Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-08-06T23:09:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - JACQUELINE REITER.pdf: 5214026 bytes, checksum: 3385648ff5e69e58d30869f0dba4810c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-06T23:09:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - JACQUELINE REITER.pdf: 5214026 bytes, checksum: 3385648ff5e69e58d30869f0dba4810c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Objectives: To study the profile of sexual violence suffered by children and adolescents and their co-occurrences and the incidence curves over a decade (2001 to 2010) from the notifications made in instances References to the complaint, the Network for the Prevention, Care and Defense of Feira de Santana / BA / Brazil. Methods: Epidemiological study of case series, based on secondary data, produced from the reports of sexual violence (co-occurrence) suffered by children and adolescents (0-18 years) made the Guardianship Councils I and II and the Fair CREAS Santana / BA. In Linkage analysis was used between banks, to avoid duplication of data that has been organized and processed electronically in Statistical Package for the Sciences (SPSS), version 9.0 for Windows. We calculated measures of absolute and relative frequencies, estimated incidences of sexual violence and co-occurrences by calculating the coefficients Incidence in the period, year by year and finally was drafted incidence curves, year after year. Results: A total of 1418 cases, with 21.7% associated with other forms of violence (co-occurrence); rape and incest were the most frequent (30%), with a female majority (80%), adolescence (12-15 years ) (64%), highlighting 66% of victimized children under 11 years (66%). The attackers were known (37, 9%) and family (37%), 13.1% in the range of 13 to 20 years, 23.6% of the complaints were for "Dial 100." The coefficients of incidences of sexual violence and co-occurrences increased in both sexes, stronger in females at the beginning of the decade (2002 to 135.6 cases) and late (2008 to 209.7 cases). For ages, the coefficients showed the same trend in 2002 (49.8 cases, and 110.1 in childhood, adolescence), in 2008 (79.8 cases, and 161.7 in childhood, adolescence); in 2009 (81.6 cases, and 152.2 in childhood, adolescence). The coefficients of co-occurrences increased from the middle of the decade: psychological, in 2005 (9.1 cases) and 2008 (10.5 cases); neglect in 2008 (9.0 cases) and 2009 (9.5 cases), and physical violence in 2008 (6.5 cases) and 2009 (7.0 cases). Conclusions: The increase of incidence sex with or without co-occurrence perpetrated on children and adolescents in the decade, the city studied, highlights the importance of community action, social control complaints via the "Dial 100" as well as the important role of the Guardianship Councils and other instances of "Network" service, given the identification and reporting of cases of sexual violence and their co-occurrences, as well as referrals. These results suggest positive changes, as the process of awareness and popular participation of instances at the same time that instigates the need to redouble efforts towards institutional strengthening, quality of care, given the cases, as well as the quality of data logging system. / Objetivos: Estudar o perfil da viol?ncia sexual sofrida por crian?as e adolescentes e respectivas coocorr?ncias e as curvas de incid?ncia ao longo de um dec?nio (2001 a 2010) a partir das notifica??es efetuadas nas Inst?ncias de Refer?ncias para den?ncia, na Rede de Preven??o, Atendimento e Defesa de Feira de Santana/BA/Brasil. M?todo: Estudo epidemiol?gico do tipo s?rie de casos, com base em dados secund?rios, produzidos a partir das notifica??es de viol?ncia sexual (coocorr?ncia) sofrida por crian?as e adolescentes (0 a 18 anos) efetuadas nos Conselhos Tutelares I e II e CREAS de Feira de Santana/BA. Na an?lise utilizou-se Linkage entre bancos, para evitar duplicidade de dados que foram organizados e processados eletronicamente no Statistical Package for the Sciences (SPSS), vers?o 9.0 for Windows. Foram calculadas as medidas de frequ?ncias simples e relativas; estimado as incid?ncias da viol?ncia sexual e coocorr?ncias pelo c?lculo dos Coeficientes de Incid?ncia, no per?odo, ano a ano e por fim, foi elaborado curvas de incid?ncia, ano a ano. Resultados: Foram estudados 1418 casos, sendo 21,7% associados com outras formas de viol?ncia (coocorr?ncia); estupro e incesto foram os tipos mais frequentes (30%); com maioria feminina (80%), na adolesc?ncia (12-15 anos) (64%), ressaltando 66% de meninos vitimizados at? 11 anos (66%). Os agressores eram conhecidos (37, 9%) e familiares (37%); 13,1% na faixa de 13 a 20 anos; 23,6% das den?ncias foram pelo ?Disque 100?. Os coeficientes de incid?ncias da viol?ncia sexual e coocorr?ncias aumentaram, em ambos os sexos, mais expressivo no feminino, no in?cio do dec?nio (2002 ? 