京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24889号 / 工博第5169号 / 新制||工||1987(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 西村 文武, 教授 松井 康人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The thesis is focused on detection of local disappearance of the neural layer on retina in fundus-camera images. The first chapter describes the human eye physiology, the glaucoma disease and the analyzed data. The second chapter compares four different approaches that should enable automatic detection of a possible damage to the retinal neural layer. These four approaches have been tested and evaluated; three of them showed an acceptable correlation with the medical expert conclusions – the directional spectral approach, the edge based approach and the difference local brightness. The last approch via local co-occurrence matrices has not turned out to be informative with the respect to the issue concerned. Then a program for the automatic detection of the nerve fibre layer loss areas has been designed, realized and evaluated. This task is solved in the last chapter. A relatively good agreement between the medical expert conclusions and the conclusions detected automatically by this program has been reached.

Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. The present thesis aims to apply a holistic approach for the risk assessment of mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed, i.e. from fungal production and occurrence to harmonised risk characterisation. This was done in three folds. Firstly, available environmental, ecological, and agronomic factors that may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring mycotoxins in the contaminated crops were collected from peer-reviewed literature, with focus on maize (Chapter I). Secondly, (co-)occurrence data on mycotoxins in core cereals was extracted from available articles in the scientific literature and analysed to estimate potential pattern of co-exposure in humans and animals (Chapter II). Finally, Chapter III investigates the applicability of the EFSA guidance to multiple mycotoxins through a scenario of possible co-exposure in humans and animals, using maize as a case study. In particular, a human and animal risk assessment to mycotoxin mixture in maize was conducted using a modelled component-based approach for selected mixture of mycotoxins, that, according to our data, co-occur in maize based feed and food products. / Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. The present thesis aims to apply a holistic approach for the risk assessment of mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed, i.e. from fungal production and occurrence to harmonised risk characterisation. This was done in three folds. Firstly, available environmental, ecological, and agronomic factors that may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring mycotoxins in the contaminated crops were collected from peer-reviewed literature, with focus on maize (Chapter I). Secondly, (co-)occurrence data on mycotoxins in core cereals was extracted from available articles in the scientific literature and analysed to estimate potential pattern of co-exposure in humans and animals (Chapter II). Finally, Chapter III investigates the applicability of the EFSA guidance to multiple mycotoxins through a scenario of possible co-exposure in humans and animals, using maize as a case study. In particular, a human and animal risk assessment to mycotoxin mixture in maize was conducted using a modelled component-based approach for selected mixture of mycotoxins, that, according to our data, co-occur in maize based feed and food products.

Thanks to their adaptability and high efficiency compared to traditional carbon based surfactants, silicone surfactants are a success in many different applications, from pesticides to cosmetics, polyurethane foam, textile and car care products. In spite of those numerous applications, no analytical method existed for their trace determination in environmental samples and no data have been available regarding their environmental occurrence and fate. An analytical method for the trace analysis of trisiloxane surfactants in the aqueous environment was developed and validated. The method, based on liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC-MS/MS, reaches limits of quantification in the ng L-1 range and allows an individual quantification of every homologue of the targeted trisiloxane surfactant. The newly developed analytical method was applied to analyze 40 river water samples. The targeted trisiloxane surfactant was detected in 14 samples, between 1 ng L-1 and 100 ng L-1. The results showed that the studied trisiloxane surfactant does not ubiquitously occur in the aquatic environment in measurable concentrations, but can reach surface waters on a local scale. In order to assess the persistence of the trisiloxane surfactant in surface waters, its hydrolysis was studied in the lab, under various conditions (temperature, pH, and concentration). The half-lifes at pH 7 and 2 mg L-1 were found to be between 29 days and 55 days at 25°C and between 151 days and 289 days at 12°C. Taking only into account the hydrolysis, these results indicate that the trisiloxane surfactant could persist several weeks in surface waters. A degradation product of the trisiloxane surfactant was tentatively identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. When used as agricultural adjuvants, trisiloxane surfactants may reach the soil compartment and might further leach to ground water. The behavior of the trisiloxane surfactant on soil was therefore investigated to assess the possibility to reach ground water. With a sorption batch equilibrium method, distribution coefficients between water and soil (Kd, Koc, and Kclay) were estimated for two standard soils (loam and sandy loam) and for every homologue of the trisiloxane surfactant. The obtained values for Kd were between 15 L kg-1 and 135 L kg-1, indicating that the trisiloxane surfactant is only slightly mobile in soil. To further investigate the possibility of leaching to ground water after application on agricultural fields, the leaching in soil was simulated in the lab in a soil column. The experimental settings were designed to simulate a worst case scenario where the application of the trisiloxane surfactant is done on quartz sand and is immediately followed by a heavy rainfall. Even in these conditions, less than 0.01 % of the initially applied trisiloxane surfactant leached through 20 cm of quartz sand. Based on the Kd values and the results of the leaching in soil column, the studied trisiloxane surfactant is considered to be unlikely to leach to ground water after application as an agricultural adjuvant.

