No description available.

In view of current interest in several oligopeptide drugs currently being investigated for controlled implantable delivery, glycine, diglycine, triglycine, tetraglycine and pentaglycine were chosen as model compounds for encapsulation in biodegradable microspheres of DL-polylactide (DL-PLA) by a technique based on oil-in-oil emulsion and the solvent evaporation principle. A DL-polylactide concentration of 10.3% w/w and emulsifier (sorbitan sesquioleate) concentration of 0.3% v/v produced good yields of microspheres with excellent entrapment when processed under following conditions: emulsion time, 1 min; solvent evaporation time, 2 min; internal phase-external phase ratio, 1:7; stirring speed, 1100 rpm; emulsion temperature, 5$\sp\circ$C; and maximum processing temperature, 35$\sp\circ$C. Microspheres prepared as above at four different loadings (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% w/w) were analyzed for morphological and in vitro release characteristics. Analysis of the release data and scanning electron photographs suggested that the release of glycine and its homopeptides from DL-PLA microspheres was most likely by diffusion through the matrix. However, for models having low aqueous solubility, e.g., tetra- and pentaglycine, dissolution played a rate-limiting role. Microspheres of glycine prepared with DL-PLA plasticized with 10% triacetin demonstrated the slowest release, with the first 50% entrapped glycine released over four days and next 25% released at a constant rate over 17 days. This was in sharp contrast to unplasticized microspheres from which glycine was completely leached out in 24 h. Interestingly, while the plasticizer decreased the rate of release of glycine, it appeared to promote the degradation of the polymer DL-PLA.

L'unité structurale de la chromatine, nommée nucléosome, est composée d'un double brin d'ADN enroulé autour d'un octamère d'histone, et subit une pléthore de modifications post-traductionnelles. Les conséquences biologiques de l’acétylation des lysines et de l’isomérisation des liaisons peptidyl-prolyl ont été étudiées à travers une analyse à l’échelle atomique par RMN de systèmes d'intérêt reconstitués in vitro. Les liaisons peptidyl-prolyl du domaine N-terminal de l'histone H3 sont substrats in vitro d’une isomérase chez S. cerevisiae nommée Fpr4p, laquelle exerce un contrôle catalyse-dépendant de la transcription. La résolution de la structure du domaine catalytique de Fpr4p, à partir de contraintes géométriques mesurées par RMN, révéla un domaine canonique de la famille FKBP (FK506-binding protein). Grâce à l'analyse de la séquence primaire et aux expériences RMN, nous proposons un modèle structural préliminaire de Fpr4p entière. L'analyse fonctionnelle est réalisée grâce à trois décapeptides construits à partir de la séquence primaire de H3 chez S. cerevisiae. Ils sont tous substrats de Fpr4p et la catalyse est équivalente pour Pro16 et Pro30. La proportion à l'équilibre du conformère cis fut déterminée pour les trois peptides et celle-ci n'est pas affectée par l'activité catalytique de Fpr4p. Les structures en solution des substrats en conformation trans ont été résolues par spectroscopie RMN, et seront utilisées pour des appariements moléculaires in silico sur le domaine catalytique de Fpr4p. Pour étudier le rôle biologique de l'acétylation des histones, une méthodologie de production de protéines acétylées a été développée. Le protocole repose sur la mutation d'une lysine en cystéine d'une protéine recombinante, suivie d'une alkylation contrôlée exploitant la nucléophilie du groupe thiol préalablement introduit. La production de l'agent alkylant adéquat est simple, rapide, réalisable dans un laboratoire de biologie et permet différents marquages isotopiques du groupe acétyle. L'alkylation d'une protéine repliée fut réalisée avec succès en conditions natives. Le dimère d'histone H2A-H2B, un intermédiaire de l'assemblage du nucléosome et siège d'acétylation in vivo, fut reconstruit in vitro. Les déplacements chimiques des domaines N et C-terminaux de H2A sont cohérents avec un état intrinsèquement déstructuré bien que leurs dynamiques moléculaires ne soient pas équivalentes. / The structural unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, is composed of double-stranded DNA wrapped around a histone octamer and is subject to a plethora of post-translational modifications. The biological consequences of peptidyl-prolyl isomerization and lysine acetylation were investigated at atomic scale through analysis of in vitro reconstituted systems