We extend previous work on classifying o-minimal types, and develop several applications. Marker developed a dichotomy of o-minimal types into "cuts" and "noncuts," with a further dichotomy of cuts being either "uniquely" or "non-uniquely realizable." We use this classification to extend work by van den Dries and Miller on bounding growth rates of definable functions in Chapter 3, and work by Marker on constructing certain "small" extensions in Chapter 4. We further sub-classify "non-uniquely realizable cuts" into three categories in Chapter 2, and we give define the notion of a "decreasing" type in Chapter 5, which is a presentation of a type well-suited for our work. Using this definition, we achieve two results: in Chapter 5.2, we improve a characterization of definable types in o-minimal theories given by Marker and Steinhorn, and in Chapter 6 we answer a question of Speissegger's about extending a continuous function to the boundary of its domain. As well, in Chapter 5.3, we show how every elementary extension can be presented as decreasing.

La thèse se situe à la charnière de l'informatique théorique et de la logique mathématique. Elle se concentre en particulier sur les aspects mathématiques de la vérification et du contrôle. La thèse se focalise sur l'étude de deux sous-classes d'automates hybrides: les automates temporisés pondérés et les automates hybrides o-minimaux. Concernant les automates temporisés pondérés, en introduisant un nouvel algorithme, nous donnons une caractérisation exacte de la complexité du problème d'atteignabilité optimal en prouvant qu'il est PSpace-complet. Nous prouvons que le model-checking de la logique WCTL est en général indécidable. Nous nous intéressons alors à une restriction de la logique WCTL. Nous montrons que la décidabilité du model-checking de WCTL restreint dépend de la dimension de l'automate et du fait que le temps soit discret ou dense. Finalement pour, nous prouvons que le problème de contrôle optimal est en général indécidable. Nous prouvons cependant que ce même problème est décidable pour les automates temporisés pondérés de dimension 1. En ce qui concerne les automates hybrides o-minimaux, à l'aide d'un encodage symbolique des trajectoires par des mots, nous sommes parvenus à prouver l'existence d'une bisimulation finie pour ces automates. De plus (toujours en utilisant nos encodages des trajectoires par des mots), nous avons obtenu des résultats de décidabilité pour des problèmes de jeux sur ces mêmes automates hybrides o-minimaux. Pour une classe d'automates hybrides o-minimaux, nous avons prouvé (i) que l'existence de stratégie gagnante pouvait être décidée et (ii) que ces stratégies gagnantes pouvaient être synthétisées.

In recent years the field of real numbers expanded by a multiplicative subgroup has been studied extensively. In this thesis, the known results will be extended to expansions of the real field. I will consider the structure R consisting of the field of real numbers and an irrational power function. Using Schanuel conditions, I will give a first-order axiomatization of expansions of R by a dense multiplicative subgroup which is a subset of the real algebraic numbers. It will be shown that every definable set in such a structure is a boolean combination of existentially definable sets and that these structures have o-minimal open core. A proof will be given that the Schanuel conditions used in proving these statements hold for co-countably many real numbers. The results mentioned above will also be established for expansions of R by dense multiplicative subgroups which are closed under all power functions definable in R. In this case the results hold under the assumption that the Conjecture on intersection with tori is true. Finally, the structure consisting of R and the discrete multiplicative subgroup 2^{Z} will be analyzed. It will be shown that this structure is not model complete. Further I develop a connection between the theory of Diophantine approximation and this structure.