A dissertação tem por cerne dois textos complementares, ambos refletindo o histórico de um programa de exploração mineral no distrito ferrífero de Curral Novo do Piauí. Como trabalho executado por empresa, a discussão sobre os custos e a definição de prioridades foram aspectos continuamente considerados. Assim os textos referidos refletem essas preocupações e se referem à proposição de métodos voltados à definição dos ambientes geológicos propícios à ocorrência de formações ferríferas à magnetita e à definição de probabilidade de ocorrências destes ambientes na fase de reconaissance da pesquisa. Na contextualização geológica do tema apresenta-se aspectos da geologia e uma discussão dos tipos e origens das formações ferríferas bandadas. Nos trabalhos foram aplicadas diversas técnicas, incluindo estatística multivariada, processamento digital de imagens, mapeamento geológico sistemático de superfície e subsuperfície em testemunhos de sondagens, caracterização petrográfica de rochas, geofísica de exploração a partir da utilização de métodos potenciais (magnetometria e radiometria). / This dissertation presents two complementary manuscripts, both reflecting the history of an exploration program in the Ferriferous Mineral District of Curral Novo do Piauí. As a research performed by a company, the discussion about the costs and prioritization aspects were continuously considered. The manuscripts reflects these concerns, referring to the proposition of methods aimed at defining the geological environments conducive to the occurrence of magnetite iron formations and the definition of probability of occurrence of these environments during the research reconnaissance phase. In the introductory chapter are presented the geological context and also a discussion of types and genesis of banded iron formations. In these studies were applied several techniques, including multivariate statistics, digital image processing, systematic geological surface mapping, diamond drill surveys, petrographic characterization of rocks and exploration geophysics methods (magnetometric and radiometric).

A criptosporidiose é considerada uma das principais infecções por protozoários em aves, e já foi descrita em mais de 30 espécies de aves de várias Ordens, como Anseriformes, Charadriformes, Columbiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psitaciformes e Struthioniformes. Três espécies de Cryptosporidium infectam aves: Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium galli e Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Além dessas espécies, há vários genótipos distintos geneticamente das espécies de Cryptosporidium já descritas em aves, como os genótipos I, II, III e IV de aves. Há vários relatos de infecção por Cryptosporidium nos tratos gastrintestinal, respiratório e na bursa de Fabricius, resultando em perdas econômicas e mortalidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi a detecção de Cryptosporidium e sua caracterização molecular, em amostras de fezes de aves domésticas e de aves exóticas mantidas em cativeiro no Brasil. Foram coletadas 966 amostras de fezes de 18 famílias de aves. As amostras foram conservadas em solução de dicromato de potássio 2,5% a 4º C, até o processamento. Para purificação e concentração dos oocistos, foi utilizada a técnica de centrífugo-flutuação em solução de Sheather seguida de análise microscópica, em 463 amostras, por meio da técnica de coloração negativa com verde malaquita e de extração do DNA genômico dos oocistos, em amostra positivas à microscopia, ou, alternativamente, a extração de DNA foi realizada, sem a realização prévia de microscopia, em outras 503 amostras. A análise molecular foi realizada por meio da reação de nested-PCR, para amplificação de fragmentos da subunidade 18S do gene do RNA ribossômico e do gene da actina. Foi observada amplificação para Cryptosporidium em 47 (4,86 %) amostras. O sequenciamento dos fragmentos amplificados possibilitou a identificação das três espécies que infectam aves: C. galli> em canário (Serinus canaria), galinha doméstica (Gallus gallus domesticus) e calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus), C. meleagridis e C. baileyi em galinha doméstica (G. g. domesticus), Cryptosporidium genótipo I de aves em pavão azul (Pavocristatus) e canário (Serinus canaria), Cryptosporidium genótipo III de aves em agapornis (Agapornis roseicolis) e