Kwan Shuk-ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-109). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / ABBREVIATION --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer's disease - a growing health problem in Hong Kong --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Pathology of Alzheimer's disease --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Background and objectives of study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Outlines of the Thesis --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Weight loss in Alzheimer's disease patients --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Weight loss, morbidity and mortality" --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Factors contribute to weight loss --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Progress of Alzheimer's disease --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Biological factors --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Biochemical factors --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Psychosocial factors --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Background of study --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Subject recruitment --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Ethical Approval --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Nutritional assessments --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4 --- Cognitive assessments --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Factors Associated with Nutritional Status --- p.42 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Biological factors --- p.42 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Biochemical factors --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Psychosocial factors --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1 --- Demographic characteristics --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Nutritional assessments --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- Factors associated with Nutritional Status --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Biological factors --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Biochemical factors --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Psychosocial factors --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4 --- Longitudinal observations --- p.70 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1 --- Nutritional Status --- p.85 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Cross-sectional Study --- p.85 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Longitudinal Observations --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2 --- Factors associated with Nutritional Status --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Biological factors --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Biochemical factors --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Psychosocial factors --- p.95 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.98 / REFERENCES --- p.101 / Appendix 1 Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease --- p.110 / Appendix 2 Consent Form --- p.111 / Appendix 3 Mini Nutritional Assessment --- p.115 / Appendix 4 Mini Mental State Examination --- p.118 / Appendix 5 Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) --- p.119 / Appendix 6 Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) --- p.120 / Appendix 7 3-day Dietary Record --- p.129 / Appendix 8 Olfactory Function Test --- p.134 / Appendix 9 Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) --- p.138 / Appendix 10 The Chinese version of Neuropsychiatric Inventory …… --- p.151

Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur viktig nutritionen är för patienter med diagnosen KOL (Kronisk Obstruktiv Lungsjukdom). Författarna ville även visa på enkla metoder för sjuksköterskan att bedöma nutritionsstatus för att förebygga malnutrition hos dessa patienter. Denna studie är en systematisk litteraturstudie där författarna använt sig av databaserna ELIN@Dalarna, CINAHL, Blackwell Synergy och SWEMED+ för att söka vetenskapliga artiklar. Sökorden som användes i olika kombinationer var: COPD, nutrition, malnutrition, undernutritioned, nutritionalstatus, nutritional supplement, BMI, energy expenditure, caring och nursing. Resultatet visade att nutritionen är av central betydelse i behandlingen av KOL patienter där sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i samarbetet med andra yrkeskategorier såsom läkare, dietist, sjukgymnast, arbetsterapeut, kurator och psykolog. Bedömningen av patientens nutritionsstatus är en väsentlig del av sjuksköterskans omvårdnad av KOL patienter då det påverkar prognosen. Patienternas försämrade nutritionsstatus ökar risken för exacerbationer och därmed också risken för dödlighet.Sjuksköterskan kan använda sig av enkla mätmetoder för att upptäcka malnutrition, till exempel BMI (Body Mass Index) och MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment). Ett steg i att förebygga malnutrition är regelbundna viktkontroller och att varje patient har en individuell åtgärdsplan då patientens behov alltid ska komma i första hand. Det är också viktigt att se till psykosociala aspekter runt måltiderna för dessa patienter. En noggrann planering krävs runt deras måltider som patienten kan behöva hjälp med då sjukdomen utgör ett hinder.För en ökad livskvalitet är det angeläget med information om nutritionens betydelse både till patienten och hans anhöriga.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-82).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Univ., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Clinical Tropical Medicine))--Mahidol University, 1984.

