Despite multidisciplinary and extensive coverage, existing career theory is largely premised on Western frameworks and limited research has been conducted into career development experiences of individuals from African countries in local or transnational settings. Thus the research presented in this thesis extends on existing constructionist career development commentary by gaining insight into the interplay between societal structures and individual action in an African context. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing the career development of professional Angolans working in the oil and gas industry and how experiences associated with living and working in Western contexts influences the career development of such individuals. The aim was to go beyond discovery of factors and analyse data in the form of highly personalised accounts from key informants to deepen understanding of African career development in transnational settings, mindful of postcolonial factors. Data were collected over an 18-month period using ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured interviewing with 24 participants. Within an ethnomethodological framework and drawing on developments in postcolonial theory, constructionist grounded theory approaches informed the hermeneutic analysis of data. Findings revealed that multiple and distinctly nuanced dynamics between institutional micro structures (e.g., family, education and employment) and societal macro structures (e.g., socio-economic, political, historical and cultural environments) significantly shape individual career decision making, behaviour and aspirations in the Angolan context. Experiences of living and working in Western settings were found to have a profound impact on personal and professional development as well as aspirations for international careers. The main limitations of this study derive from its relatively small sample size and particularist focus on a single industry, however its value stems from rich narratives captured and significant effort made to triangulate findings via ‘research conversations’ with informants and industry professionals. In light of the above, this study adds to existing career theory by incorporating postcolonial perspectives and career development experiences that go beyond planned structured careers in organisational settings by focusing on the individual consequences of international assignments in transnational settings. In light of this, insights offer value also for multinational organisations that are engaged in developing African talent.

This study analyses the impact of oil-related developments on output, incomes and employment in Shetland. An Input-Output approach is adopted based on a Shetland transactions table constructed by the author. Using this, the pre-oil Shetland economy is analysed as base for assessing oil impact. Three major oil activities are identified and their local effects estimated: Supply Bases, the Sullom Voe Tanker Terminal, and Oil-related Construction. Estimates of the impact of these on local activity are given in aggregate and on an individual industry basis. Appropriate oil sector 'multipliers' are derived. Attempts are made to modify the basic estimates by allowing for 'negative multiplier' effects, induced investment and other elements of impact excluded in the basic model. Finally, the possibility of oil-induced changes in local technology is considered and its implications for the preceding impact estimates discussed. In the conclusions the results of the previous analysis are drawn together and some policy implications suggested by them are considered briefly.

The problem of this study was the development of a concept of secretaryship as a guide for the development of community college secretarial programs. The particular interest was with those colleges located in oil-field areas. The purposes were fivefold: (1) to study the historical significance of the concept as an indispensable part of business; (2) to determine the current meaning and significance of the concept within business and industry; (3) to develop certain fundamental philosophies emerging from the study; (4) to develop a comprehensive concept of secretaryship; and (5) to make recommendations for studies leading to modifications that might be considered in the community college programs of business education.

No description available.

The master thesis analyses the changes in Brazilian economy caused by significant discoveries of deepwater oil fields near Brazilian coast since 2006. The aim of the thesis is to find out, if Brazil has a chance to become a world's significant oil producer and exporter. The first part turns generally to Brazilian economy, the second one analyses in detail the oil sector and changes caused by new discoveries. The position and influence of key company, state owned Petrobras, on oil industry and whole economy is also presented. The final part summarizes most important facts and concludes that Brazilian oil industry has a potential to win world's importance and strengthen the positive social-economic performance of Brazil in last two decades.

Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. / The expansion of the South African olive processing industry has brought an increased threat to the environment. More production activities lead to more wastewater generation that requires more costly treatment. Regulatory bodies concerned with the release of effluents into the environment are imposing evermore-restrictive guidelines. With this information in mind, the South African olive industry is facing a significant challenge of maintaining economic competitiveness while becoming more environmentally benign. To begin addressing this challenge, the olive processing industry must develop and implement new, more effective, tailored treatment technologies to remediate olive wastewater prior to its release into the environment. In this study, the use of indigenous olive wastewater biofilms in combination with a rotating biological contactor (RBC) was investigated for possible bioremediation purposes. The development of microbial biofilms resulted in the breakdown of the hazardous chemical compounds present in the olive wastewater, i.e. reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and polyphenol content. Results showed that indigenous microorganisms within table olive and olive mill wastewater have a strong tendency to form biofilms. Furthermore, when these biofilms are applied to a small-scale RBC system, significant lower levels of both COD (on average 55% for table olive wastewater (TOWW) and 46% for olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and total phenol (on average 51% for TOWW and 39% for OMWW) were obtained. Results from shocking the biofilms with chemicals routinely used during olive processing indicates that most have a negative effect on the biofilm population, but that the biofilms are able to survive and recover in a relatively short time. This study confirms the potential application of indigenous biofilms found in olive wastewater streams for future bioremediation technologies that form the basis for the development of an eco-friendly, easy-to-manage, low cost technologies specifically designed for the small South African olive processing industry.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact de l’industrie pétrolière sur l’économie, et sur le développement des conditions de vie des populations au Congo. Dans ce pays, c’est en 1928 que commence, les premières recherches des indices sur le pétrole. Mais la véritable Histoire de cette ressource énergétique débute en réalité en 1957, avec la découverte par ELF-Congo du premier gisement de pétrole au large de Pointe Noire : le gisement de la Pointe Indienne, dont l’exploitation a procuré environ 700.000 tonnes cumulées de brut entre 1960 et 1970. Comme dans la plupart des pays pétroliers d’Afrique subsaharienne, le Congo fait partie de ceux où l’exploitation pétrolière a réellement pris son envol au début des années 1970. Avant le développement de cette activité, l’économie congolaise était plutôt orientée vers l’exportation du bois et des produits agricoles. Cependant, en dépit de la croissance de ses revenus issus en grande partie de l’industrie pétrolière, l’économie congolaise ne connaîtra jamais de période de prospérité. Car malgré l'augmentation conjointe de la production et du prix du baril de pétrole,le pays reste dans un chaos profond et n’arrive pas à faire face aux grands défis de la modernisation. Au cours de cette thèse, nous montrons que l’activité pétrolière n’a pas vraiment amélioré les conditions de vie des populations. Elle a au contraire aggravé les inégalités entre les classes sociales. / This PhD thesis aims at studying the impact of the oil industry on the Congolese economy and on the development of the living conditions of the Congolese population. The first researches on petroleum resources began in 1928, but the real story started in 1957 with the discovery of the first oil deposit by the ELF-Congo company off the coast of Pointe Noire: the Pointe Indienne deposit, whose exploitation provided around 700.000 tonnes of crude oil between 1960 and 1970. As in most oil producing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the oil exploitation really took off in the beginning of the 1970s. Before the development of this activity, the Congolese economy was rather oriented towards wood and agricultural products exports. Nevertheless, despite of the increase of the revenues of the oil industry, the Congolese economy will never reach economic prosperity. In fact, despite the rise of both quantities produced and price of the barrel of oil, the country stays in a deep chaos and could not face the challenges of modernization. This PhD thesis shows that the oil activity has not really improved the living conditions of the Congolese population. By the contrary, it has increased disparities between social classes.

The Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) performs one of the most complex and critical roles within the UK offshore oil and gas industry. The OIM is responsible for the safety and well-being of all persons onboard and within 500m of the installation whilst operating within an isolated and hostile physical environment within the UK Continental Shelf . The persistence of major incidents in the industry highlights the importance of OIM competence in controlling emergencies, consequently the research aims to contribute to new knowledge by identifying the potential barriers that can prevent the effective competence assessment of an OIM in this situation. The research utilised Engeström's Expanded Activity Theory to establish the holistic socio-cultural environment within which the OIM operates during emergency response to establish the key documents relevant to the role and associated competence assessment. The documents were then analysed using a critical hermeneutic approach based on the work of Phillips and Brown (1993) to determine the potential barriers to effective competence assessment of the OIM in controlling emergencies. The research is interdisciplinary and aims to develop new knowledge within the domains of safety engineering and law. The output from the research will assist industry Duty Holders improve the competence assessment of their appointed OIMs and allow safety engineers to consider the probable competence of an OIM at a given point in time. The research has identified 8 potential barriers to the effective competence assessment of OIMs in controlling emergencies. These are associated with the multiple definitions of competence that exist; the predominance of competence assessment by observation; the lack of definitive competence requirements for trainers and assessors; the complexity in UK legislation and the interaction between UK Government departments; concerns associated with goal setting legislation when applied to competence assessment and the lack of statutory competence requirements for OIMs in controlling emergencies; the lack of ownership of OIM competence and competence assessment; and the lack of regulation and independent audit of the competence assessment process of OIMs in controlling emergencies.