<div>We further the research in o-minimal topology by studying in full generality definable topological spaces in o-minimal structures. These are topological spaces $(X, \tau)$, where $X$ is a definable set in an o-minimal structure and the topology $\tau$ has a basis that is (uniformly) definable. Examples include the canonical o-minimal "euclidean" topology, “definable spaces” in the sense of van den Dries [17], definable metric spaces [49], as well as generalizations of classical non-metrizable topological spaces such as the Split Interval and the Alexandrov Double Circle.</div><div><br></div><div>We develop a usable topological framework in our setting by introducing definable analogues of classical topological properties such as separability, compactness and metrizability. We characterize these notions, showing in particular that, whenever the underlying o-minimal structure expands $(\mathbb{R},<)$, definable separability and compactness are equivalent to their classical counterparts, and a similar weaker result for definable metrizability. We prove the equivalence of definable compactness and various other properties in terms of definable curves and types. We show that definable topological spaces in o-minimal expansions of ordered groups and fields have properties akin to first countability. Along the way we study o-minimal definable directed sets and types. We prove a density result for o-minimal types, and provide an elementary proof within o-minimality of a statement related to the known connection between dividing and definable types in o-minimal theories.</div><div><br></div><div>We prove classification and universality results for one-dimensional definable topological spaces, showing that these can be largely described in terms of a few canonical examples. We derive in particular that the three element basis conjecture of Gruenhage [25] holds for all infinite Hausdorff definable topological spaces in o-minimal structures expanding $(\mathbb{R},<)$, i.e. any such space has a definable copy of an interval with the euclidean, discrete or lower limit topology.</div><div><br></div><div>A definable topological space is affine if it is definably homeomorphic to a euclidean space. We prove affineness results in o-minimal expansions of ordered fields. This includes a result for Hausdorff one-dimensional definable topological spaces. We give two new proofs of an affineness theorem of Walsberg [49] for definable metric spaces. We also prove an affineness result for definable topological spaces of any dimension that are Tychonoff in a definable</div><div>sense, and derive that a large class of locally affine definable topological spaces are affine.</div>

<p>This work strengthens and extends an algorithm for computing Betti numbers of symmetric semialgebraic sets developed by Basu and Riener in, <em>Vandermonde Varieties, Mirrored Spaces, and the Cohomology of Symmetric Semi-Algebraic Sets</em>. We first adapt a construction of Gabrielov and Vorobjov in, <em>Approximation of Definable Sets by Compact Families, and Upper Bounds on Homotopy and Homology,</em> for replacing arbitrary definable sets by compact ones to the symmetric case. The original construction provided maps from the homotopy and homology groups of the replacement set to those of the original; we show that for sets symmetric relative to the action of some finite reflection group <em>G</em>, we may construct these maps to be equivariant. This modification to the construction for compact replacement allows us to extend Basu and Riener's theorem on which submodules appear in the isotypic decomposition of each cohomology space to sets not necessarily closed and bounded. Furthermore, by utilizing this equivariant compact approximation, we may obtain a precise description of the aforementioned decomposition of each cohomology space, and not merely the final dimension of the space, from Basu and Riener's algorithm.</p> <p><br></p> <p>    Though our equivariant compact replacement holds for <em>G</em> any finite reflection group, Basu and Riener's results only consider the case of the action the of symmetric group, sometimes termed type <em>A</em>. As a first step towards generalizing Basu and Riener's work, we examine the next major class of symmetry: the action of the group of signed permutations (known as type <em>B</em>). We focus our attention on Vandermonde varieties, a key object in Basu and Riener's proofs. We show that the intersection of a type <em>B</em> Vandermonde variety with a fundamental region of type <em>B</em> symmetry is topologically regular. We also prove a result about the intersection of a type <em>B</em> Vandermonde variety with the walls of this fundamental region, leading to the elimination of factors in a different decomposition of the homology spaces.</p>