135,6 casos) e no final (2008 ? 209,7 casos). Para faixa et?ria, os coeficientes mostraram a mesma tend?ncia, em 2002 (49,8 casos, na inf?ncia e 110,1, na adolesc?ncia); em 2008 (79,8 casos, na inf?ncia e 161,7, na adolesc?ncia); em 2009 (81,6 casos, na inf?ncia e 152,2, na adolesc?ncia). Os coeficientes das coocorr?ncias aumentaram a partir da metade do dec?nio: viol?ncia psicol?gica, em 2005 (9,1 casos) e 2008 (10,5 casos); neglig?ncia, em 2008 (9,0 casos) e 2009 (9,5 casos); e viol?ncia f?sica, em 2008 (6,5 casos) e 2009 (7,0 casos). Conclus?es: o aumento dos coeficientes de incid?ncia sexual com ou sem coocorr?ncia perpetrada em crian?as e adolescentes no dec?nio, no munic?pio estudado, destaca a import?ncia da atua??o da comunidade, no controle social das den?ncias por meio do ?Disque 100?, assim como o importante papel dos Conselhos Tutelares e demais inst?ncias da ?Rede? de atendimento, face ? identifica??o e notifica??o dos casos de viol?ncia sexual e suas coocorr?ncias, assim como nos encaminhamentos. Esses resultados sugerem mudan?as positivas, quanto ao processo de sensibiliza??o popular e participa??o das Inst?ncias, ao mesmo tempo em que instiga a necessidade de multiplicar esfor?os, no sentido de fortalecimento institucional, na qualidade do atendimento, diante dos casos, assim como, na qualidade do sistema de registro de dados.

In a world confronting climate change and rapidly shifting land uses, effective methods for monitoring natural resources are critical to support scientifically-informed management decisions. By taking audio recordings of the environment, scientists can acquire presence-absence data to characterize populations of sound-producing wildlife over time and across vast spatial scales. Remote acoustic monitoring presents new challenges, however: monitoring programs are often constrained in the total time they can record, automated detection algorithms typically produce a prohibitive number of detection mistakes, and there is no streamlined framework for moving from raw acoustic data to models of wildlife occurrence dynamics. In partnership with a proof-of-concept field study in the U.S Bureau of Land Management’s Riverside East Solar Energy Zone in southern California, this dissertation introduces a new R software package, AMMonitor, alongside a novel body of work: 1) temporally-adaptive acoustic sampling to maximize the detection probabilities of target species despite recording constraints, 2) values-driven statistical learning tools for template-based automated detection of target species, and 3) methods supporting the construction of dynamic species occurrence models from automated acoustic detection data. Unifying these methods with streamlined data management, the AMMonitor software package supports the tracking of species occurrence, colonization, and extinction patterns through time, introducing the potential to perform adaptive management at landscape scales.

Recursion is a fundamental tool of mathematics used to define, construct, and analyze mathematical objects. This work employs induction, sieving, inversion, and other recursive methods to solve a variety of problems in the areas of algebraic number theory, topological and combinatorial graph theory, and analytic probability and statistics. A common theme of recursively defined functions, weighted sums, and cross-referencing sequences arises in all three contexts, and supplemented by sieving methods, generating functions, asymptotics, and heuristic algorithms. In the area of number theory, this work generalizes the sieve of Eratosthenes to a sequence of polynomial values called polynomial-value sieving. In the case of quadratics, the method of polynomial-value sieving may be characterized briefly as a product presentation of two binary quadratic forms. Polynomials for which the polynomial-value sieving yields all possible integer factorizations of the polynomial values are called recursively-factorable. The Euler and Legendre prime producing polynomials of the form n2+n+p and 2n2+p, respectively, and Landau's n2+1 are shown to be recursively-factorable. Integer factorizations realized by the polynomial-value sieving method, applied to quadratic functions, are in direct correspondence with the lattice point solutions (X,Y) of the conic sections aX2+bXY +cY2+X-nY=0. The factorization structure of the underlying quadratic polynomial is shown to have geometric properties in the space of the associated lattice point solutions of these conic sections. In the area of combinatorial graph theory, this work considers two topological structures that are used to model the process of homologous genetic recombination: assembly graphs and chord diagrams. The result of a homologous recombination can be recorded as a sequence of signed permutations called a micronuclear arrangement. In the assembly graph model, each micronuclear arrangement corresponds to a directed Hamiltonian