With the increases of environmental awareness and attention by the government and audiences, people begin to prosecute the pollution makers instead of tolerance. This study tried to control an air pollution source from a wallpaper plant for the purpose of attenuating odor prosecutes by residents near the plant. This study investigated chemical scrubbing, ozonation followed by GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) adsorption and biotrickling filtration techniques as control methods for eliminating odorous compounds from a waste gas stream emitted from the wallpaper plant. Scrubbing test results indicate that with an oxidative solution of 800 mg/L residual chlorine at pH 7.0 and a reductive solution of 0.2% hydrogen peroxide at pH = 12, around 90% of the VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the tested gas could be removed. Odor intensities could be reduced from 2,317 (expressed as dilutions to threshold) to 130. Results also indicate that around 85 % of the carbonyl compounds, 41% of the alkenes and 22% of the alkanes in the waste gas could be eliminated. No removal of aromatic and halo-hydrocarbons was observed. It requires around NT$70 for chemicals to treat 1000 m3 of the gas. Ozonation-GAC adsorption tests indicate that with an ozone dosage of 5 ppm in the waste gas and a gas-ozone contact time of 12 s followed by GAC adsorption, around 95% of the VOCs in the tested gas could be removed. Odor intensities were reduced from 2,317 to <55. Around 94 % of the carbonyl compounds, 79% of the alkanes, 76% of halo-hydrocarbons, 41% of the alkenes and 20% of aromatics in the waste gas could be removed. Around NT$ 15,700 for ozone and GAC is required to treat 1000m3 of the gas. Results from biotrickling filtration tests indicate that with the supplementations of nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients to biofilms attached to wood-chip packings, around 83% of the influent VOCs could be biodegraded. Odor intensities could be reduced from 1,737 to <55. Around 61 % of the carbonyl compounds, 67% of the alkanes, 18% of halo-hydrocarbons and 33% of aromatics in the waste gas could be removed. Around NT$ 13 is required to treat 1000m3 of the gas. For an actual application, it is suggested that a process that a combination of chemical scrubbing and ozonation-GAC adsorption may be a proper solution to the control of the odorous emission from the plant. Biotrickling filtration can be best after verifying the performances of the technique by a pilot test.

It has been confirmed that vented gases from swine manure compositing operations contain biodegradable ammonia and amines as main odorous compounds. The thesis focuses on the odor-removal performance from the gases by sparging them into an activated sludge aeration liquor in which the odorous compounds can be absorbed and biodegraded. An acrylic column (0.20 m i.d.¡Ñ1.2 mH) was used as the activated sludge aeration tank and a wooden case (1.0 mL¡Ñ0.6 mW¡Ñ0.6 mH) as a swine manure compositing tank. Seed sludge for the odor removal experiments was obtained from a swinery wastewater plant located at southern Taiwan. Both swine manure from the swinery and a pre-fermented composite sample obtained from a compositing plant located at East-southern Ping-Dong County were used for the odorous gas generation. Experiments were conducted at mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of 2,250-2,750 mg/L, liquid pH of 6.4-6.6, and aeration intensities of 0.1-0.5 m3/m3.min. Results show that the experimental removal efficiencies for both ammonia and amines with, respectively, 18-50 and 180-250 ppm in the influent gas were greater than 80% with aerated activated sludge liquid depths of greater than 0.60 m within the tested aeration intensities. Keeping the activated sludge at around 25oC favored the biodegradation of the absorbed ammonia and amines and resulted in the removal of the compounds to around 85-95%. Temperatures of lower than 15oC shifted the removal to as low as 50-60% because of the limitations in both the biological growth and activity. Results from the study confirm that the activated sludge bioscrubbing approach should be applicable to odor control for the compositing plants.

William Faulkner undoubtedly ranks one of the best and most influential writers both in America and in history. Among his various works of art, the most famous ones are those set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which is molded out of his ¡§native soil.¡¨ Despite their Southern setting, these works convey something universally true. As Faulkner often claims, he is just a story-teller, telling about man in conflict, about how he ¡§endures and prevails.¡¨ Before he received due recognition, Faulkner wrote quite a few short stories which he expected would help him improve his economic condition, so that he could write novels at ease. Nevertheless, although he was motivated by economic interests, many of these short stories turned out very prominent. In my thesis, I translate and discuss three of his outstanding short stories--¡§Dry September,¡¨ ¡§Red Leaves,¡¨ and ¡§An Odor of Verbena.¡¨ By so doing, I hope I can introduce Faulkner¡¦s world to his Taiwan readers, who might too easily reject his major novels for their complexity and long-winding sentences, but would be glad to savor the more accessible short stories. The introductory part is divided into three chapters, beginning with a brief account of the author¡¦s life and fiction. In the second chapter I discuss mainly the theme of ¡§conflict¡¨ and the stylistic features in these three stories. Then, in the last chapter, giving some instances from my own translations and those by three translators in Mainland China, I try to demonstrate why translation is a demanding task.

Since odor-complaint events have been increased year by year in Taiwan, odor control has become an important issue in the air pollution control field. Thus, this paper attempted to investigate if ¡§ozone scrubbing-activation carbon adsorption¡¨ is feasible for efficiently reducing the odor intensity of vented gas from recycled polypropylene (PP) fusion operations. A pilot scrubber (0.17 m L ¡Ñ0.17 m W ¡Ñ1.2m H, packed with Intalox saddles to a total volume of around 0.018 m3) was used for the feasibility test. Odorous gases vented from the fusing operation kept at 200 ¢J in a temperature-controlled oven were used as the target waste gases. Results indicated that with operation conditions of VOCs (as methane) 10-40 ppm, an ozone concentration of 4.0 ppm in the influent gas, a liquid/gas (L/G) ratio of 0.030 L/m3 in the scrubber, and an empty bed retention time of around 9.7 s in the packed section, around 60% of the VOCs in the influent gas was removed. Most alkenes in the gas were converted into sweet-smell ketones in the ozonated gas. Vented gas from the scrubber was further treated by a granulated activated carbon (GAC) adsorption column with an EBRT of less than 1 s for the gas. An overall VOC removal of around 70% was observed for the full ozonation-GAC process. Only trace amounts of original fume-like and sweet-ketone smells were detected in the treated gases. A test indicated that the overall odor (expressed as the dilution to threshold D/T value) removal was around 70% and the D/T were 733, 309, and 232, respectively, for the influent, ozonation-scrubbing effluent, and GAC effluent. It was estimated that the cost is around NT$ 9.57 for treating 1,000 m3 of the teat gas by the system. Efforts should be made by decreasing the cost by other alternative technologies.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Civil Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

A race track type oxidation ditch with a disc aerator was constructed on a model scale. Tests were conducted in deionized water to study the effect of some disc design parameters and system operating parameters on the oxygen transfer rate was affected by the disc speed, disc thickness, hole diameter, immersion depth and number of discs operated in parallel. / The effect of the manure concentration on the microbial growth was investigated in a batch culture operation. High manure concentration had an inhibitory effect on the microbial growth. / Data from batch culture operation were used to design a continuous culture operation. The latter was used to evaluate the concept of minimal aeration of swine manure for odor control. The effluent quality (as measured by odor level and the concentrations of COD, nitrogenous componds and solids) was dependent on the initial manure concentration and on the retention time. The effluent from the ditch was free of offensive odor and can be spread on land without causing odor pollution problem.

Passive (static) and dynamic studies have shown aroma to be an important aspect of food quality, which can be used to differentiate, classify, and grade foodstuffs, and in some cases it can be used to predict other quality characteristics. Monitoring and control of food aroma changes during food processing can significantly improve the quality of the final product in terms of flavour, color, taste, and overall appearance. Hence, it is a prominent and urgent field of study in the post production systems. / Passive aroma detection of unprocessed foods and dynamic aroma detection during food processing was undertaken using a fast GC analyzer -- zNose. During the study on the passive aroma detection, the aroma of Chinese spirits (Fenjiu) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits, (i.e., liquid and solid states, respectively) was analyzed. In the study of Chinese spirits, aroma profiles of Fenjiu liquor samples of different quality levels were acquired and used for quality classification and prediction. Measurements of dielectric properties of the samples were also conducted to estimate alcohol concentration. In the study of mango fruits, aroma changes of mango samples were monitored during their shelf life and used to evaluate mango quality. Ripening and rots were detected with 80% and 93% accuracy, respectively. / During the study of dynamic aroma detection, a real-time aroma monitoring and control system was developed for use during microwave drying. Aroma signals of a processed food item were detected with zNose and analyzed with a fuzzy logic algorithm to determine the optimal food drying temperature. Phase control was used to adjust the microwave power level to meet temperature requirements. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) and apple (Malus domestica Borkh) were selected as representatives of vegetables and fruits. In carrot drying, samples could be dried in a short time at high temperatures but the interior of some sample cubes was burnt. Drying at a lower temperature extended the drying process, but led to a great loss of aroma in the finished product.' The best results were obtained at 60&deg;C. Based on these results, a fuzzy logic controller was designed and employed to control the drying process according to carrot aroma changes. To investigate the possibility of aroma improvement without zNose assistance, a linear control method was developed whereby a temperature control profile imitated the fuzzy logic control, but aroma control was not included. With these new control strategies, the carrot color and flavour were significantly improved and less time and power were consumed. Similar results were achieved when apple was microwave-dried. Apple aroma was monitored online during microwave drying processes and controlled with similar fuzzy and linear control strategies. Apple color, aroma, and overall appearance remained intact with the new strategies and less time and power were consumed. In contrast to the carrot drying, a different linear temperature profile was required for apple drying in terms of aroma retention.

Animals can associate orosensory characteristics from food with postingestive effects and adjust meal size to prevent energy deficit. By using odor-fasting duration conditioning, two studies were conducted to test the above hypothesis. In the first study, thirteen male and eleven female adult Wistar rats were given 1.5 hours to ingest a casein-based test-meal odorized by either vanilla or chicken flavor prior to a 4-hour short-fast or a 12-hour long-fast. Rats went through the training phase with a pseudo-random sequence of six duplicates of each odor-fasting pairing over four experimental days, followed by an odor preference test. Gender differences may exist regarding hunger perception because only females were capable of adjusting meal size according to the postprandial fast duration. A second study was conducted to examine whether a sugar-rich meal can improve acquisition of anticipatory satiety through memory enhancement. Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a sugar-rich or a protein-rich test-meal prior to the post-prandial fasts. Rats were conditioned in a similar fashion to the first study except that different odors were used, postprandial fasts were shortened to 3 and 10 hours, whereas training phase was elongated to eleven duplicates and followed by an extinction phase. Both dietary groups acquired the anticipatory satiety. However, probably due to the carbohydrate-induced overeating, the sugar-rich group in contrast to the protein-rich group, exhibited a delayed learning in meal-size adjustment prior to a short fast. The above studies demonstrated the existence of gender and macronutrient differences in food intake regulation.

The responses of the saw-toothed grain beetle, 0ryzaephilus surinamensis to food odours and pheromones were investigated at both sensory and behavioural levels to give an integrated picture of olfaction, and the importance of odours in this species. The sensory capability of the antenna was assessed by a study of the structure, distribution and function of sensilla using SEM and TEM. Seven different sensilla types, including 3 with an olfactory function, were identified, although the total number of olfactory sensilla was low compared with those for mechanoreception. Antennal responses to odours were studied using both the electroantennogram (EAG) technique and single-cell recordings, whilst a 2-choice pitfall assay and a single-insect arena test were used to investigate behavioural responses. Food-produced volatiles from carob pods were found to produce large amplitude antennal responses and attraction in behavioural assays. Analysis of such volatiles by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) demonstrated at least 3 active components, of which one was identified as hexanoic acid. Attraction to food odour was found to vary with insect age, and this correlated with similar variation in the EAG response, suggesting a role for peripheral receptor sensitivity in modulating insect behaviour. Beetle-produced volatiles also caused antennal responses and attraction of conspecific individuals of both sexes, thus acting as an aggregation pheromone. The active components were identified by GC-EAG as (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide, (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadienolide and (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide. These act as a multicomponent pheromone, with separate antennal receptors for each component. Although no sexual differences in antennal responses were found, consistently more females than males were attracted to the pheromone. This suggested a partial sex pheromone function, as the pheromone was shown to be male-produced. However, the ratio of females:males attracted was found to vary with the blend ratio tested. Thus if males are able to alter the blend they produce, the pheromone may act at different times as either a sex pheromone or an aggregation pheromone. Finally, the functional and evolutionary importance of odours to this insect are discussed.