There now exists an abundant collection of conjectures and results, of various complexities, regarding the diophantine properties of Shimura varieties. Two central such statements are the Andre-Oort and Zilber-Pink Conjectures, the first of which is known in many cases, while the second is known in very few cases indeed. The motivating result for much of this document is the modular case of the Andre-Oort Conjecture, which is a theorem of Pila. It is most commonly viewed as a statement about the simplest kind of Shimura varieties, namely modular curves. Here, we tend instead to view it as a statement about the properties of the classical modular j-function. It states, given a complex algebraic variety V, that V contains only finitely many maximal special subvarieties, where a special variety is one which arises from the arithmetic behaviour of the j-function in a certain natural way. The central question of this thesis is the following: what happens if in such statements we replace the j-function with some other kind of modular function; one which is less well-behaved in one way or another? Such modular functions are naturally called nonclassical modular functions. This question, as we shall see, can be studied using techniques of o-minimality and point-counting, but some interesting new features arise and must be dealt with. After laying out some of the classical theory, we go on to describe two particular types of nonclassical modular function: almost holomorphic modular functions and quasimodular functions (which arise naturally from the derivatives of the j-function). We go on to prove some results about the diophantine properties of these functions, including several natural Andre-Oort-type theorems, then conclude by discussing some bigger-picture questions (such as the potential for nonclassical variants of, say, Zilber-Pink) and some directions for future research in this area.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude de l'arithmétique et de la géométrie des variétés de Shimura. Cette thèse s'est essentiellement organisée autour de trois volets. Dans la première partie, on étudie certaines applications de la théorie des modèles en théorie des nombres. En 2014, Pila et Tsimerman ont donné une preuve de la conjecture d'Ax-Schanuel pour la fonction j et, avec Mok, ont récemment annoncé une preuve de sa généralisation à toute variété de Shimura. Nous nous référons à cette généralisation comme à la conjecture d'Ax-Schanuel hyperbolique. Dans ce projet, nous cherchons à généraliser les idées de Habegger et Pila pour montrer que, sous un certain nombre d'hypothèses arithmétiques, la conjecture d'Ax-Schanuel hyperbolique implique, par une extension de la stratégie de Pila-Zannier, la conjecture de Zilber-Pink pour les variétés de Shimura. Nous concluons en vérifiant toutes ces hypothèses arithmétiques à l'exception d'une seule dans le cas d'un produit de courbes modulaires, en admettant la conjecture dite des grandes orbites de Galois. Il s'agit d'un travail en commun avec Christopher Daw. La seconde partie est consacrée à un résultat cohomologique en direction de la conjecture de Zilber-Pink. Étant donné un groupe algébrique semi-simple sur un corps de nombres F contenu dans ℝ, nous démontrons que deux sous-groupes algébriques semi-simples définis sur F sont conjugués sur F, si et seulement s'il le sont sur une extension réelle finie de F de degré majoré indépendamment des sous-groupes choisis. Il s'agit d'un travail en commun avec Mikhail Borovoi et Christopher Daw. La troisième partie étudie la distribution des variétés de Shimura compactes. On rappelle qu'une variété de Shimura S de dimension 1 est toujours compacte sauf si S est une courbe modulaire. Nous généralisons cette observation en définissant une fonction de hauteur dans l'espace des variétés de Shimura associée à un groupe réductif réel donné. Dans le cas des groupes unitaires, on prouve que la densité des variétés de Shimura non-compactes est nulle. / In this thesis, we study some arithmetic and geometric problems for Shimura varieties. This thesis consists of three parts. In the first part, we study some applications of model theory to number theory. In 2014, Pila and Tsimerman gave a proof of the Ax-Schanuel conjecture for the j-function and, with Mok, have recently announced a proof of its generalization to any (pure) Shimura variety. We refer to this generalization as the hyperbolic Ax-Schanuel conjecture. In this article, we show that the hyperbolic Ax-Schanuel conjecture can be used to reduce the Zilber-Pink conjecture for Shimura varieties to a problem of point counting. We further show that this point counting problem can be tackled in a number of cases using the Pila-Wilkie counting theorem and several arithmetic conjectures. Our methods are inspired by previous applications of the Pila-Zannier method and, in particular, the recent proof by Habegger and Pila of the Zilber-Pink conjecture for curves in abelian varieties. This is joint work with Christopher Daw. The second part is devoted to a Galois cohomological result towards the proof of the Zilber-Pink conjecture. Let G be a linear algebraic group over a field k of characteristic 0. We show that any two connected semisimple k-subgroups of G that are conjugate over an algebraic closure of kare actually conjugate over a finite field extension of k of degree bounded independently of the subgroups. Moreover, if k is a real number field, we show that any two connected semisimple k-subgroups of G that are conjugate over the field of real numbers ℝ are actually conjugate over a finite real extension of k of degree bounded independently of the subgroups. This is joint work with Mikhail Borovoi and Christopher Daw. Finally, in the third part, we consider the distribution of compact Shimura varieties. We recall that a Shimura variety S of dimension 1 is always compact unless S is a modular curve. We generalize this observation by defining a height function in the space of Shimura varieties attached to a fixed real reductive group. In the case of unitary groups, we prove that the density of non-compact Shimura varieties is zero.