polygonal path within a directed assembly graph. Starting from a given assembly graph, we construct all the associated micronuclear arrangements. Another way of modeling genetic rearrangement is to represent precursor and product genes as a sequence of blocks which form arcs of a circle. Associating matching blocks in the precursor and product gene with chords produces a chord diagram. The braid index of a chord diagram can be used to measure the scope of interaction between the crossings of the chords. We augment the brute force algorithm for computing the braid index to utilize a divide and conquer strategy. Both assembly graphs and chord diagrams are closely associated with double occurrence words, so we classify and enumerate the double occurrence words based on several notions of irreducibility. In the area of analytic probability, moments abstractly describe the shape of a probability distribution. Over the years, numerous varieties of moments such as central moments, factorial moments, and cumulants have been developed to assist in statistical analysis. We use inversion formulas to compute high order moments of various types for common probability distributions, and show how the successive ratios of moments can be used for distribution and parameter fitting. We consider examples for both simulated binomial data and the probability distribution affiliated with the braid index counting sequence. Finally we consider a sequence of multiparameter binomial sums which shares similar properties with the moment sequences generated by the binomial and beta-binomial distributions. This sequence of sums behaves asymptotically like the high order moments of the beta distribution, and has completely monotonic properties.

Die relativ hohe seismische Aktivität der Tote-Meer-Störungszone (Dead Sea Fault Zone - DSFZ) ist mit einem hohen Gefahrenpotential verbunden, welches zu einem erheblichen Erdbebenrisiko für die Ballungszentren in den Ländern Syrien, Libanon, Palästina, Jordanien und Israel führt. Eine Vielzahl massiver, zerstörerischer Erdbeben hat sich in diesem Raum in den letzten zwei Jahrtausenden ereignet. Ihre Wiederholungsrate zeigt Anzeichen für eine zeitliche Abhängigkeit, insbesondere wenn lange Zeiträume in Betracht gezogen werden. Die Berücksichtigung der zeitlichen Abhängigkeit des Auftretens von Erdbeben ist für eine realistische seismische Gefährdungseinschätzung von großer Bedeutung. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, anhand des zeitabhängigen Auftretens von Erdbeben eine robuste wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische seismische Gefährdungseinschätzung am Beispiel der DSFZ zu entwickeln. Mittels dieser Methode soll die zeitliche Abhängigkeit des Auftretens von großen Erdbeben (Mw ≥ 6) untersucht und somit eine Gefährdungseinschätzung für das Untersuchungsgebiet getroffen werden. Primär gilt es zu prüfen, ob das Auftreten von großen Erdbeben tatsächlich einer zeitlichen Abhängigkeit unterliegt und wenn ja, inwiefern diese bestimmt werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck werden insgesamt vier zeitabhängige statistische Verteilungen (Weibull, Gamma, Lognormal und Brownian Passage Time (BPT)) sowie die zeitunabhängige Exponentialverteilung (Poisson-Prozess) getestet. Zur Abschätzung der jeweiligen Modellparameter wird eine modifizierte Methode der gewichteten Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung (MLE) verwendet. Um einzuschätzen, ob die Wiederholungsrate von Erdbeben einer unimodalen oder multimodalen Form folgt, wird ein nichtparametrischer Bootstrap-Test für Multimodalität durchgeführt. Im Falle einer multimodalen Form wird neben der MLE zusätzlich eine Erwartungsmaximierungsmethode (EM) herangezogen. Zur Auswahl des am besten geeigneten Modells wird zum einem das Bayesschen Informationskriterium (BIC) und zum anderen der modifizierte Kolmogorow-Smirnow-Goodness-of-Fit-Test angewendet. Abschließend werden mittels der Bootstrap-Methode die Konfidenzintervalle der geschätzten Parameter berechnet. Als Datengrundlage werden Erdbeben mit Mw ≥ 6 seit dem Jahre 300 n. Chr. herangezogen. Das Untersuchungsgebiet erstreckt sich von 29.5° N bis 37° N und umfasst ein ca. 40 km breites Gebiet entlang der DSFZ. Aufgrund der seismotektonischen Situation im Untersuchungsgebiet wird zwischen einer südlichen, zentralen und nördlichen Subzone unterschieden. Dabei kann die südliche Subzone aus Mangel an Daten nicht für die Analysen herangezogen werden. Die Ergebnisse für die zentrale Subzone zeigen keinen signifikanten multimodalen Verlauf der Wiederholungsrate von Erdbeben. Des Weiteren ist kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den zeitabhängigen und dem zeitunabhängigem Modell zu verzeichnen. Da das zeitunabhängige Modell vergleichsweise einfach interpretierbar ist, wird die Wiederholungsrate von Erdbeben in dieser Subzone unter Annahme der Exponentialverteilungs-Hypothese