Orientador: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Selmi-Dei_DanielPakk_M.pdf: 2342914 bytes, checksum: 162b44347e391de172fb12130f4bad2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação cobre a análise dos primeiros eventos detectados simultaneamente pelos tanques de superfície e telescópios de fluorescência durante a fase de prototipagem do Observatório Pierre Auger, na Argentina, entre dezembro de 2001 e abril de 2002. Há muitos anos diversos experimentos espalhados pelo mundo, dedicados à detecção de raios cósmicos, vêm coletando e montando uma estatística bem estabelecida do fluxo, direção de chegada, energia e composição química até 1019 eV através do constante desenvolvimento de novas técnicas. Ficou comprovado, porém, que radiação cósmica acima de 1020 eV existe, uma contradição com previsões teóricas que imediatamente abriu um leque de questões, variando desde qual origem extragalática poderiam ter, até o modo como se propagam pelo espaço. A riqueza e detalhamento que o estudo dessas partículas envolve são sintetizados em três partes neste trabalho. O primeiro capítulo aborda a radiação desde suas mais prováveis fontes geradoras e mecanismos de aceleração, os efeitos a que está sujeita durante a propagação pelo espaço e, por fim, o conjunto de processos desencadeados a partir da chegada no topo da atmosfera terrestre até o nível do solo -o chamado chuveiro atmosférico extenso. Com essa motivação inicial, a segunda parte abrange a totalidade do que será o Projeto Auger em sua fase final: um observatório que emprega as duas técnicas mais bem sucedidas já utilizadas em outros experimentos de menor porte, juntamente com a física, a matemática e o embasamento computacional da análise e reconstrução das propriedades que caracterizam uma partícula primária. No último capítulo é colocado em prática tudo o que foi discutido no anterior , com algumas restrições existentes na época em questão. A mais evidente é o funcionamento do observatório como um protótipo, quando foram operadas apenas parte de um olho (conjunto de telescópios de fluorescência) e do arranjo de solo. Outra são os códigos disponibilizados para análise pela colaboração, em constante desenvolvimento em paralelo com simulações. Uma análise completa da reconstrução geométrica e energética de todos os eventos registrados é apresentada e depois confrontada com resultados de outros membros da colaboração, dando um panorama geral do que se propõe o projeto no futuro, quais seus principais aspectos a serem melhorados e que ferramentas de análise ainda devem ser desenvolvidas / Abstract: This dissertation covers the analysis of the first events detected simultaneously by water tanks and fluorescence telescopes during the prototype phase of the Pierre Auger Observatory, between December 2001 and April 2002. For years several experiments over the world dedicated to the detection of cosmic rays collected and built a well established statistics for the flux, arrival direction, energy and chemical composition up to 1019 eV with the constant development of new techniques. It is a fact, though, that cosmic radiation over 1020 eV exists, a contradiction to previous theoretical results that immediately raises questions like which extragalactic origin they could have or how they propagate through space. The richness and level of detail involved in the study of such particles are synthesized in three parts in this work. The first chapter approaches cosmic radiation from its most likely sources and acceleration mechanisms, the effects to which it is subjected during propagation through space and, at last, the set of processes caused by the arrival at the top of the Earth's atmosphere to the ground level -the so-called extensive air shower . After this initial motivation, the second part covers the totality of what is to be the Auger Project in its final phase: an observatory that employs the two most successful techniques ever used in other smaller-scale experiments, along with the physics, mathematics and computational basis of the analysis and reconstruction of the properties that characterize a primary particle. Everything discussed previously is put into practice in the last chapter, with some of the restrictions at the time. The most evident is the operation of the observatory as a prototype, when only parts of one eye (set of fluorescence telescopes) and surface array were available. Another one are the codes available to analysis by the collaboration, in constant development in parallel with simulations. A complete analysis of the geometry and energy reconstruction of all events registered is presented and cross-checked with results from other collaboration members, giving a general view of the project's proposal for the future, its main aspects to be improved and which analysis tools are still to be developed. / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), resulting from adverse space weather, have been demonstrated to cause damage to power transformers at mid-latitudes. There is growing concern over possible GIC effects in the Southern African network due to its long power lines. Previous efforts to model the electric field associated with GICs in the Southern Africa region used a uniform ground conductivity model. In an effort to improve the modelling of GICs, GIC data together with Hermanus Magnetic Observatory geomagnetic field data were used to obtain a multilayered ground conductivity model. This process requires a definition of the network coefficients, which are then used in subsequent calculations. This study shows that GIC computed with the new network coefficients and the multilayered ground conductivity model improves the accuracy of GIC modelling. Then GIC statistics are derived based on the recordings of the geomagnetic field at Hermanus, the new network coefficients and ground conductivity model. The geoelectric field is modelled using the plane wave method. The properties of the geomagnetic field, their time derivatives and local geomagnetic indices were investigated to determine their characteristics in relation to the GIC. The pattern of the time derivatives of the horizontal geomagnetic field closely follow the rate of change of the north-south geomagnetic component rather than the east-west component. The correlation between the GIC and the local geomagnetic field indices was also investigated. The results show that there is a higher correlation between the GIC and the east-west components of the geomagnetic local indices than between the GIC and the north-south components. This corresponds very well with the orientation of the power lines feeding the power transformers at the South African Grassridge electrical substation GIC site. Thus, the geoelectric field driving the GIC at Grassridge is north-south oriented. Further, it is shown that the geomagnetic observation sites have a strong directional preference with respect to the Grassridge GIC site.

