Grundläggande förutsättningar för att företag och organisationer ska kunna bedriva en fungerande verksamhet är att det finns personal med rätt kompetens vilket tillgodoses med en väl genomförd rekrytering. Studien hade följande två frågeställningar: Hur arbetar rekryterare under rekryteringsprocessen för att förhålla sig så objektiva som möjligt? Vilka svårigheter finns det under en rekryteringsprocess sett till förhållningssätt i relation till subjektiva och objektiva bedömningar? 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med deltagare som innehar en tjänst med rekryteringsansvar. Intervjuerna tematiserades där sju centrala teman identifierades: Kravprofilen – grunden till det objektiva, standardiserad intervjumall, digital referenstagning, att frångå den subjektiva upplevelsen, tidspress, oärlighet samt språkutmaning. Resultatet visade bland annat att deltagarna upplever flera svårigheter i rekryteringsprocessen, den subjektiva upplevelsen nämndes som en svårighet hos många av deltagarna. Tidigare forskning visar att kravprofilen är en stor källa till objektivitet. Kravprofilen var även något som deltagarna ansåg vara grunden och ett hjälpmedel till det objektiva förhållningssättet. / Basic prerequisites for companies and organizations to be able to run a functioning business are that there are personnel with the right skills, which is met with a well-executed recruitment. The study had the following two questions: How do recruiters work during the recruitment process to be as objective as possible? What difficulties are there during a recruitment process in terms of approach in relation to subjective and objective assessments? 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who hold a position with recruitment responsibility. The interviews were thematized where seven central themes were identified: The requirements profile - the basis for the objective, standardized interview template, digital reference taking, moving away from the subjective experience, time pressure, dishonesty and language challenge. The results showed, among other things, that the participants experience several difficulties in the recruitment process, the subjective experience was mentioned as a difficulty by many of the participants. Previous research shows that the requirements profile is a great source of objectivity, the requirements profile was also something that our participants considered to be the basis and an aid to the objective approach.

It is traditionally accepted that the basis of contractual liability is either consensus, that is the actual meeting of the minds of the contractants, or the reasonable belief by one contractants that there is consensus. In this paper the various approaches to contractual liability are examined. The conclusion that is reached is that the direct application of reliance protecti~n can -effectively serve as the basis of contractual liability in our law today. It is submitted that the elements to found contractual liability are representation or conduct, unducement; a reasonable reliance upon consensus, and detriment or prejudice. It is forcefully argued that although blameworthiness (fault) may play a substantial role in determining whether reliance upon consensus should be protected, it is not the decisive element to the enquiry: rather regard should be had to all the surrounding circumstances relating to the contractual relationship. / Private Law / LL.M.

Le véhicule hybride électrique dispose de deux sources d’énergie distinctes pour se mouvoir : le carburant, ainsi qu’un système de stockage électrique ayant la particularité d’être réversible. La loi de gestion d’énergie a pour objectif de superviser les flux de puissance dans le groupe motopropulseur en intervenant sur le point de fonctionnement des organes de celui-ci, et ce dans le but d’optimiser un critère donné. La loi de gestion d’énergie se formalise donc par un problème de commande optimale dont le critère à minimiser tient compte de la consommation de carburant du véhicule sur un trajet donné. La solution de ce problème peut se calculer hors ligne lorsque toutes les données du trajet sont parfaitement connues à l’avance, hypothèse qui n’est plus admissible pour une stratégie embarquée sur véhicule dont l’objectif est alors de s’approcher au maximum du résultat optimal. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit mettent en avant la commande optimale orientée multi-objectif pour répondre à la problématique du compromis inter-prestations au coeur du développement d’un véhicule de série. Une loi de gestion d’énergie tenant compte du compromis entre consommation et agrément de conduite, ainsi qu’une autre traitant le compromis entre consommation et vieillissement batterie sont proposées. Les stratégies présentées s’inscrivent également dans une approche modulaire tirée de la solution de nature transversale issue de l’Equivalent Consumption Minimization strategy (ECMS). Ainsi, la commande du véhicule hybride rechargeable, du Mild-Hybride, ainsi que d’architectures hybrides complexes disposant d’une transmission automatique, de deux machines électriques ou deux systèmes de stockage électriques, est ici traitée à travers un socle commun. Cette approche permet de réduire le temps de développement des stratégies qui partagent un maximum d’éléments communs. / The hybrid electric vehicle uses two different energy sources to propel itself: fuel as well as a reversible electric storage system. The energy management strategy aims at supervising the power flows inside the powertrain by choosing the operating points of the different components so as to optimize a given criterion. The energy management strategy is formulated as an optimal control problem where the criterion to be minimized takes into account the total fuel consumption of the vehicle on the considered trip. The optimal solution can be calculated off-line when the vehicle’s mission is perfectly known, an assumption no longer admissible for an embedded strategy whose main objective is to get as close as possible to the optimal result. The work presented in this manuscript highlights the potential of multi-objective optimal control to handle the features’ trade-offs inherent to the development of production vehicle. An energy management strategy taking into account the trade-off between fuel consumption and drivability, as well as one dealing with the trade-off between fuel consumption and battery state of health, are proposed. The presented strategies share a modular approach following the transversal solution of the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). As a result, the control policy of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, the Mild-Hybrid, together with complex hybrid architectures provided with an automated transmission, two electric machines or two electric storage systems, is tackled through a common base. This approach allows to reduce the development period of the energy management strategies which shares a maximum of common elements.

It is traditionally accepted that the basis of contractual liability is either consensus, that is the actual meeting of the minds of the contractants, or the reasonable belief by one contractants that there is consensus. In this paper the various approaches to contractual liability are examined. The conclusion that is reached is that the direct application of reliance protecti~n can -effectively serve as the basis of contractual liability in our law today. It is submitted that the elements to found contractual liability are representation or conduct, unducement; a reasonable reliance upon consensus, and detriment or prejudice. It is forcefully argued that although blameworthiness (fault) may play a substantial role in determining whether reliance upon consensus should be protected, it is not the decisive element to the enquiry: rather regard should be had to all the surrounding circumstances relating to the contractual relationship. / Private Law / LL.M.