abgeschätzt. Sie wird demnach als zeitunabhängig betrachtet und beträgt 9.72 * 10-3 Erdbeben (mit Mw ≥ 6) pro Jahr. Einen besonderen Fall stellt die nördliche Subzone dar. In diesem Gebiet tritt im Durchschnitt alle 51 Jahre ein massives Erdbeben (Mw ≥ 6) auf. Das letzte Erdbeben dieser Größe ereignete sich 1872 und liegt somit bereits 137 Jahre zurück. Somit ist in diesem Gebiet ein Erdbeben dieser Stärke überfällig. Im statistischen Mittel liegt die Zeit zwischen zwei Erdbeben zu 96% unter 137 Jahren. Zudem wird eine deutliche zeitliche Abhängigkeit der Erdbeben-Wiederauftretensrate durch die Ergebnisse der in der Arbeit neu entwickelten statistischen Verfahren bestätigt. Dabei ist festzustellen, dass die Wiederholungsrate insbesondere kurz nach einem Erdbeben eine sehr hohe zeitliche Abhängigkeit aufweist. Am besten repräsentiert werden die seismischen Bedingungen in der genannten Subzone durch ein bi-modales Weibull-Weibull-Modell. Die Wiederholungsrate ist eine glatte Zeitfunktion, welche zwei Häufungen von Datenpunkten in der Zeit nach dem Erdbeben zeigt. Dabei umfasst die erste Häufung einen Zeitraum von 80 Jahren, ausgehend vom Zeitpunkt des jeweiligen Bebens. Innerhalb dieser Zeitspanne ist die Wiederholungsrate extrem zeitabhängig. Die Wiederholungsrate direkt nach einem Beben ist sehr niedrig und steigert sich in den folgenden 10 Jahren erheblich bis zu einem Maximum von 0.024 Erdbeben/Jahr. Anschließend sinkt die Rate und erreicht ihr Minimum nach weiteren 70 Jahren mit 0.0145 Erdbeben/Jahr. An dieses Minimum schließt sich die zweite Häufung von Daten an, dessen Dauer abhängig von der Erdbebenwiederholungszeit ist. Innerhalb dieses Zeitfensters nimmt die Erdbeben-Wiederauftretensrate annähernd konstant um 0.015 Erdbeben/Jahr zu. Diese Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage für eine zeitabhängige probabilistische seismische Gefährdungseinschätzung (PSHA) für die seismische Quellregion, die den nördlichen Raum der DSFZ umfasst. / The seismicity of the Dead Sea fault zone (DSFZ) during the last two millennia is characterized by a number of damaging and partly devastating earthquakes. These events pose a considerable seismic hazard and seismic risk to Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, and Israel. The occurrence rates for large earthquakes along the DSFZ show indications to temporal changes in the long-term view. The aim of this thesis is to find out, if the occurrence rates of large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 6) in different parts of the DSFZ are time-dependent and how. The results are applied to probabilistic seismic hazard assessments (PSHA) in the DSFZ and neighboring areas. Therefore, four time-dependent statistical models (distributions), including Weibull, Gamma, Lognormal and Brownian Passage Time (BPT), are applied beside the exponential distribution (Poisson process) as the classical time-independent model. In order to make sure, if the earthquake occurrence rate follows a unimodal or a multimodal form, a nonparametric bootstrap test of multimodality has been done. A modified method of weighted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is applied to estimate the parameters of the models. For the multimodal cases, an Expectation Maximization (EM) method is used in addition to the MLE method. The selection of the best model is done by two methods; the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) as well as a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. Finally, the confidence intervals of the estimated parameters corresponding to the candidate models are calculated, using the bootstrap confidence sets. In this thesis, earthquakes with Mw ≥ 6 along the DSFZ, with a width of about 20 km and inside 29.5° ≤ latitude ≤ 37° are considered as the dataset. The completeness of this dataset is calculated since 300 A.D. The DSFZ has been divided into three sub zones; the southern, the central and the northern sub zone respectively. The central and the northern sub zones have been investigated but not the southern sub zone, because of the lack of sufficient data. The results of the thesis for the central part of the DSFZ show that the earthquake occurrence rate does not significantly pursue a multimodal form. There is also no considerable difference between the time-dependent and time-independent models. Since the time-independent model is easier to interpret, the earthquake occurrence rate in this sub zone has been estimated under the exponential distribution assumption (Poisson process) and will be considered as time-independent with the amount of 9.72 * 10-3 events/year. The northern part of the DSFZ is a special case, where the last earthquake has occurred in 1872 (about 137 years ago). However, the mean recurrence time of Mw ≥ 6 events in this area is about 51 years. Moreover, about 96 percent of the observed earthquake inter-event times (the time between