calopsita (N. hollandicus) e Cryptosporidium genótipo II de aves em avestruzes (Struthio camelus). / Cryptosporidiosis is considered a major protozoan infection in birds, and has been described in more than 30 species of birds of various orders, as Anseriformes, Charadriformes, Columbiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psitaciformes and Struthioniformes. Three species of Cryptosporidium are considered valid in birds: Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium galli and Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Besides these species, there are several genotypes genetically distinct from the species of Cryptosporidium described in birds, as avian genotypes I, II, III and IV. There are several reports of gastrointestinal, respiratory and bursa of Fabricius infections in birds, resulting in major economic losses and mortality. The aim of this study was the detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples of domestic birds and in exotic birds kept in captivity in Brazil. A total of 966 samples from 18 families of birds were collected and stored in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution at 4º C until processing. Oocysts were purified in Sheather sugar solution following microscopic analyses, in 463 samples, by malachite green negative stain and extraction of genomic DNA of oocysts in samples positive by microscopy or, alternatively, DNA extraction was accomplished without previous microscopic analyses in another 503 samples. Molecular analyses were performed using n-PCR for amplification of fragments of the 18S subunit of rRNA gene and of the actin gene. It was observed amplification for Cryptosporidium DNA fragments in 47 (4.86%) samples. Sequencing of amplified fragments and phylogenetic analyses allowed the identification of the three species that infect birds: C. galli in canaries (Serinus canaria), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus), C. meleagridis and C. baileyi in domestic chicken (G. g. domesticus), Cryptosporidium avian genotype I in peacock (Pavo cristatus) and canary (Serinus canaria), Cryptosporidium avian genotype III in agapornis (Agapornis roseicolis) and cockatiel (N. hollandicus), and Cryptosporidium avian genotype II in ostriches (Struthio camelus).

A dissertação tem por cerne dois textos complementares, ambos refletindo o histórico de um programa de exploração mineral no distrito ferrífero de Curral Novo do Piauí. Como trabalho executado por empresa, a discussão sobre os custos e a definição de prioridades foram aspectos continuamente considerados. Assim os textos referidos refletem essas preocupações e se referem à proposição de métodos voltados à definição dos ambientes geológicos propícios à ocorrência de formações ferríferas à magnetita e à definição de probabilidade de ocorrências destes ambientes na fase de reconaissance da pesquisa. Na contextualização geológica do tema apresenta-se aspectos da geologia e uma discussão dos tipos e origens das formações ferríferas bandadas. Nos trabalhos foram aplicadas diversas técnicas, incluindo estatística multivariada, processamento digital de imagens, mapeamento geológico sistemático de superfície e subsuperfície em testemunhos de sondagens, caracterização petrográfica de rochas, geofísica de exploração a partir da utilização de métodos potenciais (magnetometria e radiometria). / This dissertation presents two complementary manuscripts, both reflecting the history of an exploration program in the Ferriferous Mineral District of Curral Novo do Piauí. As a research performed by a company, the discussion about the costs and prioritization aspects were continuously considered. The manuscripts reflects these concerns, referring to the proposition of methods aimed at defining the geological environments conducive to the occurrence of magnetite iron formations and the definition of probability of occurrence of these environments during the research reconnaissance phase. In the introductory chapter are presented the geological context and also a discussion of types and genesis of banded iron formations. In these studies were applied several techniques, including multivariate statistics, digital image processing, systematic geological surface mapping, diamond drill surveys, petrographic characterization of rocks and exploration geophysics methods (magnetometric and radiometric).

This thesis describe distribution of conjunction in the first seven books "Diary of a Wimpy kid". It compare and analyse those conjunctions with its usage in school lessons (through one part of a Czech national corpus - SCHOLA2010) and with text from students (through a corpus SKRIPT2012). I compare also the situation with conjunctions distribution in the textbook for 5th grade students named More vlast je v Evropě. It also research how and which one of multiword conjunction are in these texts used. It also shows, which conjunctions are used like a first member of the sentence. This thesis may analyse, which conjunctions hears, reads and uses a fictitious 5th grade student. It should be connected with a school. This thesis ignore a language situation in the family and medial communication. Analysed books may enrich students vocabulary, because it contents huge number of multiword conjunction. The most used conjunctions in books and students text are "a", "že" and "ale". The textbook contains huge number of "a" and "i".

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Foram conduzidos dois ensaios para avaliar a utilizaÃÃo do farelo de arroz parboilizado (FAP) como ingrediente em raÃÃes para leitÃes na fase de creche. No primeiro ensaio foram utilizados 14 leitÃes machos castrados de mesma linhagem comercial, com peso inicial de 17,2Â1,02 kg, para a avaliaÃÃo nutricional do farelo de arroz parboilizado em ensaio de digestibilidade, utilizando o mÃtodo de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo dois tratamentos (raÃÃo referÃncia e raÃÃo teste) e sete repetiÃÃes por tratamento, sendo a unidade experimental constituÃda por um animal. O farelo de arroz parboilizado apresentou 2321,08 kcal EM/kg e 17,15%PB. No segundo ensaio foram utilizados 60 leitÃes machos castrados, de linhagem comercial, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e com peso vivo de 6,40  0,79 kg, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes nÃveis inclusÃo do farelo de arroz parboilizado sobre o desempenho zootÃcnico, ocorrÃncia de diarreia e viabilidade econÃmica, dos 21- 32 dias de idade, 21- 42 dias de idade e 21- 63 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16% de inclusÃo do FAP), e seis repetiÃÃes por tratamento, sendo a unidade experimental constituÃda por dois animais. A formaÃÃo dos blocos foi feita atravÃs do peso inicial dos animais. NÃo houve diferenÃa (P>0,05) entre o tratamento controle e os tratamentos que receberam a inclusÃo do farelo de arroz parboilizado quando comparados pelo teste de Dunnett (5%), assim como para a anÃlise de regressÃo, onde nÃo foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) entre os nÃveis de inclusÃo do farelo de arroz parboilizado nas raÃÃes para nenhuma das variÃveis de desempenho zootÃcnico (consumo de raÃÃo mÃdio diÃrio, ganho de peso mÃdio diÃrio e conversÃo alimentar). A inclusÃo dos diferentes nÃveis do farelo de arroz parboilizado nÃo proporcionou aumento na incidÃncia de diarreia nos leitÃes. Para a anÃlise econÃmica realizada, a inclusÃo do farelo de arroz parboilizado mostrou-se viÃvel atà o nÃvel de 16%. Conclui-se que o farelo de arroz parboilizado pode ser incluÃdo atà o nÃvel de 16% em raÃÃes para leitÃes na fase de creche. / Two assays were conducted to evaluate rice bran parboiled as an ingredient in piglet diets at nursery phase. In the first assay, 14 piglets of commercial lineage with 17 . 2  1 . 02 kg of body weight were allotted to determine the nutritional value of rice bran parboiled on digestibility assay, using the method of total collection of feces . A complet ely randomized design, with two treatments (reference ration and test ration) and seven replicates per treatment were used , where the experimental unit consisted of one animal. The parboiled rice bran presented 2321 . 08 kcal ME/ kg and 17 .15 % of CP . In the second assay, 60 male castrated piglets , of commercial lineage, weaned at 21 days of age and average live weight of 6 . 40  0 . 79 kg, were used to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of parboiled rice bran in piglet diets at nursery phase, on productive performance, d iarrhea incidence and economic viability, of 21 - 32 days of age, 21 - 42 days of age and 21 - 63 days of age. A randomized block design was used , with 5 treatments (inclusion levels of parboiled rice bran: 0; 4; 8; 12 and 16%) and 6 replicates per treatment, where the experimental unit consisted of two animals. The blocks were made using the initial weight of the animals. There was no d ifference (P>0 . 05) between treatments and control treatment with the inclusion of parboiled rice bran when compared by Dunnett's test (5%), as well as regression analysis, where no effects (P>0 . 05) were observed among the levels of inclusion parboiled rice bran in diets in any of performance variables (daily mean feed intake, daily mean weight gain and feed conversion). The results indicated that the inclusion of parboiled rice bran provided no changes in the incidence of diarrhea in animals. The economic analysis showed no significant difference among treatments. Therefore, it can be co ncluded that parboiled rice bran can be included up to 16% in diets for piglets at nursery phase.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - RODRIGO TAVARES BORGES - 2012.pdf: 3292863 bytes, checksum: a85ccea858d059fe8167e61b79eadba6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-12 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The “caju arbóreo do Cerrado” (Anacardium othonianum) is a species typical of the Planalto Central, inhabits the Cerrado stricto sensu, “campo sujo” and “cerradão”, is a very productive species and its seeds germinate easily. The fruit is widely used in regional cuisine in natura, juice, candy, liquor and ice cream. However, human action, primarily through the extractivism, agricultural expansion, the city and highways, has limited the natural occurrence of “caju arbóreo do Cerrado”. What makes necessary to establish a collection for the sustainable conservation of the species. So the work was to study the sites of occurrence of natural “caju arbóreo do Cerrado”, physically and chemically characterize the fruits and cashew, establish a collection, evaluating the early development of seedlings of “caju arbóreo do Cerrado” in both nursery and field and assess the phenology of “caju arbóreo do Cerrado” trees already established. Selected 25 regions with naturally occurring “caju arbóreo do Cerrado", 23 in Goiás, Tocantins and 1 in Bahia. The characterization of naturally occurring areas of “caju arbóreo do Cerrado” was 22 areas of Goiás, characterized relief dominant type of vegetation, economic occupation and native tree species, and soil and leaf analysis. The physical characterization of fruit and cashew was made in 21 areas of Goiás, totaling 105 plants measuring mass, length and width and chemical characterization occurred in 17 areas of Goiás, analyzing the total soluble solids and titratable acidity. For the collection seeding 190 progeny of the 25 areas studied by analyzing the germination of seeds in nurseries, and height, diameter and number of leaves from 182 plants transplanted to the field in a randomized block design with three replications. The phenological analysis occurred in an agricultural area of EA / UFG plants deployed in 1993, in the production phase. The areas of Cerrado vegetation types present in the strict sense, woodland and field dirt, soil class predominant latosol, acid soils with low levels of macro and micronutrients and concretions and rates of nutrients in the leaves somewhat variable between plants. The fruits and cashew for physical characteristics have a high variability in the physical characteristics of the plants analyzed, ranging from three to seven statistically different groups, and most measurements in the intermediate groups, with the smallest variation in fruit weight and the higher the total mass of fruit, fruit width, fruit length and length of false. And for the chemical there was not a lot of variation between regions and can separate the features into two groups for total soluble solids and titratable acidity. The germination rate of the seeds of the cashew tree Cerrado was high with an average of 78% of the seeds germinated, with an average duration of 28 days from sowing to germination. The field evaluations of growth in height and diameter varied little with few saplings that stood out, most had low monthly growth increment, for height 88% of the seedlings grew to 38.67 cm in diameter and 75% of seedlings grew to 13.36 mm. The highest rate of growth increment in height was 0.23 cm diameter journals and diaries was 0.14 mm. The height, diameter and number of leaves are positively correlated. The fruiting occurs in the months between