nÃo hà / A perda de peso à uma queixa comum dos pacientes com doenÃa de Crohn, estando a desnutriÃÃo presente em 30-80% dos portadores dos casos. Foi demonstrado que pacientes com doenÃa de Crohn em inatividade apresentam sintomas dispÃpticos relacionados com alteraÃÃo no esvaziamento gÃstrico. No entanto, a correlaÃÃo da atividade da doenÃa com os parÃmetros antropomÃtricos, nutricionais e de saciedade ainda à objeto de investigaÃÃo. Portanto, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi correlacionar a atividade da doenÃa com o estado nutricional, sintomas dispÃpticos, esvaziamento gÃstrico, saciedade e nÃveis de grelina em pacientes com doenÃa de Crohn. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, analÃtico e quantitativo realizado em vinte pacientes com doenÃa de Crohn, classificados segundo um Ãndice de Atividade de DoenÃa de Crohn (Crohnâs Disease Activity Index â CDAI). Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avaliaÃÃo nutricional, que se fundamentou na utilizaÃÃo de mÃtodos duplamente indiretos (Ãndice de massa corporal, dobra cutÃnea tricipital e circunferÃncia do braÃo). AlÃm disso, nos pacientes foi avaliado o consumo alimentar atravÃs de um recordatÃrio alimentar. Estes foram tambÃm submetidos a uma anÃlise do tempo de esvaziamento gÃstrico por teste respiratÃrio usando o 13C - Ãcido octanÃico ligado a uma refeiÃÃo sÃlida - e responderam a um questionÃrio validado (QuestionÃrio Porto Alegre de Sintomas DispÃpticos) para avaliar os sintomas dispÃpticos. Outro teste realizado foi o teste de saciedade(drinking test), no qual o paciente ingeriu 15 ml de uma bebida lÃquida padrÃo(Nutridrink), e era lhe perguntado o nÃvel de saciedade atravÃs de uma escala analÃgica. Durante o teste respiratÃrio, foram realizadas coletas de amostras de sangue para dosagem de grelina: basal( jejum) e pÃs-prandial. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes: t de Student, exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney e correlaÃÃo de Spearman. Observou-se que os parÃmetros CDAI e IMC (p=0,0185) e CB (p=0,023) foram inversamente proporcionais, porÃm nÃo houve diferenÃa estatÃstica entre as correlaÃÃes do CDAI com prega cutÃnea tricipital( p=0,0543). Os pacientes nÃo apresentaram correlaÃÃo da atividade da doenÃa com o esvaziamento gÃstrico ( t Â- p=0,2533; t lag-p=0,3079). Entretanto, houve correlaÃÃo significativa do CDAI com todos os sintomas dispÃpticos (p=0,005). NÃo se verificou correlaÃÃo da atividade da doenÃa e o volume de lÃquido suportado. Entretanto, a atividade da doenÃa influenciou os nÃveis de grelina no pÃs-prandial (p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: A atividade da doenÃa correlaciona-se com o estado nutricional, a presenÃa de sintomas dispÃpticos e nÃveis de grelina de pacientes portadores de doenÃa de Crohn. Entretanto nÃo existe correlaÃÃo com alteraÃÃes no esvaziamento gÃstrico e saciedade sugerindo que outros mecanismos possam estar envolvidos.