two successive earthquakes) in the dataset regarding to this sub zone are smaller than 137 years. Therefore, it is a zone with an overdue earthquake. The results for this sub zone verify that the earthquake occurrence rate is strongly time-dependent, especially shortly after an earthquake occurrence. A bimodal Weibull-Weibull model has been selected as the best fit for this sub zone. The earthquake occurrence rate, corresponding to the selected model, is a smooth function of time and reveals two clusters within the time after an earthquake occurrence. The first cluster begins right after an earthquake occurrence, lasts about 80 years, and is explicitly time-dependent. The occurrence rate, regarding to this cluster, is considerably lower right after an earthquake occurrence, increases strongly during the following ten years and reaches its maximum about 0.024 events/year, then decreases over the next 70 years to its minimum about 0.0145 events/year. The second cluster begins 80 years after an earthquake occurrence and lasts until the next earthquake occurs. The earthquake occurrence rate, corresponding to this cluster, increases extremely slowly, such as it can be considered as an almost constant rate about 0.015 events/year. The results are applied to calculate the time-dependent PSHA in the northern part of the DSFZ and neighbouring areas.

No description available.

A presente tese avaliou os efeitos de dois distúrbios de larga escala sobre estrutura das assembleias de macrófitas aquáticas em distintos ecossistemas neotropicais: uma grande depleção do nível da água no reservatório de Itaipu (Brasil/Paraguai) e os pulsos de cheia e seca na planície do Alto Rio Paraná. O primeiro capítulo da tese avaliou o impacto imediato e de médio prazo da depleção no nível hidrométrico sobre os padrões de co-ocorrência das espécies e a estrutura espaço-temporal da assembleia de macrófitas aquáticas em cinco braços do reservatório de Itaipu. O segundo e terceiro capítulos analisaram os padrões de diversidade beta e a contribuição relativa dos seus diferentes componentes (substituição de espécies e aninhamento) para a estruturação das assembleias no reservatório de Itaipu e na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná, respectivamente. Diferentemente do esperado, a assembleia de macrófitas do reservatório de Itaipu revelou um padrão de organização das espécies diferente do acaso no ano em que ocorreu a depleção, provavelmente devido à colonização de novas espécies na margem exposta e à morte de muitos indivíduos pertencentes a diversas espécies do grupo das submersas. Imediatamente após o distúrbio, evidenciamos um padrão tipicamente aleatório de distribuição, devido ao reestabelecimento das espécies submersas, concomitantemente à colonização de espécies emergentes que haviam se estabelecido nas margens durante o distúrbio. Tanto no reservatório de Itaipu como na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná, a substituição de espécies (turnover) revelou-se como principal mecanismo responsável pelos padrões de diversidade beta, o que provavelmente está diretamente associado com as diferenças de dinâmica hidrológica e limnológica entre cada ambiente dentro dos ecossistemas analisados (braços do reservatório e lagoas da planície). / The present thesis evaluated two large-scale disturbances upon the structure of aquatic macrophytes assemblages in distinct Neotropical ecosystems: an historic drawdown occurred in the Itaipu reservoir (Brazil/Paraguay) and the flood and drought pulses in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The first chapter evaluated the immediate and long term impact of the drawdown over the co-occurrence patterns and the spatio-temporal structure of the aquatic macrophytes assemblage in five arms of the Itaipu reservoir. The second and third chapters analyzed the beta diversity patterns and the relative contribution of its different components (species turnover and nestedness) to the assemblage’s structure in the Itaipu reservoir and the Upper Paraná River floodplain, respectively. Contrary to expected, the macrophytes assemblage in the Itaipu reservoir presented a non-random spatial organization pattern of the macrophyte species in the year of the drawdown probably due to the colonization of the exposed area by new species and by the death of many individuals of submersed species. Immediately after the disturbance, we evidenced a random distribution guided by the reestablishment of the submersed species concomitantly with the emergents, which occupied the shore since the disturbance. Both Itaipu reservoir and the Upper Paraná River floodplain, the species turnover revealed to be the main process reflecting high values of beta diversity, which probably is directly linked with the distinct hydrological and limnological dynamic within the environments in each analyzed environment (reservoir arms and floodplains lagoons).