Light pollution is currently one of the environmental problems of human society. With the technological development and the increase of the human population on the planet, the landscape is constantly increasing the emission of disturbing light into the surrounding area during the night. The largest producer of light pollution is the urban and suburban regions where light spreads to several decades away, increasing the brightness of the sky, as well as rural or nature-close landscapes. Exposure to disturbing light has a demonstrably unfavorable effect on human, animal and plant health as well as on the balance of whole ecosystems. In this work I focus on finding and assessing the state of sky brightness in the interest zone of the observatory of Astronomical Institute AV at Ondřejov. Based on my own data measured in the field during nine night excursions, I created an interpolated map of ArcMap 10.2 and, according to directional measurements, interpreted the main polluters in this area. The results clearly show a clear trend to reduce the sky's brightness from the northwest to the east. The measurements also show that the local sources of obstrusive light near Ondřejov have a slight influence on the overall zenith brightness of the sky compared to the presence of Prague, several miles away....

While women have had a profound impact in the world of science, they struggle to gain an equal foothold in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields today. This has led to considerable public and private sector efforts to recruit women into these arenas. In order to understand how schools and nonprofits engage today's young women in STEM studies, this account includes time spent both in high school science classrooms and with ChickTech -- a Portland-based organization that works to provide a pathway into tech careers for high school-aged girls. A historical perspective reveals that modern women aren't treading into completely uncharted territory, in spite of the current disparity of representation in today's STEM arenas. This perspective is offered via an examination of the lives of a group of extraordinary women who worked in astronomy at Harvard College Observatory from the late 1800s into the 1960s. While several noteworthy women are discussed, the focus here is on Cecilia Payne, the first person to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard, and one of the 20th century's greatest astronomers. A great many people have never heard of her . . . yet.

