Increased emphasis is being given to nutritional assessment and the related protein-energy malnutrition findings in hospital populations. A nutritional survey conducted in the general medical ward of an urban teaching hospital showed forty-four percent of the patients assessed in a state of protein-energy malnutrition. A similar survey among patients in the surgical wards of the same hospital found fifty-nine percent of the patients assessed in a state of protein-energy malnutrition. Patients in chronic renal failure maintained on hemodialysis have been suspected of having protein-energy malnutrition due to their restricted dietary regimens. Blumekrantz and Kopple have found anthropometric and biochemical wasting or malnutrition in patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal or hemodialysis. This however, may have been due to inadequate protein and/or energy intake. Advances in the technique and frequency of hemodialysis treatments have allowed patients in chronic renal failure to be maintained on diets with a more liberal intake of protein than had been allowed in the past. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of protein-energy malnutrition in fifty adult subjects with chronic renal failure who were being maintained on hemodialysis, and who were on prescribed protein intakes of a least one ram of protein per kilogram of ideal body eight per ay. The subjects of the study had varying types of renal lesions and the frequency of their dialysis treatments was determine by the degree of deterioration of renal function. The subjects were eighteen years of age or older, male and female, representing various ethnic backgrounds, and were sedentary in terms of activity level.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / Research has shown that the activation of the NO-cGMP pathway leads to myocardial protection from oxidative stress conditions, such as ischaemia and reperfusion. Few of these studies have however combined diet induced oxidative stress with ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Although little is known about the effects of supplements such as red palm oil (RPO) on the NO-cGMP pathway, research has shown that dietary RPO-supplementation improved reperfusion aortic output recovery through mechanisms that may include activation of the NO-cGMP- and inhibition of the cAMP pathway. RPO is an antioxidant-rich oil containing ~carotene and Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). The aims of this study were to determine: 1) whether RPO-supplementation of an oxidative risk induced diet (ORD) and a high saturated fat diet (HFD) offers protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart and 2) the possible mechanisms for this protection. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups for a period of 14 weeks according to the dietary supplementation they received. The control groups received either an oxidative risk induced diet (ORD) or a high saturated fat diet (HFD), while the experimental groups received an ORD supplemented with RPO (ORD+RPO) or a HFD supplemented with RPO (HFD+RPO).

Foram analisadas 72 amostras de leite humano cru recebidas do Banco de Leite do Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba, com valores de acidez conhecidos. Quarenta e oito delas tinham acidez aceitável (até 8º D) e outras 24 amostras com acidez acima desse limite. Foram realizadas contagens bacterianas: bactérias lácticas, lipolíticas, coliformes totais e fecais, microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos totais e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Quarenta e nove questionários de freqüência alimentar foram aplicados em lactantes doadoras de leite com o propósito de estabelecer correlação entre microbiologia, acidez e nutrição das lactantes. Nas amostras com valor de acidez < 8°D as populações microbianas encontradas foram: para o grupo dos microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios totais e bactérias lácticas a população máxima encontrada ficou na ordem de 106 UFC/mL. Já para bactérias lipolíticas este valor não ultrapassou 1,9x105UFC/mL. Os coliformes totais foram isolados em 47,2% (34 amostras) das amostras analisadas, destas 87,5% confirmaram também a presença de E.coli. Para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva o valor máximo encontrado foi 1x104 UFC/mL e foi similar às amostras ácidas e não ácidas. Nas amostras rejeitadas (acidez > 8ºD) as contagens máximas tanto para o grupo de mesófilos como de bactérias lácticas foram da ordem 107 UFC/mL. As bactérias lipolíticas foram encontradas em 53,52% (13 amostras) do total de amostras analisadas e o grupo dos coliformes foi detectado em 52,94% das amostras ácidas, destas 33,33% apresentaram crescimento de E. coli. Os dados foram avaliados pela correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis: população de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios totais e acidez Dornic. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p<0,05. Os valores de acidez Dornic não mostraram correlação (R = 0,215) estatisticamente significativa com a população de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios totais (UFC/mL) para as amostras analisadas. De acordo os dados nutricionais, pequenas diferenças são observadas em relação ao consumo de alimentos e alteração de acidez do leite humano. Pelos valores encontrados não foi possível detectar correlação entre a nutrição da lactante e os valores de acidez encontrados nas amostras de leite humano. / Seventy two samples of human breastmilk obtained from the Milk of the Hospitals Group of Sorocaba were analyzed, prior to pasteurization. Dornic acidity was titrated in duplicate for each sample. Forty eight of them had acceptable acidity (up to 8° D) and other 24 samples with acidity above of that limit. Quantifying the initial population: lactic bacteria, lipolitics bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, aerobic mesofilic microorganisms and Staphylococcus positive coagulase. Forty nine questionnaires of alimentary frequency were applied in lactic donors of milk with the purpose of to detect correlation among microbiology, acidity and nutrition of the lactic ones. The samples with value of acidity <8°D the found populations of microorganism were: group of the microorganisms mesofilic total aerobic and lactic bacteria the found maximum population was 106 CFU/mL. Although for lipolitics bacteria this value did not cross 1,9x105 CFU/mL. The group of total coliforms were isolated in 47,2% (34 samples) of the analyzed samples, of these 87,5% they also confirmed the presence of E.coli. In Staphylococcus positive coagulase the detect maximum value was 1x104 CFU/mL and it was similar to the acid samples and no acid. In the samples with acidity above 8ºD (rejected) the maximum population so much for the mesofilic group as of lactic bacteria they were 107 CFU/mL. The lipolitics bacteria were found in 53,52% (13 samples) of the total of analyzed samples and the group of the coliforms was detected in 52,94% of the acid samples, of these 33,33% they presented growth of E. coli. Data were analyzed to detect correlation between variables: population of aerobic mesofilic microorganisms and acidity Dornic, using Pearson`s coefficient. The level of significance was set at p <0,05. The values of acidity Dornic did not show correlation (R = 0,215) statistically significant with the population of aerobic mesofilic microorganisms (CFU/mL) for the analyzed samples. According to the data nutritional, small differences are noticed regarding to the consumption of foods and alteration of acidity of the human milk. For the found values it was not possible to detect correlation between the nutrition of the lactic and the values of acidity found in the samples of human milk.

Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise have been implicated as important agents in colon cancer development and progression. Epidemiological, in vivo and in vitro studies have found that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduce colon carcinoma. The role of n-6 PUFAs remains a controversial topic, with studies indicating both promoting and preventing capabilities published. In order to better understand the effects of PUFAs on colon carcinoma, it is important to have an understanding of how they will be broken down in the body. During this study, in silico metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) predicted the formation of hydroxy-, di-hydroxy- and epoxy-FAs. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the detection of these PUFAs and their cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolites. A human liver microsomal system for the in vitro metabolism of EPA, DHA and AA was optimised in terms of microsomal and PUFA concentration. The system resulted in the metabolism of the positive control, lauric acid, to 12-hydroxy-lauric acid but was unable to metabolise the PUFAs of interest. EPA, DHA and AA reduced cell viability in the colon carcinoma cell lines SW480 and SW620 in the micromolar concentration range (25 – 200 μM). The CYP epoxidation metabolite of EPA, 17, 18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17, 18-EpETE) resulted in a significant reduction in SW480 cell viability relative to the parent compound at lower concentrations (25 and 50 μM). Annexin V apoptosis analysis revealed that EPA and 17, 18- EpETE did not result in apoptosis in SW480 cells at a concentration of 25 μM and over an incubation period of 24 hours. A significant reduction in reactive oxygen species production was seen in SW480 cells after incubation with 25 μM 17, 18-EpETE for 24 hours. EPA and 17, 18-EpETE were implicated in the reduction of colon cancer metastasis since they were able to reduce SW480 migration and anchorage independent cell growth. These results indicate that the dietary intake of EPA, DHA and AA may be beneficial to one’s health due to the negative effects that these PUFAs had on colon carcinoma. Future studies are needed to confirm these benefits and compare the effects of the PUFAs to their CYP-metabolites.

Research indicates the existence of an eating disorder continuum. The two-component model of disordered eating suggests that certain personality traits may increase an individual's vulnerability to develop more severe variants of disordered eating symptomatology. The present study investigates pre-clinical elevations on a measure of personality based on the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and pre-clinical elevations on a measure of eating disorder symptomatology in a sample of nonclinical undergraduates. The personality dimensions Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness accounted for 7% of the variability in Body Dissatisfaction. Subcomponents comprising the personality dimensions of the FFM as determined by Saucier (1998) (see Appendix A) were analyzed. The Self-Reproach and Intellectual Interests subcomponents were the strongest predictors of Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction. The subcomponent Sociability was the strongest predictor of Bulimia. Findings present implications for prevention and treatment interventions. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the temporal directionality of personality and disturbed eating.