The master's thesis defines problematics of divorce rate and especially the financial situation of an incomplete family. The thesis focuses on a legal aspect of a divorce. It also defines means which are offered by the legislation of Czechia in order to ameliorate financial situation of an incomplete family. Concurrently, the thesis introduces selected approaches which can be used by social workers when working with an individual, a family or a social group. The empirical investigation depicts approaches used by social workers in sample situations. The empirical investigation was used to obtain information on workload of social workers in both state and private sector. Additionally, the data from the sample set includes information on interdisciplinary cooperation when addressing the needs of incomplete families.

The thesis deals with the problem of the occurrence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region in the period of 2003-2012. Despite the high level of vaccination the incidence of this illness after a significant fall in the 1980s has been growing constantly since 1993. This trend evidently also applies in other developed countries with a high rate of vaccination. The main aim is to draw up an overview of the occurrence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region in the monitored period of the last 10 years, compare this occurrence with other regions in the Czech Republic and map out the changes which have occurred in whooping cough vaccination. Quantitative and qualitative research was chosen to process the empirical part. Data for quantitative research was acquired from the database of infectious diseases (EPIDAT), and consisted of reported cases of whooping cough. Another essential group of data were demographic figures about the number and age structure of the population. The second qualitative part was drawn up on the basis of a literary search. I acquired additional information by communicating with individual territorial workplaces of the Regional Hygiene Station of the South Bohemian Region based in České Budějovice. Using the processed data I discovered that the incidence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region does not have an ascending trend in 2003-2012 unlike the trend in the whole of the Czech Republic. The highest occurrence of whooping cough in the Czech Republic in the monitored period was reported in the 10-14 age group. The research also showed that in the period of 2003-2012 individual regions differed greatly in the occurrence and can be divided into two groups ? regions with the highest reached incidence below 10 cases/100,000 people and regions with incidence with the highest reached incidence above 10 cases/100,000 people which includes the South Bohemian Region. There have been many changes in the vaccination of whooping cough and the most important was the transition from whole cell vaccine to acellular in 2007 and adding a 6th booster dose between the 10th and 11th year in 2009. The greatest attention should be paid above all to increase information or test the knowledge of the lay public, especially women preparing for pregnancy and people taking care of newborn babies and infants about the occurrence, potential risks and possibilities of vaccination against this infection even at an adult age. In my opinion a further necessity is the consolidation of diagnostics, definition of a case and procedures of surveillance throughout the Czech Republic, education of paediatricians and general practitioners about the illness and topicality of the problem, an appeal to report the occurrence of this infection to epidemiologists, observing the isolation of the patient, monitoring possible epidemiological connections between cases and making use of the offer of the NRL (National Reference Laboratory) services against whooping cough and diphtheria. This thesis can be used in practice as a summary of information material for the lay and professional public about the occurrence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region and throughout the Czech Republic and overview of vaccination against whooping cough. It can be an incentive for further anti-epidemic measures and the need for further research into this problem.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pinnipeds are marine mammals of the Carnivora order. Some species were close to the complete extinction due to predatory hunt for their skin and blubber. Conservation measures have been taken to avoid extinction and population monitoring is essential to evaluate how populations are responding along the years. Remote sensing, from satellite images and aerial photographs, allows the monitoring through individual counting without interfering directly in the animals. The main objective of this work is to analyze aspects of the demography and the distribution of pinnipeds in the Elephant Island, located northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula, in the South Shetlands Islands, during the Austral summer (November to March) in the years of 2005 to 2010, using aerial censuses performed around the Elephant Island. The aerial censuses photographs were taken from