by NMR. Peptidyl-prolyl bonds of histone H3 N-terminal domain are substrates in vitro of an isomerase from S. cerevisiae named Fpr4p, which underlies transcriptional control dependent on its catalytic activity. The solution structure of the catalytic domain of Fpr4p was calculated based on restraints from NMR spectroscopy, and reveals a canonical catalytic domain belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family. Based on primary sequence analysis and NMR experiments, a preliminary structural model of full length Fpr4p is also presented. Functional analyses were performed with three decapeptides designed from the primary sequence from the N-terminal tail of S. cerevisiae histone H3. All three constitute substrates of Fpr4p, with equivalent catalysis observed for Pro16 and Pro30. The equilibrium proportion of the cis-proline conformer has been determined for all three decapeptides, and these populations are unaffected by Fpr4p catalytic activity. Structural ensembles of the substrates with proline in the trans conformation were determined by using NMR spectroscopy, and will be subsequently used for in silico molecular docking onto Fpr4p. To study a second form of histone regulation, a semi-synthetic method to produce acetylated protein was developed. The protocol relies on the site-specific mutation of lysine to cysteine in recombinant proteins followed by controlled alkylation thanks to nucleophilicity of the introduced thiol. The production of the required alkylation reagent is easy, quick, and suitable for biology laboratory and allows diverse isotopic labeling within the acetyl group. Alkylation of folded proteins has also been achieved in native conditions. As one target of acetylation in vivo, the histone H2A-H2B dimer is an intermediate of nucleosome assembly and was reconstituted in vitro. Chemical shift values of the N- and C-terminal domains of H2A are in agreement with an intrinsically disordered state although they display differences in dynamic mobility.

Neste estudo focamos no papel de cinco transportadores da família ABC (ATP-binding cassete) envolvidos com a captação ativa de oligopeptídeos, poliaminas, fosfato inorgânico, glutamato e glutamina, em duas espécies bacterianas: Streptococcus mutans, que causa a cárie, e Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), responsável por diarreias e síndrome hemolítica urêmica em humanos. Com relação a inativação do sistema de transporte de oligopeptídeos de S. mutans não observamos alteração do crescimento bacteriano ou da aderência à superfícies abióticas. A deleção do sistema de captação de poliaminas não interferiu com o crescimento em meio rico, porém aumentou a resistência à ambiente ácidos. Inativação do sistema de transporte de fosfato inorgânico reduziu a aderência de S. mutans. Sobre os sistemas de transporte de glutamato e glutamina, mutantes de S. mutans apresentaram alterações nas taxas de crescimento e adesão à superfícies. Inativação da proteína OppA de EHEC não afetou a produção da toxina Stx bem como a patogenicidade in vitro e in vivo de EHEC. Em suma, o presente estudo demonstra que o papel dos transportadores ABC na fisiologia e patogenicidade de bactérias pode variar de acordo com a espécies bem como com o substrato transportado. / This study focuses on the role of five ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport systems related to active uptake of oligopeptides, polyamines, inorganic phosphate, glutamate and glutamine. In this work we study two bacterial species: Streptococcus mutans, which causes caries, and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), responsible for diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. The inactivation of the S. mutans oligopeptide transport system did not change the bacterial growth and adherence to abiotic surfaces. Inactivation of the polyamine uptake system did not interfere with growth in rich medium, but increased the survival of bacteria in acid environments. Inactivation of the inorganic phosphate transport system reduced the adherence of S. mutans. Regarding the glutamate and glutamine transport systems, the S. mutans mutants showed changes in growth rates and adhesion to abiotic surfaces. Inactivation of the EHEC OppA protein, did not affect the production of the Stx toxin neither affected the in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of the strain. Collectively, the present study shows that the roles of ABC transporters in the physiology and pathogenicity of bacteria may vary according to the species involved as well as the substrate transported.

O sistema de transporte de oligopeptídios (sistema Opp) está envolvido em diferentes aspectos da fisiologia bacteriana, incluindo nutrição, comunicação intercelular e fatores associados com a virulência. Estes transportadores ABC são formados por uma proteína de ligação a oligopeptídios, uma permease e um domínio de ligação ao ATP. As Aeromonas são bactérias Gram-negativas aquáticas ubíquas associadas com várias doenças em humanos, especialmente, gastrenterites. Atualmente, A. hydrophila, A. sobria e A. caviae são consideradas como patogenos emergentes pela OMS. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar o sistema de transporte de oligopeptídios em Aeromonas utilizando para tanto diversas ferramentas bioinformáticas e moleculares. Os resultados mostraram que, assim como em outras bactérias Gram-negativas, os genes opp de Aeromonas encontram-se organizados em um único operon policistrônico formado por cinco genes (oppA, oppB, oppC, oppD e oppF). O gene oppA e a proteína periplásmica de ligação a oligopeptídios correspondente (OppA) são altamente conservados, mesmo entre bactérias de famílias distintas. O modelo da proteína OppA de A. hydrophila mostrou a estrutura típica Venus flytrap , semelhante ao modelo de S. typhimurium. Além disso, a presença do gene oppA foi confirmada em todas as linhagens avaliadas. A OppA de várias espécies de Aeromonas foram reconhecidas por anticorpos obtidos contra a OppA de E. coli, confirmando a similaridade entre estas proteínas, e a expressão da OppA em Aeromonas. O seqüenciamento completo ou parcial do gene oppA de diferentes espécies de Aeromonas permitiu confirmar a elevada conservação do mesmo, e corroborar dados filogenéticos prévios. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T17:08:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Cattani.pdf: 1029794 bytes, checksum: cca1fad2170203cf94cc3056e3a6381b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T17:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Cattani.pdf: 1029794 bytes, checksum: cca1fad2170203cf94cc3056e3a6381b (MD5) / The oligopeptide transport system (Opp system) is involved in different aspects of bacterial physiology, including nutrition, intercellular communication, and factors associated with virulence. These ABC transporters are formed by an oligopeptide binding protein, a permease, and ATP-binding domain. Aeromonas are ubiquous aquatic Gram-negative bacteria associated with several human diseases, particularly gastrointestinal disorders. Now a day, A. hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae are considered as emerging pathogens by the WHO. In this context, the objective of the present study was to characterize the oligopeptide transport system of Aeromonas using several bioinformatic and molecular tools. The results showed that as in other Gram-negative bacteria, the opp genes of Aeromonas are organized in a single policistronic operon formed by five genes (oppA, oppB, oppC, oppD and oppF). The oppA gene and its corresponding periplasmic oligopeptide-binding protein (OppA) are highly conserved, even between different bacterial families. A. hydrophila OppA model exhibits a typical Venus flytrap structure, similar to the S. typhimurium model. Furthermore, the presence of the oppA gene was confirmed in all the Aeromonas strains evaluated. The OppA of several Aeromonas species were recognized by antibodies obtained against E. coli OppA, confirming the similarity between these proteins, and the expression of the oligopeptide binding protein in Aeromonas. The complete or partial sequencing of the gene oppA of different species of Aeromonas allowed confirming the high conservation of this gene, and corroborate previous phylogenetic data.

O sistema de transporte de oligopeptídios (sistema Opp) está envolvido em diferentes aspectos da fisiologia bacteriana, incluindo nutrição, comunicação intercelular e fatores associados com a virulência. Estes transportadores ABC são formados por uma proteína de ligação a oligopeptídios, uma permease e um domínio de ligação ao ATP. As Aeromonas são bactérias Gram-negativas aquáticas ubíquas associadas com várias doenças em humanos, especialmente, gastrenterites. Atualmente, A. hydrophila, A. sobria e A. caviae são consideradas como patogenos emergentes pela OMS. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar o sistema de transporte de oligopeptídios em Aeromonas utilizando para tanto diversas ferramentas bioinformáticas e moleculares. Os resultados mostraram que, assim como em outras bactérias Gram-negativas, os genes opp de Aeromonas encontram-se organizados em um único operon policistrônico formado por cinco genes (oppA, oppB, oppC, oppD e oppF). O gene oppA e a proteína periplásmica de ligação a oligopeptídios correspondente (OppA) são altamente conservados, mesmo entre bactérias de famílias distintas. O modelo da proteína OppA de A. hydrophila mostrou a estrutura típica Venus flytrap , semelhante ao modelo de S. typhimurium. Além disso, a presença do gene oppA foi confirmada em todas as linhagens avaliadas. A OppA de várias espécies de Aeromonas foram reconhecidas por anticorpos obtidos contra a OppA de E. coli, confirmando a similaridade entre estas proteínas, e a expressão da OppA em Aeromonas. O seqüenciamento completo ou parcial do gene oppA de diferentes espécies de Aeromonas permitiu confirmar a elevada conservação do mesmo, e corroborar dados filogenéticos prévios. / The oligopeptide transport system (Opp system) is involved in different aspects of bacterial physiology, including nutrition, intercellular communication, and factors associated with virulence. These ABC transporters are formed by an oligopeptide binding protein, a permease, and ATP-binding domain. Aeromonas are ubiquous aquatic Gram-negative bacteria associated with several human diseases, particularly gastrointestinal disorders. Now a day, A. hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae are considered as emerging pathogens by the WHO. In this context, the objective of the present study was to characterize the oligopeptide transport system of Aeromonas using several bioinformatic and molecular tools. The results showed that as in other Gram-negative bacteria, the opp genes of Aeromonas are organized in a single policistronic operon formed by five genes (oppA, oppB, oppC, oppD and oppF). The oppA gene and its corresponding periplasmic oligopeptide-binding protein (OppA) are highly conserved, even between different bacterial families. A. hydrophila OppA model exhibits a typical Venus flytrap structure, similar to the S. typhimurium model. Furthermore, the presence of the oppA gene was confirmed in all the Aeromonas strains evaluated. The OppA of several Aeromonas species were recognized by antibodies obtained against E. coli OppA, confirming the similarity between these proteins, and the expression of the oligopeptide binding protein in Aeromonas. The complete or partial sequencing of the gene oppA of different species of Aeromonas allowed confirming the high conservation of this gene, and corroborate previous phylogenetic data.

Neste estudo focamos no papel de cinco transportadores da família ABC (ATP-binding cassete) envolvidos com a captação ativa de oligopeptídeos, poliaminas, fosfato inorgânico, glutamato e glutamina, em duas espécies bacterianas: Streptococcus mutans, que causa a cárie, e Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), responsável por diarreias e síndrome hemolítica urêmica em humanos. Com relação a inativação do sistema de transporte de oligopeptídeos de S. mutans não observamos alteração do crescimento bacteriano ou da aderência à superfícies abióticas. A deleção do sistema de captação de poliaminas não interferiu com o crescimento em meio rico, porém aumentou a resistência à ambiente ácidos. Inativação do sistema de transporte de fosfato inorgânico reduziu a aderência de S. mutans. Sobre os sistemas de transporte de glutamato e glutamina, mutantes de S. mutans apresentaram alterações nas taxas de crescimento e adesão à superfícies. Inativação da proteína OppA de EHEC não afetou a produção da toxina Stx bem como a patogenicidade in vitro e in vivo de EHEC. Em suma, o presente estudo demonstra que o papel dos transportadores ABC na fisiologia e patogenicidade de bactérias pode variar de acordo com a espécies bem como com o substrato transportado. / This study focuses on the role of five ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport systems related to active uptake of oligopeptides, polyamines, inorganic phosphate, glutamate and glutamine. In this work we study two bacterial species: Streptococcus mutans, which causes caries, and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), responsible for diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. The inactivation of the S. mutans oligopeptide transport system did not change the bacterial growth and adherence to abiotic surfaces. Inactivation of the polyamine uptake system did not interfere with growth in rich medium, but increased the survival of bacteria in acid environments. Inactivation of the inorganic phosphate transport system reduced the adherence of S. mutans. Regarding the glutamate and glutamine transport systems, the S. mutans mutants showed changes in growth rates and adhesion to abiotic surfaces. Inactivation of the EHEC OppA protein, did not affect the production of the Stx toxin neither affected the in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of the strain. Collectively, the present study shows that the roles of ABC transporters in the physiology and pathogenicity of bacteria may vary according to the species involved as well as the substrate transported.

Chez les bactéries sporulantes du genre Bacillus, des mécanismes importants tels que la sporulation et la virulence sont régulés par des systèmes de communication cellulaire qui impliquent des peptides de signalisation et des régulateurs de la famille RNPP (Rap, NprR, PlcR, PrgX). L'objectif de mon travail de thèse a été de déterminer le rôle du régulateur NprR chez les bactéries du groupe B. cereus. Ce travail se divise en trois parties complémentaires. La première partie a consisté à montrer que NprR est impliqué dans un système de communication cellulaire. Nous avons montré que NprR est un régulateur transcriptionnel de début de phase stationnaire qui est dépendant du peptide de signalisation NprX. Associé à NprX, NprR active la transcription du gène nprA qui code pour une protéase extracellulaire. Nous avons démontré que le peptide NprX est sécrété, maturé puis réimporté dans la cellule bactérienne par deux systèmes d'oligopeptide perméase (Opp et Npp). Une fois dans la cellule, la forme mature de NprX (vraisemblablement l'heptapeptide SKPDIVG) se lie à NprR et permet la transcription du gène nprA. Nous avons ensuite cherché à déterminer la fonction de ce régulateur au cours du cycle infectieux de B. thuringiensis (Bt) chez l'insecte. Nous avons montré que NprR est actif après la mort de l'insecte et permet aux bactéries de survivre, sous forme de cellules végétatives, dans les cadavres. Une analyse transcriptomique indique que NprR régule l'expression d'au moins 41 gènes qui codent notamment pour des enzymes dégradatives et un locus de gènes impliqués dans la production d'un peptide synthétisé de façon non ribosomique (la kurstakine). Nous avons démontré que les gènes codant pour les enzymes dégradatives s'expriment spécifiquement après la mort de l'hôte et que les produits de ces gènes sont essentiels pour hydrolyser différents substrats (protéines, lipides, chitine), ce qui suggère que Bt a un mode de vie nécrotrophe dans le cadavre. La kurstakine est essentielle pour la survie de Bt pendant son développement nécrotrophe et nous avons montré que cette molécule est nécessaire pour le swarming et la formation de biofilm. Par ailleurs, un mutant du gène nprR ne se développe pas et ne sporule pas efficacement dans le cadavre. L'ensemble de nos résultats indiquent que le necrotrophisme est un mode de vie hautement régulé, qui est essentiel dans le cycle infectieux de Bt car il contribue à la transmission horizontale de ce micro-organisme. Enfin, nous avons étudié la régulation de l'expression des gènes nprR et nprX. Nous avons montré que les gènes nprR-nprX sont co-transcrits à partir d'un promoteur dépendant de sigma-A (PA) situé en amont du gène nprR. La transcription à partir de ce promoteur débute lors de l'entrée en phase stationnaire et est contrôlée par deux régulateurs transcriptionnels: CodY et PlcR. Le répresseur CodY pourrait se lier à l'ADN en amont du promoteur PA et réprimer la transcription des gènes nprR-nprX pendant la phase exponentielle de croissance. Au début de la phase stationnaire, le contrôle négatif de CodY est levé et PlcR active la transcription de nprR-nprX en se liant à une boîte PlcR située en amont de PA. Nos résultats indiquent que nprX est également transcrit indépendamment de nprR à partir de deux promoteurs, PH et PE, respectivement dépendant de sigma-H et sigma-E. Les deux promoteurs permettent d'assurer la transcription de nprX en phase stationnaire tardive alors que la transcription à partir du promoteur PA est achevée. Cette étude met en évidence le role clé des régulateurs CodY, PlcR and Spo0A dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes nprR-nprX.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) possess large surface areas and ample pore space that can be readily modified with specific functional groups for targeted binding of bioactive materials to be transported through cellular barriers. Engineered silica nanoparticles (ESNP) have been used extensively to deliver bio-active materials to target intracellular sites, including as non-viral vectors for nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) delivery such as for siRNA induced interference. The reverse process guided by the same principles is called “nanoharvesting”, where valuable biomolecules are carried out and separated from living and functioning organisms using nano-carriers. This dissertation