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This dissertation delves into the theory, design and fabrication, and practical uses of synthetic trees that replicate the transpiration mechanisms of natural trees. The first chapter provides an in-depth explanation of how natural trees utilize hydraulic mechanisms to draw water from the soil, through their roots, and up to their leaves, sustaining hydration through transpiration. This process is reliant on the difference in relative humidity between the leaf and the ambient to promote evaporation, and synthetic trees replicate this cycle by integrating reservoirs and conduits with wetted nanopores, mimicking the negative Laplace pressure seen in natural trees. Chapter 2 presents a detailed theoretical framework for transpiration in synthetic trees. These trees feature a vertical array of tubes connected to a nanoporous synthetic leaf. Our model considers the impact of convective gas flow on the leaf, minimizing the diffusive boundary layer and directly influencing the leaf's negative Laplace pressure. We next analyze how the rate of evaporation and tree morphology affect the required Laplace pressure for mass conservation, in an ambient environment with an appreciable diffusive boundary layer. Our model considers the changing dynamics of the menisci, including their capability to adjust their contact angle and withdraw into nanopores to self-stabilize. We then determine conditions where transpiration is limited by evaporation or constrained by the leaf's maximum Laplace pressure, across various tree geometries and ambient conditions. In Chapter 3, the focus shifts to a practical application, as the insights from the previous chapters guide the creation of a synthetic tree for water harvesting. Solar steam generation employing a porous evaporator, with a 3D design extending beyond the free surface to mitigate heat losses, is used to demonstrate how transpiration, rather than capillarity, can raise water up glass tubes, and improve liquid transport heights over conventional methods. Chapter 4 expands on the synthetic tree concept, proposing a mobile desalination water container driven by transpiration. The container features a ring-shaped fin designed to absorb solar heat, increasing water evaporation from a nanoporous synthetic leaf. This approach combines reverse osmosis and thermal evaporation, offering a promising solution for obtaining fresh water from seawater. In Chapter 5, the study explores transpiration-powered oil-water filtration using synthetic trees. Our approach showcases the potential for natural separation of oil and water in various applications, without the need for a pump and in opposition to gravity. Chapter 6 modifies the synthetic tree design to selectively absorb and retain oil from oil-water emulsions. When water evaporates from the synthetic leaf, enabled by the generated negative suction within, oil is then drawn and contained within the system through oleophilic and hydrophobic membranes. This approach offers a sustainable method for oil spill clean-up, oil extraction and purification. Chapter 7 experimentally investigates how to eliminate the capillary driving force in synthetic trees. By over-filling the synthetic leaf's top surface to remove existing concave menisci, the study hypothesizes gravity as a replacement mechanism for negative pressure, with the water in hydrostatic columns held in tension by the overlying water supported within the porous leaf. In summary, these engineered hydraulic systems offer novel approaches to water harvesting, desalination, oil-water filtration, and the cleanup of oil spills, and the study of synthetic trees opens up a realm of possibilities for sustainable water management and environmental remediation, showcasing the potential of biomimicry in solving pressing global challenges. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores the concept of synthetic trees designed to mimic the transpiration cycle of natural trees for various applications. The first chapter provides a detailed explanation on how this is achieved. The second chapter introduces the theoretical model, highlighting the interplay between suction pressure, spontaneous flow, and tree geometry in surface tension powered water flow. In Chapter 3, the findings inform the design of a synthetic tree for water harvesting through solar steam generation. Overcoming constraints of floating evaporators, this tree demonstrates enhanced water condensation compared to traditional reservoirs, and the use of transpiration in the tubes allow for greater height flexibility. Chapter 4 presents a theoretical design for a portable desalinating water bottle powered by transpiration. Inspired