Squirrel helicopters of the Brazilian Navy flying at a constant speed, 30 to 50 meters height along the island s perimeter. The data were obtained by counting the individuals registered in the photographs. The counting of all censuses summed 27.592 individuals along the years. Due to the fact that it was not possible to cover the totality of the island s perimeter in all censuses, the distribution and occurrence were studied dividing the island into seven sectors along its total perimeter. In general, the species observed more frequently in all sectors were the Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and Antarctic fur seals (Artocephalus gazella). Even though other seals species such as the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) registered to the Elephant Island exhibited low representativeness in their occupancy, their presence is constant in all censuses. Using the statistical technique Principal Coordinates Analysis, we notice that the occupancy pattern of the Elephant Island by the pinnipeds is related to the substrate present in the different sectors of the island and to the period of the Austral summer sampled. Southern elephant seals settle in sectors of sandy substrate and exhibit the largest occupation during the earlier months of summer (November and December), while Antarctic fur seals preferably settle in rocky substrates and its occupancy is larger during the latest months of summer (January to February). New breeding sites were described in particular for the Antarctic fur seals in so called sectors of Valentin and Piloto Pardo. Preliminary data taken from satellite images of Valentin sector corroborated the aerial photograph data and indicated that the Antarctic fur seals are the predominant species in this region. To our knowledge, this is the first study taken with aerial censuses data in the Elephant Island, and the results presented here have great use for the correct management and conservation politics for the pinnipeds. / Pinípedes são mamíferos marinhos pertencentes à Ordem Carnívora. Algumas espécies foram levadas quase à extinção devido à caça por sua pele e gordura. Medidas de conservação foram tomadas para evitar a extinção e o monitoramento das populações é essencial para avaliar como estas estão reagindo ao longo dos anos. O sensoriamento remoto através de imagens de satélite e fotografias aéreas permite este monitoramento através da contagem dos indivíduos sem interferir diretamente com os animais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo geral analisar aspectos da distribuição e ocorrência de pinípedes na Ilha Elefante, situada a nordeste da Península Antártica no Arquipélago das Shetlands do Sul, durante o verão austral (novembro a março) entre os anos de 2005 a 2010 através de censos aéreos realizados no entorno da Ilha Elefante. As fotografias de censo aéreo foram tomadas a partir de helicópteros Esquilo da Marinha do Brasil voando em velocidade constante, entre 30 e 50 m de altura ao longo do perímetro da ilha. Os dados foram obtidos através da contagem de indivíduos registrados nas fotografias. Os animais contados a partir dos censos somados atingiram 27.592 indivíduos ao longo dos anos. Devido ao fato de que não foi possível cobrir todo o perímetro da ilha em todos os censos aéreos, a distribuição e abundância foram estudadas dividindo-se a ilha em sete setores ao longo de seu perímetro total. Em geral, as espécies observadas com maior frequência em todos os setores foram os elefantes-marinhos do sul (Mirounga leonina - EMS) e os lobos-marinhos antárticos (Artocephallus gazella - LMA). Ainda que os demais focídeos como a foca-de-Weddell (Leptonychotes weddelli), foca-leopardo (Hydrurga leptonyx) e a foca-caranguejeira (Lobodon carcinophaga) registrados para a Ilha Elefante apresentem baixa representatividade na sua ocupação, sua presença é constante em todos os censos. Utilizando técnica estatística de Análise de Coordenadas Principais, nota-se que o padrão de ocupação da Ilha Elefante pelos pinípedes está relacionado com o substrato presente nos diferentes setores da ilha. Os EMS permanecem em locais de substrato arenoso e apresentam maior ocupação nos primeiros meses do verão (novembro e dezembro), enquanto os LMA permanecem preferencialmente em locais rochosos e sua ocupação é maior nos últimos meses de verão (janeiro e fevereiro). Novos locais de reprodução foram descritos em especial para LMA nos setores denominados de Valentin e Piloto Pardo. Dados preliminares tomados a partir de uma imagem de satélite para o setor de Valentin corroboraram os dados de fotografias aéreas e indica que LMA é a espécie predominante dessa região. Ao nosso conhecimento, esse é o primeiro estudo realizado com dados de censo aéreo na Ilha Elefante e os resultados apresentados aqui tem grande utilidade para o correto manejo e para as políticas de conservação de pinípides.