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The objective of this thesis is to find out an answer for question why the reconstruction of Iraq is unsuccessful. There are mentioned previous regimes as initial conditions for the process. Firstly thesis concerns with democratization of Iraq, which is the main sense of reconstruction. Its pitfalls and whether it can be applied in Iraq. Secondly it describes barriers of reconstruction. Thirdly it points out mistakes which were made during the reconstruction. Findings answer the main question. Thesis concludes some recommendation which can lead to success of this process.

In this thesis, the author examines the theory that competition in the oil industry is "unworkable" and looks at the development and current status of monopoly in the oil industry to determine whether or not monopoly is workable.

The purpose of the investigation is to present--chronologically, whenever possible--the growth of the Canadian oil industry from the days of earliest discovery to the present, with an eye on both historical growth and potential development.

Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Cesar Benedito Batistella. / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Winter_Alessandra_D.pdf: 11332539 bytes, checksum: bb04863e95794099cc169cda9cc99199 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Atualmente, muitas empresas têm adotado a intensificação de processos, criando técnicas e métodos inovadores, visando aumentar a eficiência energética e o rendimento dos processos. A destilação reativa é um exemplo clássico de processo intensificado. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma unidade de Destilação Molecular Reativa (REAMOL). O objetivo do processo de destilação molecular reativa é a valoração (upgrade) do petróleo, por meio da geração de uma corrente de hidrocarbonetos leves (diluentes) que possa ser injetada dentro do poço, inclusive em ambientes de mar (offshore), diminuindo a viscosidade do óleo cru e favorecendo as propriedades de transporte e escoamento. Este processo promove o craqueamento de parte dos compostos presentes no petróleo, convertendo-os em compostos mais leves. A característica fundamental do REAMOL é a separação imediata dos produtos leves gerados pelas reações de conversão dos componentes originais, favorecendo, assim, o deslocamento do equilíbrio no sentido das reações desejadas. Tais reações ocorrem na forma heterogênea, misturando-se o catalisador sólido à carga de petróleo (líquido). A ação da força centrífuga aplicada ao evaporador, formado por um disco giratório, é responsável pelo espalhamento da amostra na forma de um filme fino (película), garantindo intensa troca térmica, o que também promove a reação. O curto tempo de residência do material no equipamento, aliado às baixas pressões, favorecem as reações de craqueamento, direcionando a formação dos produtos desejados de menor viscosidade. Após a construção, o equipamento foi totalmente automatizado para facilitar os trabalhos na planta, proporcionando uma menor intervenção por parte do operador no processo. Os testes foram iniciados com óleos lubrificantes para avaliar o funcionamento e o sistema de supervisão e controle da planta. Em seguida, foi adicionado catalisador ao óleo lubrificante com o intuito de verificar as condições operacionais do equipamento. Observou-se um aumento significativo da pressão de operação do sistema, que se atribuiu à formação de compostos leves que influenciam no sistema de vácuo do processo. A partir desta constatação, iniciaram-se os experimentos com um corte e um resíduo de petróleo com diferentes concentrações de catalisador. As caracterizações físico-químicas das amostras demonstram que a melhor condição operacional para obtenção de compostos mais leves ocorre à temperatura do evaporador de 200ºC e 3% de catalisador. O último teste foi realizado nas melhores condições de processamento utilizando-se diferentes tipos de catalisadores. Os resultados obtidos no equipamento construído foram extremamente positivos, comprovando o sucesso da tecnologia proposta / Abstract: Currently, many companies have been adopted process intensification, creating innovative techniques and methods increasing the energy efficiency and the yield of the processes. The reactive distillation is a classic example of intensified process. This work presents the development of a Reactive Molecular Distillation Unit (REAMOL). The objective of reactive molecular distillation process is the oil upgrade by generating a stream of light hydrocarbons that can be injected into the well, including environments offshore, decreasing the viscosity of crude oil and improving the flow and transport properties. This process promotes the cracking of some petroleum components converting them into lighter compounds. The feature of REAMOL is the immediate separation of the light products generated by the reactions of conversion of the original components, moving the equilibrium in the direction of desired reactions. These reactions occur in a heterogeneous way by mixing the solid catalyst to the oil feed (liquid). The centrifugal force applied in the evaporator, consisting of a conical rotor, is responsible for spreading the sample in the form of a thin film, guarantying intense heat exchange, which also promotes the reaction. The short residence time of material in the equipment coupled with low pressures promotes the cracking reactions by directing the formation of the desired products with lower viscosity. After the equipment construction, it was completely automatized to make easy the operating performance, decreasing the operator intervention in the process. Firstly, the experiments were carried out using lubricating oil to evaluate the performance and the plant control. Then, the catalyst was added to the lubricating oil in order to verify the operating conditions of the equipment. There was a significant increase in the operating pressure of the system, which was attributed to the formation of light compounds that affect the vacuum system of the process. From this verification, experiments were initiated with a cut and a petroleum residue with different concentrations of catalyst. The physicochemical characterizations of the samples show that the best operating condition for obtaining lighter compounds occurs at the evaporator temperature of 200 ° C and 3% catalyst. At least, it was carried out a test under the best conditions for processing using different kind of catalysts. The experiment results were extremely positive proving the success of the proposed technology / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