Wong Yiu Kwong Kenji. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-204). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Contents --- p.vi / List of Figure --- p.xii / List of Table --- p.xvi / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Vegetable oil production and their refining --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Vegetable oil production and consumption --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Vegetable oil refining steps --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Chemical refining vs. Physical refining --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Differences between chemical and physical refining --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Pros and Cons of the two refining practices --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Adoption criteria and popularity of refining methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Deodorizer distillate (DODc vs. DODp) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Compositions of DODc and DODp --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1.1. --- Squalene --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.2. --- Tocopherols --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.3. --- Phytosterols --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Usages of DODc and DODp and purification of phytochemicals --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1. --- Concentration of tocopherols and phytosterols --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.2. --- Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Alternative usage of DODp --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4. --- Usages of fatty acid mono-alkyl esters --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- As intermediate for Bio-surfactants --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Bio-lubricants --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- Biodiesel --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5. --- Production of biodiesel and its advantages and disadvantages --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1. --- Production of biodiesel --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1.1. --- Use of catalyst --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.1.2. --- "Molar ratios between methanol, sample and catalyst" --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.1.3. --- Temperature and pressure --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.1.4. --- Biodiesel purification --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Pros and Cons of using biodiesel --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.3. --- Sources of Biodiesel production --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6. --- Proposed strategy --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- Summary of the literatures reviewed --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.2. --- Hypothesis making --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3. --- Aim and objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.4. --- Significance of study --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.5. --- Study scheme --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1. --- Characterization of physically refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Collection & storage of DODp --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Determination of fatty acids composition --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Determination of acid number (ASTM D 664) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Determination of free fatty acid contents --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.5. --- Determination of unsaponifiable matter content --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.6. --- "Determination of squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents." --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.7. --- Deduction of natural glyceride contents --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8. --- "Other physical, chemical and biological analyses" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8.1. --- Elemental analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8.2. --- Nitrogen --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.3. --- Water and volatile matter content --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.4. --- Melting point and specific gravity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.5. --- Microbial counts --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol A --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1. --- Molar ratio of methanol: DODp --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.2. --- Molar ratio of DODp: sulfuric acid --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.3. --- Reaction temperature --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Feed rate --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- Distillation temperature --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.3. --- Speed of rotary blade --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Crystallization --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol B --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.1. --- Saponification number --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.2. --- Saponification --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Acidification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Esterification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Hot water washing --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Crystallization --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4. --- Quantity and quality assessments of FAMEs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Determination of purity and yield of FAMEs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Quality of FAMEs: Biodiesel Specifications in USA --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.1. --- Sulfated Ash (ASTM D 874) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.2. --- Copper strip corrosion test (ASTM D 130) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.2.3. --- Water and Sediment (ASTM D 2709) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.4. --- Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products (ASTM D 189) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.5. --- Determination of Free and Total Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters By Gas Chromatography (ASTM D 6584) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.2.6. --- Flash point (modified from ASTM D 93) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.7. --- Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ASTM D 4951) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.8. --- Kinematic Viscosity --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2.9. --- "Cetane index, Cloud Point and Distillation Temperature (ASTM D 613, ASTM D 2500 and ASTM D 90)" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Toxicity assays of FAMEs --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3.1. --- Acute toxicity to mice --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.3.2. --- Seed germination test --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.3.3. --- Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5. --- Quantity and quality assessments of phytochemical products --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Determination of purity and yield of phytochemicals in phytosterol and desterolized fractions --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Antioxidants activity of desterolized fraction --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2.1. --- ABTS scavenging activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2.2. --- Free radical scavenging activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells of phytosterols --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.1. --- Cell culture --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.2. --- Determination of optimal cell density for antiproliferative assays --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on H1299 and Hep G2. --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.3.4. --- Detection of action mechanism(s) of the anti-proliferative effects of β-sitosterol on H1299 and Hep G2 cancer cells --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- Result --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1. --- Characterization of Physically Refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Free fatty acids composition --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Acid number --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- "Free fatty acids, natural glyceride and unsaponifiable matter contents" --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- "Squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents" --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- Other physicochemical and biological analyses --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol A --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1.1. --- Methanol to DODp molar ratio --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1.2. --- DODp to sulfuric acid molar ratio --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.1.3. --- Reaction temperature --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.1.4. --- Calculation of esterification efficiency --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Feed rate --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Distillation temperature --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- Rotating blade speed --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Crystallization --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- Phytosterol preparations --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Desterolized fractions --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol B --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1.1. --- Saponification number --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1.2. --- Saponification --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- FAMEs product after esterification --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Crystallization --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.4.1. --- Phytosterol preparations --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.4.2. --- Desterolized fractions --- p.104 / Chapter 3.4. --- Quantity and Quality assessments of FAMEs --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- "FAMEs yield, purity and appearance" --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Specifications for Biodiesel in U.S.A --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Acute Toxicity assays of FAMEs --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.1. --- Acute toxicity to mice --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.2. --- Seed germination test --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.3. --- Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5. --- Quantity and Quality assessments of phytochemicals --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Phytochemicals recoveries and compositions in phytosterol preparations and desterolized fractions --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1.1. --- Phytosterols recoveries and compositions in phytosterol preparations --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1.2. --- Squalene and tocopherols recoveries and compositions in desterolized fraction --- p.115 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Antioxidant activities of desterolized fractions --- p.118 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- ABTS scavenging activity --- p.118 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Scavenging Activities of DPPH radicals --- p.120 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on cancer cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.3.1. --- Determination of optimal cell density for antiproliferative assays --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.3.2. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on H1299 --- p.126 / Chapter 3.5.3.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on Hep G2 --- p.132 / Chapter 3.5.3.4. --- Further investigation of anti-proliferative mechanism of β-sitosterol --- p.138 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1. --- Characteristics of Physically Refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Fatty acid contents and compositions --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- "Squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents" --- p.153 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Other physical and chemical analyses --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol A --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol B --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.160 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Production of FAMEs --- p.161 / Chapter 4.4. --- Purification of phytosterols --- p.162 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Purity and recovery of phytosterols --- p.162 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Purity and recovery of squalene and tocopherols in desterolized fractions --- p.163 / Chapter 4.5. --- Quantification of the Loss of Valuable products during Processing --- p.165 / Chapter 4.6. --- Quality assessment of FAMEs and phytochemicals --- p.170 / Chapter 4.6.1. --- Specifications for Biodiesel in USA --- p.170 / Chapter 4.6.2. --- Acute toxicities of FAMEs --- p.171 / Chapter 4.6.3. --- Antioxidant activities of desterolized fractions --- p.172 / Chapter 4.6.4. --- Anti-proliferative effects of phytosterols on cancer cells --- p.173 / Chapter 4.7. --- Comparisons of the two protocols --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Products from protocol A and B --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Characteristics of protocol A and B --- p.183 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Sustainable recycling technology --- p.184 / Chapter 4.7.4. --- Life cycle analysis --- p.185 / Chapter 4.8. --- Further investigation --- p.186 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.187 / Chapter 6. --- Reference --- p.189

This study is concerned with the relationship between the Iranian Oil Industry and Iranian economy. Oil revenues have been the largest source for financing economic development plans and for obtaining foreign exchange. In this paper, the history of the Iranian oil industry is summarized, and five previously implemented developmental plans are analyzed. Additionally, the impact of oil on some economic sectors and its contribution to GNP is examined. The strong correlation between oil reserves and the economy may bring a problem in the future when oil reserves run out. Iranian economists believe that the economy must be industrialized in order to reduce the economy's reliance on oil. This paper recommends that all the economic sectors, particularly agriculture, should receive careful consideration, even though the national goal is to industrialize the economy.