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1569948 bytes, checksum: 47e985324f875fabdd3773a51785089b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The root-knot nematodes, belonging to Meloidogyne spp., represent a restraint factor to the Brazilian coffee crop because they cause too many losses. There is only some information on the occurrence of these nematodes, especially in coffee plantations in Espírito Santo State (ES), thus it was aimed to study the distribution of Meloidogyne spp. in Coffea spp. in this State and to complement the investigation in Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais (MG). Samples of soil and roots were collected from 18 municipalities on ES and 5 municipalities on the region of Zona da Mata of MG. The identification of species of Meloidogyne spp. was performed through esterase phenotype and differential host test. On ES, different species of Meloidogyne spp. were detected in the analyzed samples. Meloidogyne incognita, I1 and I2 phenotypes, was found in 18% of the sampled farm estates, and in 81.25% of these infested farms C. canephora was cultivated. This species of root-knot nematodes is present in 55.5% of the sampled municipalities, and it is found mainly in the mountain region and in the north of the State. This species was found in a mixture with M. exigua in a coffee crop in Brejetuba, and it was found in a mixture with M. paranaensis in Sooretama. Meloidogyne exigua, E1 phenotype, was detected in 43.6% of the farms and only in C. arabica crops. This species was found in all sampled municipalities in the southern region and in 66% of the sampled municipalities in the mountain region where arabica coffee is grown in large scale. In the north of the state, M. paranaensis, P1 phenotype, was detected in the sampled municipalities and it is reported by the first time in the state of Espírito Santo. The species M. arenaria, A2 phenotype, and M. javanica (J3) were detected in Laranja da Terra parasitizing weeds in the area, but not in coffee trees. However, in Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais, it was found only M. exigua, E1 phenotype, parasitizing coffee trees in all the municipalities where collection was performed, except in Paula Cândido municipality, where no species of Meloidogyne was found. The populations were tested by differential host plants in order to determine physiological races. It was found M. incognita and M. exigua races 1 and 2 in Espírito Santo, and M. exigua race 2 in Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais. Nematodes from genus Tylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Xiphinema, Mesocrinonema, Psilenchus, Hemicriconemoides, Discocriconemella, Ditylenchus, Rotylenchus, were associated to coffee tree rizosphere. / Os nematoides das galhas pertencentes ao gênero Meloidogyne spp. representam um fator limitante à cafeicultura brasileira por causarem grandes perdas. Devido às escassas informações sobre a ocorrência desses nematoides, principalmente na cafeicultura capixaba, objetivou-se estudar a distribuição de Meloidogyne spp. em Coffea spp. no Estado do Espírito Santo e complementar os levantamentos na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Amostras de solo e raízes foram coletadas em 18 municípios no Estado do Espírito Santo e em 5 municípios na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. A identificação das espécies de Meloidogyne spp. foi realizada pelo fenótipo da isoenzima esterase e pela gama de hospedeiros. No Estado do Espírito Santo foram detectadas diversas espécies de Meloidogyne nas amostras analisadas. Meloidogyne incognita, fenótipo I1 e I2, foi encontrada em 18% do total das propriedades amostradas, sendo que em 81,25% das propriedades infestadas se plantava C. canephora. Esta espécie está presente em 55,5% dos municípios amostrados sendo encontrada principalmente na região Serrana e Norte do Estado. Em uma propriedade do município de Brejetuba, ela foi encontrada em mistura com M. exigua, e no município de Sooretama, em mistura com M. paranaensis. Meloidogyne exigua, fenótipo E1, foi detectada em 43,6% das propriedades e apenas em lavouras de C. arabica. Esta espécie foi encontrada em todos os municípios amostrados da Região Sul e em 66,6% dos municípios amostrados da Região Serrana, regiões onde o café arábica é cultivado em larga escala. Meloidogyne paranaensis, fenótipo P1, foi detectado em todos os municípios amostrados da região Norte do Estado, e é relatada pela primeira vez no Estado do Espírito Santo. As espécies M. arenaria, fenótipo A2, e M. javanica (J3) foram detectadas em Laranja da Terra parasitando plantas daninhas presentes na área, mas não em cafeeiros. Já na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais foi encontrada apenas M. exigua, fenótipo E1, parasitando as plantas de cafeeiro arábica em todos os municípios coletados exceto no município de Paula Cândido, onde nenhuma espécie de Meloidogyne foi encontrada. As populações foram submetidas ao teste com plantas hospedeiras diferenciadoras para determinação das raças fisiológicas. Foram encontradas as raças 1 e 2 de M. incognita e M. exigua no Estado do Espírito Santo, e a raça 2 de M. exigua na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Nematoides dos gêneros Tylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Xiphinema, Mesocrinonema, Psilenchus, Hemicriconemoides, Discocriconemella, Ditylenchus, Rotylenchus, estavam associados com a rizosfera do cafeeiro.