This dissertation presents empirical evidence intended to help answer two research questions. The first question asks whether executive compensation systems appear to exploit the bias in accounting-based performance measures in order to reduce the volatility in executive compensation and to allocate incentives more effectively across the range of activities performed by the executive. The second question asks whether compensation systems systematically differ between firms that use alternative accounting methods and whether any such systematic difference helps explain accounting choice. Parameters estimated in fixed-effects endogenous switching regression models were used to test the risk-shielding and incentive-allocation hypotheses. The models were estimated across a dataset consisting of 1151 executive-year observations of annual compensation paid to 222 top-level executives in 40 oil and gas firms. The dataset was partitioned by accounting method and separate models estimated for the full cost and successful efforts partitions. The tests provided modest support for the risk-shielding and incentive-allocation hypotheses, revealing that accounting measurement bias is used to focus incentives for effort in the exploration activity and to reduce executives' exposure to production risk. The design also allowed an estimate of the proportional change in compensation that was realized from the accounting choice actually made.

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Yes / Bayelsa, in the Niger Delta, in Southern Nigeria, is in the grip of a human and environmental catastrophe of unimaginable proportions. At one time, the area was home to one of the largest mangrove forests on the planet; an area of unrivalled ecological value. Today, it is one of the most polluted places on Earth. Oil extraction and its impact is the overwhelmingly evident cause of this disaster.

"The object of writing this thesis was to present a brief though fairly detailed history of the oil industry in Texas. The material and facts contained herein were gathered from various sources including books, newspapers, magazines, bulletins, radio programs, letters, and authorized conversations. The main body of this thesis is composed of seven chapters, each of which deals with a certain phase of the oil industry of its effects."--leaf iii

Thesis (MFamMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / Background: Coronary heart disease is a global public health problem. Formerly considered rare in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence has shown that urbanization and the adoption of more affluent and sedentary lifestyle in subpopulations of this region, may result in increased prevalence. One such subpopulation is workers in the Nigerian petroleum industry and this study examines their risk factors for coronary heart disease. In addition the study compares the risk profile of onshore and offshore workers. Method: This is a descriptive cross sectional study undertaken to determine the level of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease in two groups of male workers of the petroleum industry in Nigeria; the onshore and the offshore workers. Four hundred workers were randomnly selected and invited to participate, with a desired sample size of 234. The data was collected by using an electronic questionnaire to explore life style factors like exercise, diet, and smoking that predispose to this disease. Anthropometric indices included body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio. Biochemical tests included lipid profile and fasting blood glucose. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was also recorded. The prevalence of known hypertension and diabetes as well as the metabolic syndrome were determined. The questionnaire data was analysed and compared with the chi-square test using the software, Epi-info 2008 Windows Version 3.5.1 and the means of the continuous variables were determined and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: 121 onshore and 110 offshore workers participated. Overall the cardiovascular risk profile of onshore versus offshore workers in the oil industry was worse. Onshore workers had increased waist circumference,; though there was no significant difference in the Waist-Hip Ratio, increased rates of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension and were less physically active. Dietary differences were less marked, but more beef and chicken were consumed by onshore while more fish was consumed by offshore workers. Conversely the offshore workers had a higher BMI and lower levels of protective HDL. Overall, in this population, the BMI and the umber of diabetics were higher and the HDL lower than the country figures. Conclusion The obesity profile of the two groups was comparable to that of the Western nations and could become worse. This also reflects the fact that within Nigeria there are sub-populations with cardio-metabolic profiles that depart significantly from the national average. This is most probably due to dietary factors and poor exercise habits and calls for intervention through health promotional activities / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar