increase in predicted DMI. These results suggest that the corn genotypes under study should be harvested at the lower cut height to promote increased animal productivity per ha. / Resumo: O presente experimento teve como objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas, composição químico-bromatológica e extração de potássio de cinco genótipos de milho para silagem. O delineamento foi realizado em parcelas subdivididas no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 3 híbridos (DKB 390, AGX 8517, A-2560) e 2 variedades (AL-Bianco, Piratininga), em 2 alturas de corte (20 e 40 cm acima do solo) e 4 repetições. Após a colheita foram realizadas as determinações de parâmetros bromatológicos e potássio (K), bem como simulação para estimativa de produção de leite/ha (EPL) e da ingestão de MS (EIMS). Houve aumento no teor de MS com a elevação da altura de corte (P<0,05), sendo observados valores de 31,7 e 33,9%, para 20 cm e 40 cm respectivamente. A produção de MS/ha para os genótipos cortados a 20 cm variou entre 10,24 e 12,08 t e para 40 cm entre 8,92 e 10,51 t. A elevação na altura de corte reduziu em média 19,1% a extração de potássio. O aumento na altura de corte levou à redução na EPL/ha e ao aumento na EIMS. Os genótipos de milho estudados devem ser cortados a 20 cm de altura do solo por proporcionar maior produtividade animal por área em relação aos genótipos cortados a 40 cm do solo. / Mestre

The nutrients available in urine make it a good resource as fertilizer. Limited availability of natural phosphorus (P) is compelling people to think about recovering and returning it back to the land from waste stream. Urine comprising the majority of nitrogen (N) and P among other household wastewater, if managed separately, will benefit human against expensive commercial fertilizers, and eventually will reduce environmental problems. Various reactive filter systems have been studied since late 90’s as a potential system to recover N &amp; P from urine and wastewater as a whole. Most studies are however limited to the laboratory scale only. Optimization of such technologies is one of the prime focuses in this area of research. This thesis project used the combination of two sorptive reactive materials, namely mordenite and polonite, to remove NH4-N and PO4-P from the source separated human urine. This two months laboratory scale study recommends dilution and storage to be a minimum pretreatment for urine. However as the influent’s NH4-N concentration was extremely high, further dilution or other relevant pretreatment is recommended. In overall, mordenite materials performed better for NH4-N removal reaching as high as 79% whereas polonite materials showed better results for PO4-P removal and the efficiency was as high as 97%. The reduction in NH4-N might also be due to the conversion of nitrogen into other forms. Mordenite materials showed a good potential for PO4-P removal and was up to 88% efficient initially. Both materials did not show the tendency of breakthrough for PO4-P until the end. The salinity measured as electric conductivity was reduced by both materials until about initial half-time period of the experiment. Since mordenite was the first unit to face the highly concentrated urine, it got saturated earlier and started showing the fluctuations in reduction and release for nutrients. The results obtained in this study provide the positive scenario for it to be implemented in the full scale system. However more elaborated studies in full scale addressing the major limitation of this project needs to be done before introducing the system for public uses.

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) is a platform technology that is able to realize versatile engineering functions and recover valuable resources in an energy-efficient manner. One of the potential applications of BES is to remove and recover nutrients simultaneously from nutrient-rich wastewater, such as digested manure from livestock. A four-chamber BES was developed and used in this study to explore the potential to remove and recover hexavalent Chromium from synthetic wastewater, and ammonia and phosphate from digested manure. The BES was able to achieve 99.6% removal of Chromium by membrane adsorption in 5 days but failed to recover in the concentration chamber. Nutrients were removed from the waste stream and recovered in the recirculated catholyte by the electrical field generated from the waste. The BES was demonstrated to achieve substantial COD removal, nutrients removal and recovery. On average, the removal efficiencies were about 50% for COD, 85% for NH4-N and 40% for PO4-P, and the concentration of NH4-N recovered in the catholyte was 670 mg/L after 5 cycles under an applied voltage of 0.8 V. PO4-P was not recovered in solution, probably because it has precipitated under the alkaline condition together with Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrated in the catholyte. It was also demonstrated that nutrients removal and recovery depended on the current generation and were mostly completed at high current. To sum up, the BES was proven to be an effective and sustainable approach to remove and recover nutrients from digested manure. / Master of Science

No description available.

A recuperação de nitrogênio e fósforo presente no esgoto tem se tornado uma alternativa bastante promissora para fornecer uma fonte renovável e ecologicamente sustentável de nutrientes para a agricultura e, consequentemente, melhorar a qualidade do efluente final do sistema de tratamento. Os compostos de fósforo, durante o tratamento de esgoto, numa primeira etapa são removidos por processos biológicos, sendo incorporados no lodo pelos organismos heterotróficos ordinários e organismos acumuladores de fósforo (PAOs). Seguidamente, em condições anaeróbias, o fósforo armazenado no lodo pode ser liberado para a fase líquida e em seguida recuperado como estruvita (MgNH4PO4 .6H2O) num processo de cristalização sob condições controladas. No Brasil, ainda não existem documentados estudos em escala piloto, que simulem condições reais, utilizando sistemas EBPR e reatores de precipitação. Por tal motivo, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de contribuir com uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno de recuperação de fósforo como cristais de estruvita. A pesquisa foi dividia em três etapas: 1) Operação da configuração UCT modificado e digestor anaeróbio de lodo misto e testes preliminares no reator de precipitação de estruvita; 2) Delineamento e realização de experimentos de precipitação e 3) caracterização dos sólidos obtidos nos experimentos de precipitação. A primeira etapa consistiu em dar partida ao sistema biológico de remoção de fósforo (UCT modificado) e digestor anaeróbio de lodo, e consequentemente a produção do sobrenadante. Paralelamente, foram realizados testes no reator de precipitação. A partir do filtrado e o planejamento fatorial 33, foram definidos o pH, dosagem de magnésio e tempo de detenção hidráulico como fatores que exercem influência na precipitação de estruvita. Definiram-se as remoções de nitrogênio e fósforo como as variáveis respostas ao delineamento experimental. Os resultados mostraram remoções de nitrogênio entre 30 e 40% para pH 8,50 e 9,50, enquanto que remoções de fósforo acima de 80% foram obtidas para uma dosagem de magnésio de 80 mg Mg2+/L e pH 8,50 e 9,50. A influência do tempo de detenção hidráulico não foi significativa tanto na remoção de nitrogênio quanto de fósforo. As imagens obtidas pelas análises de MEV constataram a presença de um sistema ortorrômbico, típica dos cristais de estruvita. No entanto, observou-se que os tamanhos dos cristais mudaram consideravelmente em função dos tempos A caracterização dos sólidos por difração de raios X mostrou que na maioria dos experimentos foi obtida estruvita (23 das 27 condições experimentais), seguida de bobbierrita e newberita, em alguns casos, phosphamita, biphosphamita e brucita. Para as condições de pH 8,50 e 9,50 foi obtida pureza da estruvita entre 80 e 97%. / The recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus present in sewage has become a very promising alternative to provide a renewable and ecologically sustainable source of nutrients for agriculture and a consequently improve of the final effluent quality of the treatment system. The phosphorus compounds are initially removed by biological processes, being incorporated in the sludge through phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs). Later, the phosphorus stored under anaerobic conditions in the sludge, is released to the liquid phase and finally recovered as struvite (MgNH4PO4 .6H2O) following its crystallization process under a controlled setting. No pilot-scale studies, which simulate the real conditions using EBPR and precipitation reactors, have been documented in Brazil so far. Therefore, this research aimed to contribute to improve the understanding of the phosphorus recovering phenomenon as struvite crystals. This project was divided in three main stages: 1) Operation of the UCT-modified setting and the anaerobic digester of mixed sludge; 2) Design and performance of precipitation experiments and. 3) Characterization of the obtained solids during the precipitation experiments. At the first stage, the biological system for phosphorus removal (UCT-modified), and the anaerobic sludge digester were initiated, followed by the production of supernatant. Simultaneously, precipitation tests were carried out at the reactor. Following the factorial design, and using the recovered supernatant, the pH, addition of magnesium and hydraulic retention time, were identified as factors influencing the struvite precipitation. The phosphorus and nitrogen removal were defined as the dependent variables for the experimental design. The results showed a nitrogen removal between 30% and 40% for pH values of 8.50 and 9.50, independently of the used magnesium dose. On the otherhand, over 80% of phosphorus removal was attained with addition of magnesium of 80 mg Mg2+/L and pH values of 8.50 and 9.50. The hydraulic retention time have not influenced the total nitrogen and phosphorus removal, but the grain-size of the struvite crystals precipitated. The characterization of the recovered solids by X-ray diffraction showed that struvite was precipitated in most of the performed experiments (23 of 27 settings), although bobierrite, newberyite, phosphamite, biphosphamite and brucite, were formed as well. The maximum values for struvite pureness, between 80% and 97%, were obtained with pH values of 8.50 and 9.50. The MEV analyses supported the presence of a orthorhombic crystallographic system, which is a typical feature of struvite.