L'identification des sources de rayons cosmiques d'ultra-haute énergie (au-delà de 10^18 eV) constituerait une avancée majeure aussi bien dans le domaine de l'astrophysique que dans celui de la physique des particules. La difficulté principale dans la recherche de telles sources réside dans la perte de l'information directionnelle des rayons cosmiques les moins énergétiques. En effet, leur direction est sujette à des déviations d'amplitude inversement proportionnelle à leur énergie à cause des champs magnétiques qu'il traversent lors de leur propagation jusqu'à la Terre. D'autre part, pour des énergies supérieures à 4x10^(19)eV, l'interaction des rayons cosmiques avec le fond diffus cosmologique limite l'horizon de leurs sources à l'Univers proche (200 Mpc ou moins). Cette thèse a été effectuée au sein de l’observatoire Pierre Auger, le plus grand détecteur de rayons cosmiques de haute énergie. Elle est dédiée à l'étude, la sélection, la reconstruction, ainsi qu'à l'analyse des évènements de plus haute énergie. D'autre part, les particules de plus bas numéro atomique sont plus susceptibles de garder leur direction mais la composition des rayons cosmiques est inconnue à de telles énergies. Une méthode de sélection des événements les plus similaires aux protons a été élaborée et développée dans cette thèse pour étudier la possibilité de leur utilisation pour une "astronomie protons" / Identifying the sources of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs, above 10^{18} eV), the most energetic particles known in the universe, would be an important leap forward for both the astrophysics and particle physics knowledge. However, developing a cosmic-ray astronomy is arduous because magnetic fields, that permeate our Galaxy and the extra-Galactic space, deflect cosmic rays that may lose the directional information on their sources. This problem can be reduced by studying the highest energy end of the cosmic ray spectrum. Indeed, magnetic field deflections are inversely proportional to the cosmic ray energy. Moreover, above 4x10^{19} eV, cosmic rays interact with cosmic photon backgrounds, losing energy. This means that the sources of the highest energy cosmic rays observed on Earth can be located only in the nearby universe (200 Mpc or less). The largest detector ever built for detecting cosmic rays at such high energies is the Pierre Auger Observatory, in Argentina. It combines a 3000 km^2 surface array of water Cherenkov detectors with fluorescence telescopes to measure extensive air showers initiated by the UHECRs. This thesis was developed inside the Auger Collaboration and was devoted to study the highest energy events observed by Auger, starting from the selection and reconstruction up to the analysis of their distribution in the sky. Moreover, since the composition at these energies is unknown, we developed a method to select proton-like events, since high Z cosmic rays are too much deflected by magnetic fields to be used for cosmic-ray astronomy.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux transformations et modalités de mise en œuvre de l’ingénierie territoriale. Elle se propose de l’analyser à travers l’émergence d’un nouvel instrument, l’observatoire territorial. Elle pose comme hypothèse que les compétences des professionnels du développement territorial sont déterminantes dans l’efficacité de cette ingénierie et qu’en retour, la structuration de celle-ci influe fortement sur l’évolution de ces compétences. Nous nous intéressons à la conception et aux usages d’observatoires sur les Pyrénées en mobilisant l’entretien auprès des acteurs de ces projets et à travers une position d’observation participante au sein d’une structure d’expertise territoriale.Les projets d’observatoire révèlent un enjeu de construction de compétences collectives dans l’ingénierie territoriale, indispensables pour ancrer l’expertise dans le territoire. Cet enjeu se déploie à différents niveaux : entre agents d’une même structure et entre agents de différentes structures. Ces niveaux font apparaître des médiateurs favorisant l’émergence et la consolidation des compétences collectives. Ces processus entraînent des transformations des compétences individuelles des professionnels ainsi qu’un métissage de celles-ci, aboutissant à l’émergence de profils professionnels hybrides. Par rapport aux compétences mobilisées dans des projets de développement territorial, celles nécessaires au projet d’observatoire territorial sont marquées par un besoin plus fort de stratégie, tout en faisant appel à des compétences techniques spécialisées. L’approche géographique de la compétence comme ressource de la construction territoriale est une avancée majeure de cette thèse. / This thesis is concerned with transformations and the different means for implementing territorial engineering. Its aim is to analyse territorial engineering through the emergence of a new instrument, the territorial observatory. It advances the hypothesis that the skills of territorial development professionals play a key role in the effectiveness of this engineering, whereas the way it is structured highly influences the evolution of these skills. We focus on the design and uses of observatories in the Pyrenees Mountains through interviews with the actors who participate in these projects, as well as from the viewpoint of a participating observer within a territorial expertise structure. Observatory projects illustrate the challenge involved in the construction of collective skills for territorial engineering, essential for integrating expertise into the territorial framework. This challenge exists at different levels : between representatives of the same structure and between representatives of different structures. These levels give rise to mediators who encourage the emergence and the consolidation of collective skills. These processes lead to transformations in the individual skills of professionals as well as a crossover between them, thus resulting in the emergence of hybrid professional profiles. In relationship to the overall skills mobilised in territorial development projects, those necessary for territorial observatory projects can be distinguished by a greater need for strategy, while requiring specialised technical skills. The geographic approach to skills as a resource for territorial construction is a major contribution of this thesis.