by mangrove trees, the bottle utilizes solar heat absorption, a nanoporous synthetic leaf, and reverse osmosis to spontaneously enable desalination. The hybrid approach enhances thermal evaporation and pre-filters salt, potentially producing a daily extraction of one liter of fresh water from seawater. Chapter 5 explores oil-water filtration using surface tension power in synthetic trees. Operating without pumps and against gravity, this spontaneous phase separation demonstrates potential applications in oil spill cleanup, wastewater purification, and oil extraction. In Chapter 6, the synthetic tree is further modified to selectively take up and contain only oil from an oil-water emulsion. Driven by the surface tension mechanism, oil enters the tree through oil loving and water membranes, yielding high-purity oil samples, and offering innovative solutions for various environmental and industrial challenges. Chapter 7 investigates how to stop capillary forces in synthetic trees. When water evaporates from the leaves, it creates suction, pulling water from the soil through the xylem to keep the tree hydrated. We filled the top of the synthetic leaf to remove the curved surfaces that cause capillary tension. Surprisingly, water in the vertical tubes still held against gravity. This led us to consider a new idea: gravity might be replacing surface tension, with columns of water in the tree held in tension by the water above them in the leaf. Overall, this research on synthetic trees suggests exciting new ways to address environmental issues and manage water resources sustainably, underlying the power of nature-inspired solutions.

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O presente trabalho estudou duas vias reacionais para a preparação de derivados cationizados de quitosana (QCat), sendo que a N-metilação extensiva via reação de quitosana com iodometano (CH3I) resultou em N,N,N-trimetilquitosana (TMQ) enquanto que a reação de quitosana com cloreto de glicidiltrimetilamônio (CGTMA) produziu N-(2-hidroxi)-propil-3-trimetilamônio quitosana (HPTAQ). Planejamento fatorial completo 23 foi aplicado para analisar os efeitos das condições reacionais sobre o rendimento das reações (R) e as características de TMQ e HPTAQ. As características estruturais da quitosana de partida e seus derivados foram analisadas por espectroscopias na região de infravermelho (FTIR) e de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN-1H), sendo que esta última também foi utilizada para determinar os graus médios de acetilação (GA), de quaternização (GQ) e de substituição (GS) de quitosana, TMQ e HPTAQ, respectivamente. Viscosimetria capilar foi utilizada para determinar a viscosidade intrínseca ([&eta;]) de quitosana, TMQ e HPTAQ, permitindo estimar a ocorrência de despolimerização e sua relação com as condições reacionais. Todas as amostras de TMQ foram solúveis em água e o valor de GQ variou no intervalo 21,0 - 67,0%; a [&eta;] variou entre 13,7 mL/g - 213,0 mL/g e o rendimento da reação atingiu até 82,0%, sendo que entre as variáveis analisadas a concentração de hidroxido de sódio e excesso de CH3I são as mais relevantes. Quanto às amostras de HPTAQ, apenas aquelas com GS &gt; 12,0% foram solúveis em água,GS ficou no intervalo 1,0 % - 45,5%; [&eta;] variou entre 283,0 mL/g - 446,0 mL/g e o rendimento não foi superior a 33,0%, e entre as variáveis analisadas, temperatura e excesso de CGTMA foram as mais importantes na produção de HPTAQ. As amostras TMQ2 GQ = 46,0%; [&eta;] = 290,0 mL/g) e HPTAQ6 GS = 33,0%; [&eta;] = 293,0 mL/g) foram empregadas em estudo visando a formação de complexos surfactante/polieletrólito (CSP) com decanossulfonato de sódio (DS). As propriedades condutimétricas e tensiométicas dos TMQ2, HPTAQ6 e CSP\'s foram estudadas e mostraram que todos apresentam atividade interfacial (&gamma; <= 52,0 mN.m-1), além de elevado valor de módulo de elasticidade (E >= 31,0 mN.m-1), indicando que as espécies analisadas geram filmes interfaciais com boas propriedade mecânicas e por isso podem ser aplicados como agentes estabilizantes de emulsões. As emulsões do tipo óleo/água preparadas pela incorporação de QCat (TMQ ou HPTAQ) ou de CSP (TMQ/DS ou HPTAQ/DS) foram estáveis por mais de 4 meses, conforme avaliado por medidas de fluorescência e de turbidez. / In this work were studied two different methods for preparing cationized derivatives of chitosan (ChCat), a consisted extensive N-methylation by chitosan reaction with iodomethane (CH3I) resulted in N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (TMCh), and other a reaction of chitosan with chloride glycidyltrimethylammonium (GTMAC) resulted in N-(2-hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan (HPTACh). A complete factorial design (23) was used to analyze the influence of reaction conditions on the yield of the reaction (R) as well as the characteristics of TMCh and HPTACh produced. The structure of chitosan pattern and its derivatives were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), considering that the latter was also used to determine the average degree of acetylation (DA), quaternization (DQ) and substitution (DS) of chitosan, TMCh and HPTACh, respectively. Capillary viscometry was used to determine the intrinsic viscosity ([&eta;]) of chitosan, TMCh and HPTACh, allowing to estimate the occurrence of depolymerization and its relationship with the reaction conditions. All samples of TMCh were soluble in water and it was found that DA ranged as 21.0% - 67.0%; the [&eta;] ranged as 13.7 mL/g - 213.0 mL/g and the yield reaction was up to 82.0%, among the variables studied, the concentration of sodium hydroxide and excess CH3I were the most relevant. The HPTACh samples were soluble in water with DS &gt; 12.0%, DS ranged as 1.0% - 45.5%; the [&eta;] ranged as 283.0 mL/g - 446.0 mL/g and the yield was lower than 33.0%, among the variables studied temperature and excess CGTMA were the most important in the production of HPTACh. Among the reaction conditions studied for the synthesis of TMCh the best condition was 2, while for HPTACh the best condition was 6. The samples TMCh2 DQ = 46.0%, [&eta;] = 290.0 ml/g) and HPTACh6 DS = 33.0%, [&eta;] = 293.0 mL/g) were used in a study aiming at the formation of surfactant/polyelectrolyte complex (SPEC) with sodium 1-decanessulfonate (SD). The conductivity and surface tension properties of TMCh2, HPTACh6 and SPEC\'s have been studied and show that all have interfacial activity (&gamma; <= 52.0 mN.m-1), and high value of elasticity modulus (E >= 31.0 mN.m-1), indicating that all species generate interfacial film with good mechanical property and thus can be applied as a stabilizing agent in emulsions emulsions oil/water that were prepared by incorporating ChCat synthesized and SPEC\'s in their formulations, they were stable for more than 4 months, as evaluated by fluorescence and turbidity measurements.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Hugo Barbosa Suffredini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015. / O presente trabalho é referente à utilização de técnicas eletroanalíticas diretamente na interface formada entre dois líquidos imiscíveis. Esta nova metodologia de trabalho está em pleno desenvolvimento em nosso grupo de pesquisa, apresentando resultados promissores em diversas vertentes. De maneira específica neste projeto, os estudos foram realizados em fase aquosa, constituída ora por uma solução de NaCl 1x10-3 mol L-1, ora por água do mar, bem como em fase oleosa, aqui representada pelo petróleo bruto. Utilizou-se o eletrodo impresso de carbono como ferramenta de trabalho, aplicando-se técnicas eletroanalíticas, tais como a voltametria cíclica e a voltametria de onda quadrada. Contaminou-se artificialmente o petróleo com algumas moléculas-modelo, em particular o fenol e o cicloexano. Para iniciar os experimentos, verificou-se a possibilidade de obtenção das respostas de oxidação ou redução das moléculas a partir da técnica de voltametria cíclica, utilizando nesta etapa o NaCl 1x10-3 mol L-1 como eletrólito suporte. Em seguida, estudaram-se os mesmos sistemas por voltametria de onda quadrada, técnica esta mais sensível e adequada para fins analíticos. Resultados obtidos mostraram ser possível realizar a caracterização de moléculas introduzidas artificialmente à fase petróleo. Foram satisfatórios nos experimentos realizados neste trabalho a obtenção de dados que permitiram se obter voltamogramas para melhor análise e compreensão dos fenômenos de oxidação e redução das moléculas estudadas. Para tanto, foi utilizando como ferramenta principal as técnicas eletroanalíticas. Ainda, houve a possibilidade de se determinar o tempo de saturação do eletrodo impresso de carbono, na área interfacial petróleo/água. Deste trabalho qualitativo, foi possível concluir que todas as moléculas propostas neste projeto foram detectadas com êxito, ou seja, a técnica proposta em interfaces foi eficiente para a finalidade proposta. Trabalhos futuros serão necessários para refinar a metodologia e aplicar o sistema em amostras reais. / This work describes the use of a new electrochemical technique applied directly at the interface between two immiscible liquids. This new methodology is now been developed in our group and promising results were found in different research lines. More specifically, the studies in this project were carried out in aqueous support electrolyte solution constituted by a home-made 1 x 10-3 NaCl solution and also constituted by natural sea salt water. The organic phase was constituted by crude oil. A carbon screen-printed electrode was used as the main tool in this work. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) were used as electrochemical techniques. Portions of crude oil were contaminated with model molecules, as phenol and cyclohexane. Firstly, the CV was used to determine the possibility of detection. Following these preliminary studies, SWV studies were carried out since that technique is more adequate to promote analytical studies. Results indicates that was possible to characterize molecules artificially introduced to oil phase. Furthermore, it was possible to determine the time of saturation of the printed-screen carbon electrode at the interfacial Oil / water region. It was possible to conclude from this qualitative work that all molecules were successfully detected directly at the crude oil/water interface. On the other hand, future works will be necessary to improve this kind of methodology.

O presente trabalho estudou duas vias reacionais para a preparação de derivados cationizados de quitosana (QCat), sendo que a N-metilação extensiva via reação de quitosana com iodometano (CH3I) resultou em N,N,N-trimetilquitosana (TMQ) enquanto que a reação de quitosana com cloreto de glicidiltrimetilamônio (CGTMA) produziu N-(2-hidroxi)-propil-3-trimetilamônio quitosana (HPTAQ). Planejamento fatorial completo 23 foi aplicado para analisar os efeitos das condições reacionais sobre o rendimento das reações (R) e as características de TMQ e HPTAQ. As características estruturais da quitosana de partida e seus derivados foram analisadas por espectroscopias na região de infravermelho (FTIR) e de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN-1H), sendo que esta última também foi utilizada para determinar os graus médios de acetilação (GA), de quaternização (GQ) e de substituição (GS) de quitosana, TMQ e HPTAQ, respectivamente. Viscosimetria capilar foi utilizada para determinar a viscosidade intrínseca ([&eta;]) de quitosana, TMQ e HPTAQ, permitindo estimar a ocorrência de despolimerização e sua relação com as condições reacionais. Todas as amostras de TMQ foram solúveis em água e o valor de GQ variou no intervalo 21,0 - 67,0%; a [&eta;] variou entre 13,7 mL/g - 213,0 mL/g e o rendimento da reação atingiu até 82,0%, sendo que entre as variáveis analisadas a concentração de hidroxido de sódio e excesso de CH3I são as mais relevantes. Quanto às amostras de HPTAQ, apenas aquelas com GS &gt; 12,0% foram solúveis em água,GS ficou no intervalo 1,0 % - 45,5%; [&eta;] variou entre 283,0 mL/g - 446,0 mL/g e o rendimento não foi superior a 33,0%, e entre as variáveis analisadas, temperatura e excesso de CGTMA foram as mais importantes na produção de HPTAQ. As amostras TMQ2 GQ = 46,0%; [&eta;] = 290,0 mL/g) e HPTAQ6 GS = 33,0%; [&eta;] = 293,0 mL/g) foram empregadas em estudo visando a formação de complexos surfactante/polieletrólito (CSP) com decanossulfonato de sódio (DS). As propriedades condutimétricas e tensiométicas dos TMQ2, HPTAQ6 e CSP\'s foram estudadas e mostraram que todos apresentam atividade interfacial (&gamma; <= 52,0 mN.m-1), além de elevado valor de módulo de elasticidade (E >= 31,0 mN.m-1), indicando que as espécies analisadas geram filmes interfaciais com boas propriedade mecânicas e por isso podem ser aplicados como agentes estabilizantes de emulsões. As emulsões do tipo óleo/água preparadas pela incorporação de QCat (TMQ ou HPTAQ) ou de CSP (TMQ/DS ou HPTAQ/DS) foram estáveis por mais de 4 meses, conforme avaliado por medidas de fluorescência e de turbidez. / In this work were studied two different methods for preparing cationized derivatives of chitosan (ChCat), a consisted extensive N-methylation by chitosan reaction with iodomethane (CH3I) resulted in N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (TMCh), and other a reaction of chitosan with chloride glycidyltrimethylammonium (GTMAC) resulted in N-(2-hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan (HPTACh). A complete factorial design (23) was used to analyze the influence of reaction conditions on the yield of the reaction (R) as well as the characteristics of TMCh and HPTACh produced. The structure of chitosan pattern and its derivatives were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), considering that the latter was also used to determine the average degree of acetylation (DA), quaternization (DQ) and substitution (DS) of chitosan, TMCh and HPTACh, respectively. Capillary viscometry was used to determine the intrinsic viscosity ([&eta;]) of chitosan, TMCh and HPTACh, allowing to estimate the occurrence of depolymerization and its relationship with the reaction conditions. All samples of TMCh were soluble in water and it was found that DA ranged as 21.0% - 67.0%; the [&eta;] ranged as 13.7 mL/g - 213.0 mL/g and the yield reaction was up to 82.0%, among the variables studied, the concentration of sodium hydroxide and excess CH3I were the most relevant. The HPTACh samples were soluble in water with DS &gt; 12.0%, DS ranged as 1.0% - 45.5%; the [&eta;] ranged as 283.0 mL/g - 446.0 mL/g and the yield was lower than 33.0%, among the variables studied temperature and excess CGTMA were the most important in the production of HPTACh. Among the reaction conditions studied for the synthesis of TMCh the best condition was 2, while for HPTACh the best condition was 6. The samples TMCh2 DQ = 46.0%, [&eta;] = 290.0 ml/g) and HPTACh6 DS = 33.0%, [&eta;] = 293.0 mL/g) were used in a study aiming at the formation of surfactant/polyelectrolyte complex (SPEC) with sodium 1-decanessulfonate (SD). The conductivity and surface tension properties of TMCh2, HPTACh6 and SPEC\'s have been studied and show that all have interfacial activity (&gamma; <= 52.0 mN.m-1), and high value of elasticity modulus (E >= 31.0 mN.m-1), indicating that all species generate interfacial film with good mechanical property and thus can be applied as a stabilizing agent in emulsions emulsions oil/water that were prepared by incorporating ChCat synthesized and SPEC\'s in their formulations, they were stable for more than 4 months, as evaluated by fluorescence and turbidity measurements.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Hugo Barbosa Suffredini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2018. / O presente trabalho apresenta estudos que utilizam a eletroquímica como ferramenta principal para a detecção de aditivos alimentares em amostras reais, sem a realização de pré-tratamentos trabalhosos, muitas vezes necessários para a execução desse tipo de trabalho. Para tanto, a determinação do antioxidante BHA (tercbutil-4-hidroxianisol) foi realizada em um sistema interfacial do tipo óleo/água, utilizando um eletrodo de Diamante Dopado com Boro (DDB) em conjunto com a técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada. Testes preliminares indicaram que a oxidação do BHA é um processo irreversível, do qual o produto gerado também é eletroativo. A determinação desta espécie foi feita a partir de uma solução de BHA em óleo de soja inserida diretamente na interface óleo/ eletrólito de suporte (Tampão BR), utilizando um eletrodo de DDB pré-tratado catodicamente. O particionamento do BHA para fase aquosa, atingindo o equilíbrio, demorou em torno de 15 minutos para ser completado. Destacam-se nesse trabalho as adaptações implementadas no sistema interfacial, como a utilização de um anel de isolamento para fase óleo e o controle do posicionamento do eletrodo de trabalho. Essas melhorias na célula eletroquímica utilizada permitiram demonstrar a relação direta da resposta eletroquímica da oxidação do BHA com a distância do eletrodo de DDB da interface óleo/água. O sistema apresentou uma boa linearidade nas detecções realizadas em fase aquosa, na faixa de concentração de 1,47x10-6 a 1,47x10-5 mol L-1. As detecções feitas diretamente na interface não apresentaram linearidade semelhante, ficando na faixa de 9,6x10-3 a 1,2x10-1 mol L-1. Concluiu-se que o sistema proposto se mostrou viável para determinação de BHA em amostras de alimento comercial, mas são necessários estudos adicionais para a realização da técnica diretamente em amostras reais. / Electrochemistry was used as main tool to promote the detection of BHA (tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole) directly at an interface oil/water, without the necessity to promote complicated pre-treatment steps in the samples. The determination of the antioxidant BHA was performed with a Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) electrode, in conjunction with the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique. Preliminary tests indicated that BHA oxidation is an irreversible process and the generated oxidation product is also electroactive. Determination of the species was made from an oil solution of BHA inserted directly at the oil/support-electrolyte interface, using a cathodically pretreated BDD electrode. The equilibrium of partitioning of BHA reach this situation at around 15 minutes. Some adaptations implemented in this work, such as the use of an insulation module for the oil phase and control of the positioning of the working electrode have improved the results. These improvements in the electrochemical cell demonstrated a direct relation of the electrochemical response of BHA oxidation and the distance of the BDD electrode of the oil/water interface. The system showed good linearity in all detections performed in aqueous phase, in a concentration range from 1.47x10-6 to 1.47x10-5 mol L-1. However, the proposed system showed a different type of linearity, in the range comprehended of 9.6x10-3 to 1.2x10-1 mol L-1. Additional studies are necessary to better understand this type of interfacial system.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T15:13:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ObregonVara_RosaMaribel_M.pdf: 3876695 bytes, checksum: eab8e9bdc7ff92684aba33d3163bff1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Considerados de grande importância na indústria petroleira, os óleos pesados constituem uma grande reserva a ser explotada e produzida. Devido a dificuldades associadas às propriedades do óleo como densidade e viscosidade, tem-se procurado métodos para produzí-lo e transportá-lo de forma econômica. Uma dessas técnicas é o corejIow, que é basicamente a injeção lateral de pequenas quantidades de água, com o fim de lubrificar o óleo, formando uma configuração concêntrica anular, onde o óleo ocupa o centro e a água a parte externa. Neste trabalho fizeram-se testes experimentaispara obter diversas informaçõessobre os padrões de fluxo em duto horizontal de um escoamento óleo pesado - água, com ênfase no padrão corejIow. Estabeleceuse uma análise de estabilidade unidimensional geral para o padrão anular liquido - líquido horizontal, através da qual chegou-se a um critério geral de estabilidade, o qual inclui o critério de Kelvin-Helmhotz, conseguindo representar bem os resultados experimentais. Os dados coletados no laboratório também permitiram desenvolver um modelo para cálculo das perdas de pressão e da fração volumétrica com correlações que consideram os fenômenos fisicos relevantes: turbulência do anel, escorregamento entre as fases, molhabilidade e rugosidade da parede e as ondulações no núcleo de óleo. O uso do corejIow consegueu reduzir a perda de pressão em até 225 vezes em comparação com o óleo sozinho / Abstract: Heavy oi! has a growingimportancein the oi! industry,given the amountof its largeand unexploited reserves. Because of the natural difficulties reIated to its physical properties - higb viscosity and density - researchhas been focusedon how to produce and transportheavyoi] economically. Oneofthemostpromisingtecbniquesinvestigated, nownascore-annularflow 01 coreflow, is based on the lateral injection of few amounts of water, so as to lubricate the oil and form an annular liquid-liquid flow pattern, with the oi! in the center, surrounded by a watel annulus. In this work, experiments were performed in a horizontal pipe, in order to obtain detailed information on different heavy oil-water flow patterns, with special interest on the core flow pattern. A one- dimensional approach to the stability ofhorizontalliquid-liquid annular flow was developed and a general stability criterion was derived, which incIudes the Kelvin-HelInholtz criterion as a special case, and gives good agreement with the laboratory measurements. The data coIlected also allowed to develop pressure drop and holdup models taking into account alI relevant physical phenomena: annulus turbulence, slip between the phases, wall wettability and roughness and interface waviness. In the present experiments, pressure drop was reduced up to 225 fold in core flow compared with the flow of an equal amount of the oi! / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Diploma thesis deals with a design and manufacture of oil cooler by technology Selective Laser Melting for Formula Student. The main goal of the design is to ensure optimal oil circuit cooling at a minimal mass. The design of manufactured oil cooler is based on a plate heat exchanger concept with optimized intakes by CFD simulations and heat exchange body with fins of thickness 0.17 mm. An analytical model was created. SLM process parameters were optimized for a thin walls printing, Subsequently, a fabrication of testing parts was finished for measuring pressure drops and performances of micro heat exchangers. Results were used for an accuracy improvement of the analytical model and for consequent optimization of heat exchange surface. Afterwards optimization was executed for inlets and outlets by using flow simulations. A prototype was built and verified on a test stand. Performance of the designed oil cooler is 4.5 kW for race mode, where temperature drop of oil circuit is 22 °C. The lightweight design weighs 320 g, which reduces more than 47 % of a current oil-air cooler weight. Furthermore, a centre of gravity is decreased by designed placement of the cooler.