August and November, peaking in September, flowering occurs in the dry season ranging from April to November, peaking in August and folhação occurs between January to August with a peak in April. Climatic factors influence the fruiting and flowering. A positive correlation between fruiting and maximum temperature and flowering and insolation, and negative for flowering and minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. / O caju arbóreo do Cerrado (Anacardium othonianum) é um espécie típica do Planalto Central, habita o Cerrado stricto sensu, campo sujo e cerradão, é bastante produtiva e suas sementes germinam com facilidade. A fruta é muito utilizada na culinária regional na forma in natura, suco, doce, licor e sorvete. No entanto, a ação humana, principalmente através do extrativismo, da expansão agrícola, da cidade e rodovias, tem limitando a ocorrência natural do caju arbóreo do Cerrado. O que faz necessário o estabelecimento de coleções para a conservação sustentável da espécie. O trabalho teve como objetivos estudar os locais de ocorrência natural do caju arbóreo do Cerrado, caracterizar física e quimicamente os frutos e pseudofrutos, estabelecer uma coleção, avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de caju arbóreo do Cerrado tanto em viveiro quanto no campo e avaliar a fenologia de árvores já estabelecidas de caju arbóreo do Cerrado. Foram selecionados 25 regiões de Cerrado com ocorrência natural caju do arbóreo do Cerrado, sendo 23 em Goiás, uma em Tocantins e uma na Bahia. A caracterização das áreas de ocorrência natural de caju arbóreo do Cerrado ocorreu em 22 áreas de Goiás, sendo caracterizado o relevo dominante, tipo de vegetação nativa, ocupação econômica, espécies arbóreas nativas, e análise do solo e folha. A caracterização física dos frutos e pseudofrutos foi feita em 21 áreas de Goiás, totalizando 105 plantas com mensurações de massa, comprimento e largura e a caracterização química ocorreu em 17 áreas de Goiás, analisando os sólidos solúveis totais e a acidez titulável. Para a coleção semeadura 190 progênies das 25 áreas estudadas, analisando a germinação das sementes em viveiro, e altura, diâmetro e número de folhas. Foram transplantadas para o campo, 182 plantas em blocos casualizados com três repetições. A análise fenológica ocorreu em uma área agrícola da EA/UFG com plantas implantadas no ano de 1993, em fase de produção. As áreas apresentam fitofisionomias de Cerrado stricto sensu, cerradão e campo sujo, com classe de solo predominante de latossolo, solos ácidos, com baixos teores de macro e micronutrientes e com concreções e as taxas de nutrientes nas folhas pouco variáveis entre as plantas. Os frutos e pseudofrutos para as características físicas apresentam uma alta variabilidade nas características físicas entre as plantas analisadas, com uma variação de três a sete grupos estatisticamente diferentes, e com a maioria das medições nos grupos intermediários, sendo a menor variação a massa do fruto e as maiores a massa total do fruto, largura de fruto, comprimento do fruto e comprimento do pseudofruto. Para as características químicas não houve muita variação entre as regiões, podendo separar as características em dois grupos para os sólidos solúveis totais e acidez titulável. A taxa germinativa das sementes do caju arbóreo do Cerrado foi elevada com média de 78% das sementes germinadas, com duração média de 28 dias desde a semeadura até a germinação. As avaliações de campo de crescimento em altura e diâmetro variaram pouco com poucas mudas que se destacaram, sendo que a maioria apresentaram baixo incremento de crescimento mensal, para a altura 88% das mudas cresceram até 38,67 cm e para o diâmetro 75% das mudas cresceram até 13,36 mm. A maior taxa de incremento de crescimento em altura foi 0,23 cm diários e para diâmetro foi de 0,14 mm diários. A altura, diâmetro e número de folhas se correlacionam positivamente. A frutificação ocorre nos meses entre agosto e novembro, com pico em setembro, a floração ocorre na estação seca variando entre abril a novembro, com pico em agosto e a folhação ocorre entre janeiro a agosto com pico em abril. Os fatores climáticos influenciam na frutificação e na floração. Uma correlação positiva entre a frutificação e a temperatura máxima e floração e insolação, e negativa para a floração e a temperatura mínima, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar.