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Some oil refining companies have recently entered the field of exploration and production (E&P). Both the relatively high financial performances of E&P companies and the shrinking refining margin may motivate refiner’s decision to enter E&P. However, in making this decision, there are other factors to be considered. This study utilizes vertical integration and diversification theories to develop an integrated framework. This framework determines the factors which should be involved in a firm’s decision to enter another business area. In this theoretical approach and its application to Korean refining companies’ decision to enter into E&P, we discuss both the cost benefits and the advantages to acquiring strategic assets of the new business. As sources of short-term cost benefits, the paper discusses site specificity and regional performance. As long-term requirements, the paper explores the need to acquire E&P strategic assets. In early-stage decision making, the best mode may be a small equity investment in regional consortia. As a company acquires more and more strategic assets, it can decide to pursue global opportunities and/or to acquire an E&P company. / text

Being non-renewable source of energy, oil maintains the largest contributor to the energy mix of all counties in the world. Consequently, oil-refining industry is a field of particular concern for the governments and society. This work focuses on oil-refining industry in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. This topic is very sensitive for CEE counties due to continuously rising energy prices, vulnerability of the supply security and current EC regulations concerning emissions trade and common environment policy. This thesis aims to answer to question what will happen to the industry in CEE counties after implication of new EC regulations and development of the renewable sources of energy. For this purpose, SWOT analysis of the industry in different counties was performed, highlighting major strengths and potential threats. Further analysis describes major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, FDI and current problems of trade imbalance. Particular attention is given to the security of supply and dangerous dependency on the crude oil imports. The results show that some EC policies and regulations could be potentially perilous for the counties which have large crude reserves and developed oil-refining and petrochemical industry, influencing such factors as cost of production and competitiveness of the product in the market. However, further development of renewable sources is often the only option available for the counties with no fossil fuel reserves and poor developed refining infrastructure, aimed to eliminate ever-increasing energy dependency.

Constructd wetland system is one of the ecological engineering technologies used on wastewater treatments. In this study, we discussed the treatment efficiencies of oil refining and steel-milling wastewater by four lab-scale constructed wetland systems (0.8-m long by 0.4-m wide by 0.7-m deep), which were all filled with gravel media, and planted with Phragmites communis. The constructed wetland systems were designed into two types: free water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SSF) wetland systems, which were discharged with two different types of wastewater (oil refining and steel-milling). The experiments of this study were run by five stages. The experimental results showed that almost all of the contaminants could be reliably removed from wastewater by the constructed wetland systems, especially in the SSF systems. During the experiments, the second stage of the experiments had the best treatment efficiencies, in which the flowrate was controlled at 5mL/min. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) in FWS and in SSF werecalculated equal to 7.5days, and 5.36days, respectively.

In recent years, interest in wastewater treatment through constructed wetlands has been significantly increased because of their low cost and energy requirement. In this study, pilot-scale constructed wetland systems were developed to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness on the treatment of oil-refining and steel-milling wastewater. The constructed wetland used to treat the oil-refining wastewater included one free water surface system (FWS) filled with sandy media and one subsurface flow system filled with gravel media. The plants grown on the wetland were Phragmites communis. The hydraulic retention time for the two systems was approximately 7 and 5 days, respectively. A two-stage subsurface flow constructed wetland system was used to treat steel-milling wastewater. This system, which filled with gravel media were planted with Phragmites communis (the first stage) and Typha orientalis (the second stage). The hydraulic retention time for this system was approximately 7 days. Experimental results showed that the two constructed wetland systems for the oil-refining wastewater treatment could remove most of the wastewater pollutants. Moreover, the first system (FWS) played a more important role on the wastewater treatment. The efficiency of the first stage of the wetland system, which was used for steel-milling wastewater treatment was not significant due to the inhibition of the plant growth by the wastewater. However, the treatment efficiency was increased at the second stage after planting new plants. Results from the two-stage treatment system indicate that higher treatment efficiencies were observed except for ammonium. Results from this study would be very useful in the design of constructed wetlands for practical application to treat oil-refining and steel-milling wastewaters.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-06-20T22:54:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Marilia Abílio Ramos.pdf: 6997571 bytes, checksum: 1514e881a0919bde7d2b45038eed3a91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T22:54:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Marilia Abílio Ramos.pdf: 6997571 bytes, checksum: 1514e881a0919bde7d2b45038eed3a91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo) / Petrobras / The oil industry has grown in recent decades in terms of quantity of facilities and process complexity. However, human and material losses still occur due to major accidents at the facility. The analysis of these accidents reveals that many involve human failures that, if prevented, could avoid such accidents. These failures, in turn, can be identified, modeled and quantified through Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), which forms a basis for prioritization and development of safeguards for preventing or reducing the frequency of accidents. The most advanced and reliable HRA methods have been developed and applied in nuclear power plant operations, while the petroleum industry has usually applied Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) focusing on process safety in terms of technical aspects of the operation and equipment. This thesis demonstrates that the use of HRA in oil refining and petrochemical operations allows the identification and analysis of factors that can influence the behavior of operators as well as the potential human errors that can contribute to the occurrence of an accident. Existing HRA methodologies, however, were mainly developed for the nuclear industry. Thus, they may not reflect the specificities of refining and petrochemical plants regarding the interaction of the operators with the plant, the failure modes of the operators and the factors that influence their actions. Thus, this thesis presents an HRA methodology developed specifically for use in this industry, HERO - Human Error in Refinery Operations HRA Methodology. The Phoenix HRA methodology was used as a basis, which has three layers i) a crew response tree (CRT), which models the interaction between the crew and the plant; ii) a human response model, modeled through fault trees, that identifies the possible crew failures modes (CFMs); and (iii) "contextual factors" known as performance influencing factors (PIFs), modeled through Bayesian networks. In addition to building on such a structure, HERO's development relied on interviews with HRA specialists, visitations to a refinery and its control room, and analysis of past oil refineries accidents - four accidents were analyzed in detail. The methodology developed maintains the three-layer structure and has a guideline flowchart for the construction of the CRT, in order to model the team-plant interactions in oil refining and petrochemical operations; it also features CFMs and PIFs developed specifically for this industry, with definitions that make them easily relatable by an analyst. Finally, the methodology was applied to three potential accidental scenarios of refinery operations. In one of these scenarios, it was combined with a QRA to illustrate how an HRA can be applied to a traditional QRA and to demonstrate the influence of PIFs and of human error probability on the final risk. The use of this methodology for HRA of refineries and petrochemical plants operations can enhance this industry safety and allow for solid riskbased decisions. / A indústria de petróleo teve grande crescimento nas últimas décadas em termos de quantidade de instalações e complexidade de processo. No entanto, perdas humanas e materiais ainda ocorrem devido a acidentes graves nas instalações. A análise desses acidentes revela que muitos envolvem falhas humanas que poderiam ser prevenidas de forma a evitar tais acidentes. Estas falhas, por sua vez, podem ser identificadas, modeladas e quantificadas através da Análise de Confiabilidade Humana (ACH), que forma uma base para priorização e desenvolvimento de salvaguardas na prevenção ou redução da frequência de acidentes. Os métodos de ACH mais avançados e confiáveis têm sido desenvolvidos e aplicados nas operações de controle de plantas nucleares; já a indústria de petróleo tem usualmente aplicado a Análise Quantitativa de Risco (AQR) com foco na segurança de processo em termos técnicos da operação e equipamentos. Esta tese demonstra que o uso da ACH em operações de refino e petroquímica possibilita a identificação e análise dos fatores que podem influenciar o comportamento do operador bem como as potenciais falhas humanas que podem contribuir para a ocorrência de um acidente. As metodologias de ACH existentes, no entanto, foram desenvolvidas para a indústria nuclear. Desta forma, elas não refletem as especificidades de refino e petroquímica no que se refere à interação dos operadores com a planta, aos modos de falha dos operadores e aos fatores que influenciam suas ações. Assim, esta tese apresenta uma metodologia de ACH desenvolvida especificamente para uso nessa indústria, a HERO - Human Error in Refinery Operations HRA Methodology. Como base, utilizou-se a Metodologia Phoenix, que possui três camadas i) uma árvore de resposta da equipe (crew response tree - CRT), que modela a interação da equipe com a planta; ii) um modelo de resposta humana, modelado através de árvores de falhas, que identifica os possíveis modos de falhas da equipe (crew failures modes - CFMs); e iii) os “fatores contextuais” conhecidos como fatores de desempenho ou performance influencing factors (PIFs), modelados através de redes Bayesianas. Além de basear-se em tal estrutura, o desenvolvimento da HERO apoiou-se em entrevistas com especialistas em ACH, visitas a uma refinaria e sua sala de controle e na análise de estudos de acidentes passados em refinarias – foram analisados em detalhe quatro acidentes. A metodologia desenvolvida mantém a estrutura de três camadas e possui um fluxograma-guia para construção da CRT, de forma a modelar as interações equipe-planta na operação de refino e petroquímicas; ela também apresenta CFMs e PIFs desenvolvidos especificamente para esta indústria, com definições que os tornam facilmente identificáveis por um analista. Por fim, a metodologia foi aplicada a três cenários acidentais de operações de refinaria. Em um destes cenários, ela foi conjugada a uma AQR de forma a ilustrar como uma ACH pode ser aplicada a uma tradicional AQR e para demonstrar a influência dos PIFs e da Probabilidade de Erro Humano no risco final. Espera-se que o uso da metodologia proposta nesta tese poderá aumentar a segurança em refinarias e petroquímicas e permitir sólidas decisões baseadas no risco.

Yes / Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is regarded one of the most significant operations in the oil refining industries to convert feedstock (mainly vacuum gasoil) to valuable products (namely gasoline and diesel). The behavior of the fluidized catalytic cracking process is playing a main part on the overall benefits of refinery units and improving in process or control of fluidized catalytic cracking plants will result in exciting benefits economically. According to these highlights, this study is aimed to develop a new mathematical model for the FCC process taking into account the complex hydrodynamics of the reactor regenerator system with a new six lumps kinetic model for the riser. The mathematical model, simulation and optimization have done utilizing vacuum gas oil (VGO) as a feedstock and zeolite as a catalyst under the following operating conditions: temperature (733K, 783K, and 813K), weight hourly space velocity (5, 20 and 30hr−1) and catalyst to oil ratio (4, 7 and 10). The best kinetic parameters of the relevant reactions are estimated using the optimization technique based on the experimental results taken from literature. The effect of operating condition (mainly, reaction temp (T), catalyst to oil ratio (CTO) and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the product composition has also been discussed. The optimal kinetic parameters obtained from the pilot plant scale have been employed to develop an industrial FCC process, where optimal operating condition based on maximum conversion of VGO with minimum cost in addition to maximizing the octane number of gasoline (GLN), have been studied. Minimum coke content deposition the catalyst within the regenerator is also investigated here. New results (the highest conversion and octane number, and the lowest coke content) have obtained in comparison with those reported in the literature.

Orientador: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cren_ErikaCristina_D.pdf: 3396631 bytes, checksum: 2aba05c13e0a564804083d131df53687 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Alguns óleos vegetais são sensíveis às condições drásticas do processo de refino, físico ou químico, podendo assim apresentar problemas quando submetidos a estes processos, tais como perda de substâncias desejáveis, como os compostos nutracêuticos, escurecimento do óleo, além de perdas elevadas de óleo neutro. Desta forma a busca de alternativas no processamento de óleos vegetais se torna relevante. O processo de extração líquido-líquido vem sendo estudado como alternativa para a desacidificação destes óleos vegetais, pois utiliza condições brandas de processo. No entanto, esta técnica apresenta a desvantagem de demandar grandes volumes de solvente para a extração, havendo a necessidade de recuperação do solvente usado para sua futura reutilização. As resinas de troca iônica vêm sendo utilizadas em muitos segmentos da indústria de alimentos, para separação e purificação de ácidos orgânicos. Assim, resinas de troca iônica e de adsorção podem ser empregadas como complemento da extração líquido-líquido, em particular na remoção de ácidos graxos da corrente de extrato e na recuperação do solvente para sua reutilização posterior. Contudo, identifica-se também um potencial uso da resina de troca iônica na desacidificação direta de óleos vegetais brutos, sugerindo assim uma nova alternativa à desacidificação de óleos vegetais sensíveis às condições dos refinos tradicionais, uma vez que este processo também opera em condições brandas como a extração líquido-líquido, porém não necessita de grandes volumes de solvente para a desacidificação. Além disso, esta nova alternativa de refino permite que parte do solvente utilizado na extração de óleo da semente, polpa ou farelo, possa ser utilizada como solvente do processo de troca iônica, podendo ser misturado a outros solventes ou até mesmo substituído por outros na extração de óleo, uma vez que estudos vêm sendo feitos para substituir o hexano da extração devido à sua periculosidade. Este novo processo ainda visa reciclar todo o solvente utilizado para posterior reutilização no processo de refino. A nova alternativa também pode gerar eliminação de algumas etapas do processo tradicional de refino de óleos, uma vez que na proposta o hexano da extração pode ser parcialmente utilizado na troca iônica e eliminado completamente do óleo neutro em apenas uma coluna de destilação que pode operar a até 140o C, condição branda para alguns óleos nos quais se quer preservar características nutracêuticas. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar sistemas modelo que simulassem a corrente de extrato da extração líquido-líquido (etanol + acido oléico) e sistemas modelo que simulassem uma corrente de saída da extração de óleos vegetais (solventes butanol e/ou hexano + ácido oléico e solventes butanol e/ou hexano + ácido oléico + óleo vegetal), quanto à capacidade da resina de troca iônica remover a acidez livre daquelas correntes. Desta forma, os comportamentos destes sistemas em resina de troca iônica foram investigados. Foram realizados estudos de equilíbrio, cinética e em coluna (sistema contínuo), com respectivas modelagens a fim de obter parâmetros que descrevessem o comportamento de troca iônica para os sistemas propostos. Bons resultados foram obtidos, demonstrando o potencial para uso da resina para os fins propostos. Por fim, uma nova alternativa de processamento de óleos pode ser formulada empregando-se resinas de troca iônica / Abstract: Some edible oils are sensitive to the drastic conditions of the caustic and physical refining, some difficulties arise when such processes were used, like losses of neutral oil and nutraceutical substances. In this way, the investigation of new alternatives of processing edible oils is relevant. The liquid-liquid process has been investigated as alternative for the deacidification of such oils, because it uses mild conditions of processing. But this process has the disadvantage of demanding large amounts of solvent for the extraction, so that the solvent needs to be recovered for posterior utilization. Ion exchange resins have been used in many areas, for purification and separation of organics acids. In this way, it could be used as a complement of the liquid-liquid extraction, for removing fatty acids from the extract stream and recovering the solvent for posterior use. A potential use of ion exchange resins to directly deacidify crude oil was also identified, so a new alternative to the deacidification of edible oils that are sensitive to the drastic conditions of traditional refining was proposed. This new alternative of refining can use the solvent (hexane) employed in the extraction of the oil as solvent of the ion exchange process. This solvent could be mixed with other solvents or substituted by other less dangerous. In this new process a further objective is the recovery of all solvent used for posterior reutilization. This new process could eliminate some steps of the traditional refining, once that the hexane could be used partially on the ion exchange process and eliminate from the refined oil in only one stage, in mild conditions that preserve the nutraceutics characteristics of some oils. In this way, this work has as objectives the investigation of the deacidification by ion exchange resins of systems that simulate the extract of liquid-liquid extraction (ethanol + oleic acid) and systems that simulate the outlet stream of oil extraction from the seeds (solvent butanol or/and hexane + oleic acid and solvent butanol or/and hexane + oleic acid + rice oil). So the behavior of these systems in ion exchange resins was investigated. Experimental studies of equilibrium, kinetics and breakthrough were conducted and an appropriate modeling of the experimental results was also performed. The objective was to determine the parameters that describe the process of ion exchange for investigating the viability of using ion exchange resins in new processes of refining. Good results were obtained, indicating the possibility of using ion exchange resins for removing fatty acids from organic solutions / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Marcelo Pereira da Cunha, Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T19:54:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canto_SimoneTatianedo_M.pdf: 1446988 bytes, checksum: 3c884c3df852de562463eee9e45e87b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os indicadores de energia e emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na cadeia produtiva da gasolina e do óleo diesel mineral no Brasil, com uso do modelo de insumo-produto monetário e híbrido, de modo a realizar, também, uma comparação entre os seus resultados. O ano base utilizado foi de 2009, ano mais recente possível de estimar a matriz de insumo-produto a partir dos dados divulgados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os modelos (monetário e híbrido) contêm 25 setores e 114 produtos; a técnica permite que sejam computados todos os efeitos diretos e indiretos envolvidos na cadeia produtiva dos setores avaliados. A base de dados usada consistiu, basicamente, nas tabelas de recursos e usos do IBGE (relativas ao ano de 2009), bem como na matriz consolidada relativa aos setores e produtos energéticos (também de 2009) do Balanço Energético Nacional (BEN), divulgado pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE). Os resultados obtidos com os dois modelos foram muito próximos, tanto para a gasolina quanto para o óleo diesel; em geral, os efeitos indiretos capturados no modelo híbrido foram um pouco maiores dado o maior encadeamento entre os setores energéticos quando as transações setorias entre estas atividades são computadas em unidades físicas. Com o uso do modelo híbrido, os principais resultados obtidos são de 1,201 ktep e 1,202 ktep de energia incorporados em cada 1 ktep de gasolina e óleo diesel, respectivamente; com relação às emissões de GEE, os indicadores encontrados são de 75,32 gCO2eq/MJ para a gasolina e 86,91 gCO2eq/MJ para o óleo diesel / Abstract: The goal of this study is to evaluate energy and GHG emissions indicators for gasoline and diesel oil in Brazil; the methodology chosen was the Input-Output (IO) Analysis. For this purpose, an economic IO model and a hybrid IO model were made to provide a comparison between them. The analysis considers 2009 as base year, because this is the most recent year which is possible to estimate the Brazilian input-output matrix from official data when the project started. Both models (economic and hybrid) have 25 sectors and 114 commodities; the approach allows all direct and indirect effects through production chain to be estimated. The main data collected and used to build the models were the use and make matrices (provided by The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ¿ IBGE) and the consolidated matrix with energy flows for primary and secondary energy sources (provided by The Brazilian Energy Research Company ¿ EPE). The results obtained with both models are very similar, considering gasoline as well as diesel oil; in general, the indirect effects captured by the hybrid model are a little bit higher due to the stronger linkage among the energy sectors when the transactions through these activities are accounted in physic (energy) units. From hybrid model, the main results are 1,201 toe and 1,202 toe embodied energy for 1 toe of gasoline and diesel oil, respectively; with respect to GHG emissions, the indicators are 75.32 gCO2eq/MJ to gasoline and 86.91 gCO2eq/MJ to diesel oil / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

This investigation is a study of the issues involved in the disputed cases pertaining to the Oil Refining Industry which were certified to the Eighth Regional War Labor Board serving Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana during World War II.