focuses on ESNP design principles for both applications. To investigate the bioactive materials loading, the adsorption of antioxidant flavonoids was investigated on titania (TiO2) functionalized MSNPs (mean particle diameter ~170 nm). The amount of flavonoid adsorbed onto particle surface was a strong function of active group (TiO2) grafting and a 100-fold increase in the adsorption capacity was observed relative to nonporous particles with similar TiO2 coverage. Active flavonoid was released from the particle surface using citric acid-mediated ligand displacement. Afterwards, nanoharvesting of flavonoids from plant hairy roots is demonstrated using ESNP in which TiO2 and amine functional groups are used as specific binding sites and positive surface charge source, respectively. Isolation of therapeutics was confirmed by increased pharmacological activity of the particles. After nanoharvesting, roots are found to be viable and capable of therapeutic re-synthesis. In order to identify the underlying nanoparticle uptake mechanism, TiO2 content of the plant roots was quantified with exposure to nanoparticles. Temperature (4 or 23 °C) dependent particle recovery, in which time dependent release of ESNP from plant cells showed a similar trend, indicated an energy independent process (passive transport). To achieve the selective separation and nanoharvesting of higher value therapeutics, amine functionalized MSNPs were conjugated with specific functional oligopeptides using a hetero-bifunctional linker. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to confirm and determine binding efficiency using fluorescently attached peptides. Binding of targeted compounds was confirmed by solution depletion using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The conjugation strategy is generalizable and applicable to harvest the pharmaceuticals produced in plants by selecting a specific oligopeptide that mimic the appropriate binding sites. For related gene delivery applications, the thermodynamic interaction of amine functionalized MSNPs with double-stranded (ds) RNA was investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The heat of interaction was significantly different for particles with larger pore size (3.2 and 7.6 nm) compared to that of small pore particles (1.6 nm) and nonporous particles. Interaction of dsRNA also depended on molecular length, as longer RNA (282 base pair) was unable to load into 1.6 nm particles, consistent with previous confocal microscopy observations. Calculated thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy, entropy and free energy of interaction) are essential to design pore size dependent dsRNA loading, protection and delivery using MSNP carriers. While seemingly diverse, the highly tunable nature of ESNP and their interactions with cells are broadly applicable, and enable facile nano-harvesting and delivery based on a continuous uptake-expulsion mechanism.

<p>Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, where mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are implicated in this process. However, the exact mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation leading to the onset and development of Parkinson’s disease are not well understood. There is a lack of tools necessary to dissect these mechanisms, therefore we engineered genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors to monitor redox status and an inflammatory signal peptide with high spatiotemporal resolution. To measure intracellular redox dynamics, we developed red-shifted redox sensors and demonstrated their application in dual compartment imaging to study cross compartmental redox dynamics in live cells. To monitor extracellular inflammatory events, we developed a family of spectrally diverse genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for the inflammatory mediator peptide, bradykinin. At the organismal level, we characterized the locomotor effects of mitochondrial toxicant-induced dopaminergic disruption in a zebrafish animal model and evaluated a behavioral assay as a method to screen for dopaminergic dysfunction. Pairing our intracellular redox sensors and our extracellular bradykinin sensors in a Parkinson’s disease animal model, such as a zebrafish toxicant-induced model will prove useful for dissecting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. </p>