La conjecture de Zilber-Pink est une conjecture diophantienne concernant les intersections atypiques dans les variétés de Shimura mixtes. C’est une généralisation commune de la conjecture d’André-Oort et de la conjecture de Mordell-Lang. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier Zilber-Pink. Plus concrètement, nous étudions la conjecture d’André-Oort, selon laquelle une sous-variété d’une variété de Shimura mixte est spéciale si son intersection avec l’ensemble des points spéciaux est dense, et la conjecture d’André-Pink-Zannier, selon laquelle une sous-variété d’une variété de Shimura mixte est faiblement spéciale si son intersection avec une orbite de Hecke généralisée est dense. Cette dernière conjecture généralise Mordell-Lang comme expliqué par Pink.Dans la méthode de Pila-Zannier, un point clef pour étudier la conjecture de Zilber-Pink est de démontrer le théorème d’Ax-Lindemann qui est une généralisation du théorème classique de Lindemann-Weierstrass dans un cadre fonctionnel. Un des résultats principaux de cette thèse est la démonstration du théorème d’Ax-Lindemann dans sa forme la plus générale, c’est- à-dire le théorème d’Ax-Lindemann mixte. Ceci généralise les résultats de Pila, Pila-Tsimerman, Ullmo-Yafaev et Klingler-Ullmo-Yafaev concernant Ax-Lindemann pour les variétés de Shimura pures.Un autre résultat de cette thèse est la démonstration de la conjecture d’André-Oort pour une grande collection de variétés de Shimura mixtes : in- conditionnellement pour une variété de Shimura mixte arbitraire dont la par- tie pure est une sous-variété de AN6 (par exemple les produits des familles universelles des variétés abéliennes de dimension 6 et le fibré de Poincaré sur A6) et sous GRH pour toutes les variétés de Shimura mixtes de type abélien. Ceci généralise des théorèmes connus de Klinger-Ullmo-Yafaev, Pila, Pila-Tsimerman et Ullmo pour les variétés de Shimura pures.Quant à la conjecture d’André-Pink-Zannier, nous démontrons plusieurs cas valables lorsque la variété de Shimura mixte ambiante est la famille universelle des variétés abéliennes. Tout d’abord nous démontrons l’intersection d’André-Oort et André-Pink-Zannier, c’est-à-dire que l’on étudie l’orbite de Hecke généralisée d’un point spécial. Ceci généralise des résultats d’Edixhoven-Yafaev et Klingler-Ullmo-Yafaev pour Ag. Nous prouvons ensuite la conjecture dans le cas suivant : une sous-variété d’un schéma abélien au dessus d’une courbe est faiblement spéciale si son intersection avec l’orbite de Hecke généralisée d’un point de torsion d’une fibre non CM est Zariski dense. Finalement pour une orbite de Hecke généralisée d’un point algébrique arbitraire, nous démontrons la conjecture pour toutes les courbes. Ces deux derniers cas généralisent des résultats de Habegger-Pila et Orr pour Ag.Dans toutes les démonstrations, la théorie o-minimale, en particulier le théorème de comptage de Pila-Wilkie, joue un rôle important. / The Zilber-Pink conjecture is a diophantine conjecture concerning unlikely intersections in mixed Shimura varieties. It is a common generalization of the André-Oort conjecture and the Mordell-Lang conjecture. This dissertation is aimed to study the Zilber-Pink conjecture. More concretely, we will study the André-Oort conjecture, which predicts that a subvariety of a mixed Shimura variety having dense intersection with the set of special points is special, and the André-Pink-Zannier conjecture which predicts that a subvariety of a mixed Shimura variety having dense intersection with a generalized Hecke orbit is weakly special. The latter conjecture generalizes the Mordell-Lang conjecture as explained by Pink.In the Pila-Zannier method, a key point to study the Zilber-Pink conjec- ture is to prove the Ax-Lindemann theorem, which is a generalization of the functional analogue of the classical Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem. One of the main results of this dissertation is to prove the Ax-Lindemann theorem in its most general form, i.e. the mixed Ax-Lindemann theorem. This generalizes results of Pila, Pila-Tsimerman, Ullmo-Yafaev and Klingler-Ullmo-Yafaev concerning the Ax-Lindemann theorem for pure Shimura varieties.Another main result of this dissertation is to prove the André-Oort conjecture for a large class of mixed Shimura varieties: unconditionally for any mixed Shimura variety whose pure part is a subvariety of AN6 (e.g. products of universal families of abelian varieties of dimension 6 and the Poincaré bundle over A6) and under GRH for all mixed Shimura varieties of abelian type. This generalizes existing theorems of Klinger-Ullmo-Yafaev, Pila, Pila-Tsimerman and Ullmo concerning pure Shimura varieties.As for the André-Pink-Zannier conjecture, we prove several cases when the ambient mixed Shimura variety is the universal family of abelian varieties. First we prove the overlap of André-Oort and André-Pink-Zannier, i.e. we study the generalized Hecke orbit of a special point. This generalizes results of Edixhoven-Yafaev and Klingler-Ullmo-Yafaev for Ag. Secondly we prove the conjecture in the following case: a subvariety of an abelian scheme over a curve is weakly special if its intersection with the generalized Hecke orbit of a torsion point of a non CM fiber is Zariski dense. Finally for the generalized Hecke orbit of an arbitrary algebraic point, we prove the conjecture for curves. These generalize existing results of Habegger-Pila and Orr for Ag.In all these proofs, the o-minimal theory, in particular the Pila-Wilkie counting theorems, plays an important role.