Background. Type 2 diabetes is the fifth-leading cause of death in Latinos in the United States. Diabetes is a commonly occurring health condition in older adults, leading to complications that can severely impact quality of life and hasten death. The burden of diabetes is considerable in the older adult population; almost four-fifths of adults with diabetes are older than 59 years. Diabetes mortality can be reduced or delayed with effective management of the illness. Older minority adults are more likely to have higher rates of adult-onset diabetes than non-Hispanic Whites, yet few studies have examined the diabetes self-management practices of this group. These issues are particularly important to investigate in older Dominican adults in Washington Heights/Inwood, New York City, because this group has unique cultural beliefs and practices, is rapidly increasing in population, and has a variety of unmet health-related needs. This study explored specific barriers encountered (cultural and structural) and the extent to which external factors are associated with self-management practices among older Dominican community residents living in mainland US with type 2 diabetes. After 20 years of health disparities research and intervention older adults continue to have problems accessing health care due to structural and socio-cultural barriers. Methods. This investigation utilized qualitative in-depth interviews to examine the cultural and structural barriers to health care and self-management practices existing in this group. Results. Thirty Dominicans 55 years and older were recruited through a community-based senior resource center from the mainland US. Self-management practices for type 2 diabetes vary and are represented by commonly known factors, including: 1) diet modifications; 2) glucose monitoring; 3) medication adherence; 4) exercise, and 5) diabetes classes. Findings from this study illustrate that male and female participants have mixed self-management practices that assist them in managing their diabetes. In addition, participants are interested in “learning” how to manage their diabetes through their participation in classes and diabetes-related workshops. Home remedies (remedies caseros) for type 2 diabetes were identified in this study. Conclusions. Programs and services that promote healthy self-management practices of older Latino adults need to include a focus on the unique cultural beliefs and behaviors of the individual as well as the broader situational context that impacts their diabetes self-management. Such information is invaluable for researchers and health practitioners interested in diabetes self-management practices of older minority adults.

No description available.

Orientador: José Eduardo Corrente / Banca: Silvia Justina Papini / Banca: Kátia Cristina Portero McLellan / Banca: Luis Carlos Giarola / Banca: Erick do Prado Oliveira / Banca: Luciene de Souza Venâncio Lotufo Brant / Resumo: As pesquisas relacionadas ao envelhecimento são crescentes em todo mundo em decorrência do aumento da população idosa, fato este que traz consequências para a sociedade, necessitando, para o enfrentamento deste desafio, da identificação das causas determinantes das condições de vida dos idosos. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre o estado nutricional, consumo alimentar e a capacidade funcional de idosos. Para isso foram avaliados 365 idosos do município de Botucatu-SP. Para a avaliação da capacidade funcional foi aplicado o Índice de Katz e a Escala de Lawton, que avaliam as Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD) e Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária (AIVD) respectivamente. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi realizada pela obtenção de variáveis antropométricas e a avaliação do consumo alimentar, pela aplicação de três recordatórios de 24 horas. Os dados de consumo foram calculados por meio do programa Nutrition Data System - Research e para a análise da adequação foi utilizado o método National Cancer Institute. Os idosos foram caracterizados ainda quanto aos dados sociodemográficos. Foi encontrado que 62,6% dos idosos eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 72,11 anos (DP= 7,35), casados, com ensino fundamental e aposentados. As enfermidades mais referidas foram hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia, oesteoporose, problemas cardiovasculares e distúrbios da tireóide. Quanto à capacidade funcional, foi observado que 89,9% e 67,6% dos idosos eram totalmente independentes para AVD e AIVD, respectivamente. Grande parte (45,71%) dos idosos foi classificada com excesso de peso. Foram encontradas associações negativas significantes entre Índice de Massa Corporal, circunferência do braço, circunferência abdominal e atividades instrumentais de vida diária. Os dados revelaram que os idosos com baixo peso têm maior risco de declínio ... / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the exercise practices, in conjunction with dietary habits and medication routine of insulin dependent diabetics. The study design adopted for the study was that of descriptive and analytical survey. The gathering of data was conducted over a period of seven months using a questionnaire as a data collection instrument, which was administered to 200 insulin dependent diabetics utilizing the outpatient facilities at 12 hospitals in Kwa-Zulu Natal. In determining the respondent's attitude towards exercise, the significant (p<0.001) overall majority (85%) had a positive attitude towards exercise. In probing the perceived efficacy of exercise as a therapeutic modality, a significant (p<0.001) majority (93%) of the respondents stated that exercise/sport is beneficial to a diabetic. Of the overall sample, the significant (p<0.001) majority (68%) of respondents were active participants in exercise (exercisers) versus 32% who were not active (non-exercisers). The profile of the exercisers indicated that the significant (p<0.001) majority participated in exercise of an aerobic type at frequency of 4 or more times per week, at an intensity eliciting an approximate heart rate of between 110 to 130 beats per minute corresponding with an RPE of 11 to 13, for a duration of 20 to 45 minutes. A significant (p<0.001) overall majority (98%) stated that a good diet is an important factor when trying to achieve near normoglycemia. In probing the respondent's knowledge as to what group certain types of food belong to, an overall significant (p<0.001) majority (82%) was accurate in this regard, while significantly (p<0.1) more exercisers (84%) were aware of correct food grouping than non-exercisers (67%). In probing their knowledge of the normal range of blood glucose levels, an overall significant (p<0.001) number of respondents (66%) stated a correct response, while exercisers (67%) were significantly (p<0.1) more knowledgeable than non-exercisers (52%) in this regard. The significant (p<0.001) majority of respondents injected themselves three and more times a day (54%), before meals (71%), in the thigh (35%) and abdominal areas (48%), as opposed to the gluteal area (10%) and the arm (8%). The mean overall dosage of long-acting insulin (12.2 units) and short-acting insulin (10.5 units) for lunch was significantly lower (p<0.1) than for breakfast and supper, however there was no significant difference (p>0.1) between the breakfast and supper dosages. The same pattern was observed for non-exercisers and exercisers. The respondent's knowledge of good diabetic management goals reflected that a significant (p<0.001) overall majority (83%) were aware that diet, insulin and exercise are all important constituents in obtaining good diabetic management, while significantly (p<0.1) more exercisers (84%) than non-exercisers (71%) were aware of this. A significant (p<0.001) majority (83%) of non-exercises stated that they were willing to participate in exercise, but cited time constraints and physical discomfort, inter-alia, as antecedents to non-participation. In conclusion, the results indicated that the provision of educational support for insulin dependent diabetics to overcome the perceived barriers to exercise would increase participation, enhance appropriate exercise prescription and compliance to this important aspect of the diabetic regimen. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

The purpose of these studies was to investigate the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) exposure during pregnancy and the early post-natal period on fetal and post-natal development of the endocrine pancreas of the Japanese macaque. Specifically I hypothesized that the HFD would alter islet morphology and lead to disturbances in glucose homeostasis in these animals. Adult female Japanese macaques were placed on either a control (CTR) or HFD diet for 4 years. Fetuses were collected at gestational day 130 (G130), while other offspring from the CTR and HFD mothers were carried to term. After birth, infant animals were maintained with their mothers on the same diet then weaned onto either the CTR or HFD diet for five months. Animals were studied up to 13 months of age, yielding 4 postnatal groups: CTR/CTR, CTR/HFD, HFD/CTR and HFD/HFD. Pancreata were collected from these offspring for gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis. Physiological measurements, including body weight, body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon and response to intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) and an intravenous insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were collected from the post-natal offspring. Total fetal islet mass and β cell mass were not changed, but α cell mass was significantly decreased in HFD fetuses, leading to a significant increase in the β cell to α cell ratio in HFD fetal offspring. The HFD offspring displayed a significant change from CTR offspring in expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis and islet neogenesis, including PDX1, NeuroD, Glucokinase and Glut2. Postnatal HFD animals were significantly heavier than CTR offspring and had increased adiposity by 6-7 months of age. There was no significant effect on fasting or stimulated insulin secretion at this time point, but HFD offspring were significantly insulin resistant just prior to weaning. At 13 months of age, basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were elevated in HFD/HFD animals and the CTR/HFD group displayed moderate insulin resistance. There was also a significant sex effect, with males from the HFD/CTR and HFD/HFD group having increased body weight and elevated fasting glucose. Although pancreata from both the HFD/HFD and CTR/HFD animals displayed significant changes in expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, the pattern was distinct for the two groups. Islet mass was also elevated in both of these groups; yet, HFD/HFD only displayed an increase in β cell area, while CTR/HFD had a concomitant increase in α cell area, which served to normalize the β cell to α cell ratio to control levels. In contrast, the HFD/HFD group exhibited a 40% increase in the β cell to α cell ratio. These studies demonstrate that in-utero exposure to a HFD leads to decreased α cell plasticity in response to chronic post-natal HFD consumption. Animals exposed to the HFD during pregnancy and the early post-natal period become insulin resistant, but remain normoglycemic. HFD consumption during the post-weaning period causes similar complications in glucose homeostasis and islet mass in both the CTR/HFD and HFD/HFD animals. However, there are distinct differences in the molecular and cellular adaptive response between these two groups.