A presente pesquisa enfoca as características das questões de leitura da Prova Brasil para o 5 ano do Ensino Fundamental e o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura exigidas por essa Prova. Insere-se no projeto observatório da Educação/UNITAU `Competências e habilidades de leitura; da reflexão teórica ao desenvolvimento e aplicação de propostas didático-pedagógicas, n23038010000201076, financiado por CAPES/INEP. Foi motivada pelo interesse dos professores em conhecer melhor a Prova Brasil para desenvolver nos alunos as habilidades leitoras e pelo fato de os alunos demonstrarem muitas dificuldades de compreensão textual. A pesquisa objetiva, de modo geral e no âmbito do Projeto Observatório/UNITAU, contribuir para oferecer subsídios para um trabalho focado no desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura de alunos do 5 ano do Ensino fundamental. Especificamente os objetivos dessa pesquisa são: 1 Identificar os gêneros discursivos que aparecem nas questões da Prova Brasil para o 5 ano até 2011 e as habilidades de leitura cobradas nessas questões; 2 Desenvolver atividades de leitura em uma sala do 5 ano do ensino fundamental, focando nos três gêneros discursivos mais frequentemente utilizados na Prova Brasil, identificados no primeiro objetivo citado fábula, poema e tira , e refletir sobre os resultados obtidos. Fundamenta-se na concepção bakhtiniana de gêneros discursivos; na abordagem sociocognitiva de leitura; nos conceitos de competências e habilidades leitura; no conceito de sequência didática. Os procedimentos metodológicos da pesquisa dar-se-ão por meio de: análise qualitativo-interpretativista das questões da Prova Brasil para o 5 ano e de desenvolvimento de pesquisa-ação em uma sala de 5 ano de uma escola da rede municipal de Taubaté. Como resultados, observou-se que o levantamento sobre os gêneros discursivos das questões da Prova Brasil foi fundamental para encaminhar a pesquisa-ação e que as sequências didáticas de leitura e as coletâneas de textos foram muito eficientes para organizar um trabalho de leitura que explora as características dos gêneros discursivos alvo da leitura e mobiliza habilidades cobradas pela Prova Brasil. Os alunos mostraram-se interessados pelos textos e, pelos resultados das atividades, pudemos observar que se apropriaram das principais características dos gêneros, inclusive do poema, pouco conhecido por eles até a participação nesta pesquisa-ação. Conclui-se que atividades de leitura na perspectiva desenvolvida nesta pesquisa contribuem significativamente para o desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura. / This research focuses on the characteristics of the reading and interpretation questions of `Prova Brasil for the 5th grade of Elementary School and on the development of reading skills required for this event. It is part of the project called UNITAU Education Observatory `reading competences and skills; from theoretical reflection to the development and implementation of educational and pedagogical proposals, number 23038010000201076, sponsored by CAPES / INEP. Its motivation was teachers interest to know `Prova Brasil better in order to develop students reading abilities and for the fact that many students show difficulties in reading comprehension. The research aims, in general and within the UNITAU Observatory Project, to help provide grants for a work focused on developing students reading skills in the 5th grade of Elementary School. Specifically, the objectives of this research are: 1) Identify the discursive genres that appear in questions of `Prova Brasil for the 5th grade until 2011 and the reading skills evaluated in these questions; 2) Develop reading activities in a 5th grade class, focusing on the three discursive genres, the ones most often found in `Prova Brasil, identified in the first mentioned purpose - fables, poems and strips - and reflect on the results. It is based on Bakhtins concept of discursive genres, on the sociocognitive approach to reading, on the concepts of reading competences and skills, on the concept of didactic sequence. The research methodological procedures are qualitative- interpretative analysis of the questions of `Prova Brasil for 5th grade and the development of action research in a 5th grade classroom of a school in the city of Taubaté. As a result, it was observed that the survey on the questions of discursive genres `Prova Brasil was very important to further the action research and that the reading didactic sequences and the collections of texts were very efficient to organize a reading work that explores the characteristics of target discursive genres and mobilizes skills evaluated in `Prova Brasil. Students were interested in the texts, and by the results of the activities, we conclude that they could learn the main features of the genres, including poems, little known by them until they participated in this action research. We concluded that reading activities in the perspective developed in this research can contribute significantly to the development of reading skills.

The objective of the diploma thesis is creating digital 3D model of observatory building in Valašské Meziříčí. The building is measured by classical geodetic methods. The results of the thesis are the wired model, which is created in MicroStation V8i, and 3D model with textured surfaces, including visualization in form photos and video, which is created in AutoCAD 2018.

This diploma thesis examines the possibilities of a new method of astronomical calibration at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. Its goal is to use stars as objects with known brightness to calibrate the fluorescence detectors and compare these results with the existing calibration. The analysis was done using computer programs which use the star catalog and experimental background data to compare the current calibration with our method. Results that are presented conclude that the calibration using stars is consistent with the existing calibration, however, the error of the new method is much higher. Nevertheless, there is a good potential for scale - it could be used for all past and future data. Potential improvements to this method and its error are suggested.

No description available.