Thesis. (M.Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality and Tourism and PR Management))--Vaal University of Technology, 2009. / Background - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes the disease Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). the IV/AIDS epidemic in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) has already orphaned a generation of children, and it is projected that by 2010, 18 million African children under the age of 18 years are likely to be orphans (Andrew, Skinner & Zuma 2006:269-276). In 2005 approximately 4.1 million people died of AIDS-related illnesses. A common consequence of HIV/AIDS infection is malnutrition and weight loss, which is used as a diagnostic criterion for HIV/AIDS. the relationship between HIV/AIDS and malnutrition and wasting is well desccribed, with nutritional status compromised by reduced food intake, malabsorption caused by gastrointestinal involvement, increased nutritional needs as a result of fever and infection and increased nutritional losses. Malnutrition contributes to the frequency and severity of the opportunistic infections seen in HIV/AIDS and nutritional status is a major factor in survival. Failure to maintain body cell mass leads to death at 54 percent of ideal body weight. The effectiveness of nutrition intervention has been documented and counselling in dietary nutrition is considered critical in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Objective - The main objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status of the HIV/AIDS-affected or immunity compromised children attending a care centre in Boipatong in order to develop an energy bar to address malnutrition in these children. Methodology - This was an experimental study carried out in four phases. The planning of the study constituted the first phase. In the second phase a baseline survey was conducted, in which a socio-demographic questionnaire (n=45) was administered amongst children aged six to 13, with the assistance of trained fieldworkers. Dietary intake was measured by a 24-hour recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and anthropometric measurements included height and weight. The data from the socio-demographic questionnaires and FFQ were captured on an Excel spreadsheet. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 15.0 program was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics were used (frequencies, means and SD. The 24-hour recall was analysed for means and Standard Deviation (SD) of nutrient intakes on the FoodFinder program version 3.0 and compared to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The anthropometric measurements were analysed using the WHO growth standards (2007). Phase 3 incorporated the development of the snack bar, sensory evaluation, microbiological tests for shelf life determination and chemical analyses to determine nutrient content. Phase 4 entailed the writing of the report. Results - In the baseline survey the results indicated that this was a low-income community with compromised nutrtion, mainly under-nutrition owing to poor dietary intake despite a good variety of foods in the diet. All the households included in this study were resident in Boipatong and the majority (86.5 percent) have lived in Boipatong for longer than five years. although the majority of respondents resided in brick houses (69 percent), only 30 percent had access to water inside and outside their houses, 23.1 percent had access to water, 78.4 percent had access to electricity and 75 percent had regular waste removal. The percentage of unemployed among the children's caregivers was high (60.9 percent) and the majority of households (40 percent) had an income on R500-1000 per month, with two contributors of household income in 57 percent of the households. Although the average household consisted of five people, the houses were relatively small with 75 percent of all the households having four or more rooms. All of the households experienced problems such as rodent and insect infestation. The household food security was also a dilemma in this community as 70.6 percent of the respondents indicated that they bought food only once a month and the majority of households spent less than R150 (5.4 percent of household income) on food per month i.e. less than R37.50 per week. The anthropometric results indicated 29 percent stunting, and 23 percent underweight among the boys in the target group, compared to 30 percent and 0 percent for the girls respectively. The criteria applied in developing the snack food were to achieve at least 25 percent of vitamin A, vitamin C, Vitamin E, certain B-group vitamins and minerals such as selenium, zinc and iron to meet the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Since the results showed that 67 percent of households had an electrical stove, an easily prepared recipe was formulated which could be taught to the caregiver. Moreover, at R1.50 per person per day, the product was cost-effective and proved safe as well as acceptable to the children, thus ensuring compliance when the feeding intervention is implemented. The sensory evaluation of the snack item showed that it was acceptable to the majority of the children as it received a high score for taste, general appearance and overall acceptability. The snack food item was tested for shelf life and the results showed a shelf life of 168 days in a refrigerator and a recommeded shelf life of 21 days at room temperature (30 C). Conclusions and recommendations - The results indicated that poverty, household food insecurity and malnutrition were prevalent in this community. Furthermore, the study proved that a product could be developed to meet specific criteria. It is recommended that this product be tested in a clinical intervention study to determine the impact on the nutritional status of children with compromised immunity. / National Research Foundation

Thesis (D. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality))--Vaal University of Technology, 2008 / School feeding programmes are defined as interventions that deliver a meal or snack to children in the school setting, with the intent of improving attendance, enrolment, nutritional status and learning outcomes. The Primary School Nutrition Programme (PSNP) was introduced in South Africa as a Presidential Lead Project in 1994 with the specific aim to improve education by enhancing active learning capacity, school attendance and punctuality. However, not all children qualify to participate in the PSNP and a variety of alternative products, of which little information is known, are used as part of school feeding programmes implemented by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The aim of this study was to investigate such programmes used in the Vaal Region. Five different products used in school feeding programmes in a primary school in Eatonside and two primary schools in Orange Farm were compared in terms of the nutritional content of the products, the impact of these products after a seven month intervention on the nutritional status of the children by analysing their dietary intakes as well as biochemical and anthropometrical measurements, menu cost, compliance of the products by conducting sensory analyses and shelf life studies, and the impact on school attendance. Based on the results of this study, guidelines on the optimal school feeding strategy would be provided to NGO’s and to the Gauteng Department of Education. The five products were a micronutrient dense “vetkoek”, PSNP, two commercial products namely Corn Soya Blend (CSB) and Sejo and, lastly, fruit, which was used as the control. In the Sethlabotja school in Eatonside, the sample consisted of 160 randomly selected boys and girls (40 children participating in the PSNP, and 60 children in each of the vetkoek and fruit groups) and in Sinqobile and Reitumetse schools in Orange Farm the sample included 45 randomly selected children in each of the CSB and Seja groups. Pre-intervention results indicated poor nutritional status. Mean daily energy intake of all the children was below the Dietary Reference Intakes for children between seven and ten years. A mainly carbohydrate-based diet was followed, with inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. The anthropometric indices indicated acute and chronic food shortage. The biochemical results indicated that normal values were present for the majority of the parameters. The post-intervention results indicated that the food consumption patterns did not change substantially during the intervention but the mean energy intake of the children as well as weight, height and body mass index increased with all the interventions. Although few statistically significant differences were observed between the five groups with regard to nutritional status indices, positive changes were observed in each of the groups. The products evaluated in this study proved to be within the range of the provincial school feeding budget. CSB and Sejo were the cheapest programmes because they are subsidised. Compliance to the products was good. No significant differences between commercial and home-prepared food items were found. School attendance was not formally recorded in all the groups. However, a decrease in absenteeism was noted in those groups where it was recorded. It is recommended that further research is conducted on the impact of school feeding on the cognitive performance of school learners in the Vaal Region. / National Research foundation ; Central Research Council

IT2018

Com a finalidade de avaliar um conjunto de curvas de ganho de peso de gestantes, foram tomadas, em dois grupos de mulheres, medidas antropométricas maternas como peso, estatura, peso habitual, peso no final da gravidez, perímetro cefálico, perímetro braquial, prega cutânea tricipital, bem como medidas antropométricas do recém-nascido ao nascer (peso, comprimento, perímetro cefálico), além de ter sido realizado estudo da dieta das gestantes. A comparação entre as curvas e as demais variáveis antropométricas, maternas ou fetais, mostrou que os resultados são semelhantes, mesmo em grupos diferentes entre si como os aqui estudados. As gestantes classificadas como desnutridas através das curvas de ganho de peso também o são quando outras técnicas são aplicadas. Os filhos de gestantes desnutridas têm peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico significantemente menores que os filhos de gestantes normais ou obesas. Verificou-se ainda que não há relação entre a ingestão de calorias, proteínas e ferro e o estado nutricional materno. A estatura e a idade-gestacional maternas não interferiram nesse processo diagnóstico. Os resultados permitiram considerar as curvas estudadas como bons indicadores de desnutrição materna e fetal. / This study has been carried out with the purpose of evaluating curves of weight gain during pregnancy. Two gruups of women were selected and the following values were obtained for each them: maternal prepregnancy weight, weight at the end of pregnancy, height, cephalic circumference, arm circumference and triceps skinfold. Also some anthropometric measurements of tne newborn children were taken, such as weight, lenght and cephalic circumference. A dietary survey was aLso carried out. When the cuRves and the other measurements were compared, it was seen that the results were similar in both of the groups of mothers studied. Pregnant women classified as undernourished in terms of the weight gain curves are also classified in the same way when other tecniques are used. Babies born-to undernourished mothers have an impairment in intra-uterine growth, as compared to babies born to normal or obese mothers. There is no relation between caloric, protein and iron intake and maternal nutrition status. Maternal height and gestational age do not play any part in this diagnostic process. The results permit to consider the curves here studied as good indicators of maternal and fetal malnutrition.