Today’s wireless users expect great things from tomorrow’s wireless networks. These expectations have been fueled by hype about what the next generations of wireless networks will offer. The rapid increase of wireless subscribers increases the quality of services anytime, anywhere, and by any-media becoming indispensable. Integration of various networks such as CDMA2000 and wireless LAN into IP-based networks is required in these kinds of services, which further requires a seamless vertical handoff to 4th generation wireless networks. The proposed handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA2000 cellular network is implemented. The results of the simulation shows the behavior of the handoff and the time spent in WLAN or CDMA. The number of weak signal beacons determines whether a handoff is required or not. In this algorithm, traffic is classified into real-time and non real-time services.

Ambulance response time is a key measure used to assess EMS system performance. However, the speed with which ambulances respond to emergencies can be highly variable. In some cases, this is due to geography. In dense urban areas for example, the distances traveled are short, but traffic and other hindrances such as traffic calming measures and high rise elevators cause delays, while rural areas involve greater distances and longer travel times. There are two major components of response time: first, pre-travel delay to prepare for ambulance dispatch, and second the actual travel time to the callers location. Response time standards are often established in order to provide fast and reliable service to the most severely ill patients. Standards typically specify the percentage of time an emergency response team can get to a call within a certain time threshold. This is referred to as “coverage”. This thesis deals with the development of a new response time model that predicts not only the mean response time, but estimates its variability. The models are developed based on historical data provided by the Region of Waterloo EMS and will permit the Region to predict EMS coverage. By analyzing the historical data, we found that response times from EMS stations to geographical locations within the Region of Waterloo are characterized by lognormal distributions. For a particular station – location pair we can thus use this information to predict coverage if we are able to specify the parameters of the distribution. We do this by characterizing the travel time and pre-travel delay times separately, and then adding the two to estimate coverage. We will use a previously proposed model that estimates the mean travel time from a station to a demand point as a function of road types traversed. We also compare the results of this model with another well known model and show that the first model is suitable to apply to the Region of Waterloo. In order to estimate the standard deviation of the response time, we propose a simple but effective model that estimates the standard deviation as a function of mean response time.

It is known that orderings can be formed with settling time domination and strong settling time domination as relations on c.e. sets. However, it has been shown that no such ordering can be formed when considering computation time domination as a relation on $n$-c.e. sets where $n \geq 3$. This will be extended to the case of $2$-c.e. sets, showing that no ordering can be derived from computation time domination on $n$-c.e. sets when $n\geq 2$. Additionally, we will observe properties of the orderings given by settling time domination and strong settling time domination on c.e. sets, respectively denoted as $\mathcal{E}_{st}$ and $\mathcal{E}_{sst}$. More specifically, it is already known that any countable partial ordering can be embedded into $\mathcal{E}_{st}$ and any linear ordering with no infinite ascending chains can be embedded into $\mathcal{E}_{sst}$. Continuing along this line, we will show that any finite partial ordering can be embedded into $\mathcal{E}_{sst}$.

Ambulance response time is a key measure used to assess EMS system performance. However, the speed with which ambulances respond to emergencies can be highly variable. In some cases, this is due to geography. In dense urban areas for example, the distances traveled are short, but traffic and other hindrances such as traffic calming measures and high rise elevators cause delays, while rural areas involve greater distances and longer travel times. There are two major components of response time: first, pre-travel delay to prepare for ambulance dispatch, and second the actual travel time to the callers location. Response time standards are often established in order to provide fast and reliable service to the most severely ill patients. Standards typically specify the percentage of time an emergency response team can get to a call within a certain time threshold. This is referred to as “coverage”. This thesis deals with the development of a new response time model that predicts not only the mean response time, but estimates its variability. The models are developed based on historical data provided by the Region of Waterloo EMS and will permit the Region to predict EMS coverage. By analyzing the historical data, we found that response times from EMS stations to geographical locations within the Region of Waterloo are characterized by lognormal distributions. For a particular station – location pair we can thus use this information to predict coverage if we are able to specify the parameters of the distribution. We do this by characterizing the travel time and pre-travel delay times separately, and then adding the two to estimate coverage. We will use a previously proposed model that estimates the mean travel time from a station to a demand point as a function of road types traversed. We also compare the results of this model with another well known model and show that the first model is suitable to apply to the Region of Waterloo. In order to estimate the standard deviation of the response time, we propose a simple but effective model that estimates the standard deviation as a function of mean response time.

It is known that orderings can be formed with settling time domination and strong settling time domination as relations on c.e. sets. However, it has been shown that no such ordering can be formed when considering computation time domination as a relation on $n$-c.e. sets where $n \geq 3$. This will be extended to the case of $2$-c.e. sets, showing that no ordering can be derived from computation time domination on $n$-c.e. sets when $n\geq 2$. Additionally, we will observe properties of the orderings given by settling time domination and strong settling time domination on c.e. sets, respectively denoted as $\mathcal{E}_{st}$ and $\mathcal{E}_{sst}$. More specifically, it is already known that any countable partial ordering can be embedded into $\mathcal{E}_{st}$ and any linear ordering with no infinite ascending chains can be embedded into $\mathcal{E}_{sst}$. Continuing along this line, we will show that any finite partial ordering can be embedded into $\mathcal{E}_{sst}$.

Winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata) a native shrub has superior forage quality for livestock and wildlife, and is important in the structure and the function of the Northern Mixed Prairie of North America. Seedbeds in the Northern Mixed Prairie are characterized by high fluctuations in temperature and soil water, especially at the soil surface during the spring under unpredictable weather conditions. High seedling mortality is a major limitation for establishing winterfat from direct seeding. Objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify germination responses to temperature and water potential; 2) predict seed germination and seedling emergence using constructed threshold models; and 3) investigate physiological mechanisms and the ecological relevance of model parameters. The constructed thermal and hydrothermal time models predicted germination time in most controlled temperature and water potential regimes with the modification of model assumptions in winterfat. For the first time, it was proved that winterfat seeds have a subzero base temperatures (Tb) for germination, achieving 43 to 67% germination at 3oC. The estimated Tb was lower in the large seeds (-4.5oC) than in the small seeds (-3.5oC) and the difference between seed collections was also about 1oC. Lower Tb favors large seeds to accumulate more thermal time at a given temperature, especially in early spring or fall when temperatures are low. Basic assumptions of hydrothermal time model, such as the constancy of model parameters, are invalid in winterfat. Model parameters varied with water potential, temperature and seed size within a seed collection. The predictability of constructed models is acceptable for seedling emergence only at optimal conditions in the field. Adverse seedbed conditions such as high soil temperatures (> 15oC) and limited soil water (< -0.5 MPa) reduced predictability of seedling emergence with the hydrothermal time model. Pre- and post-germination events that affect seed deterioration, seedling mortality and seedling elongation may reduce the predictability of the hydrothermal time model. Small seeds required approximately twice as long as large seeds to reach 50% germination at -1 to -3oC. Greater cold tolerance in large seeds was correlated with greater membrane integrity, less cold imbibition damage, higher contents of soluble cryoprotective sugars, such as glucose, raffinose and sucrose during germination at low temperature. These sugars prevent from dysfunctions of cell membrane and enzymes at freezing temperatures.

In an LTE (Long-Term Evolution) network, HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) is used to reduce the error probability of retransmitted packets. However, HARQ cannot guarantee delay constraints for real-time traffic when RBs (Resource Blocks) are allocated improperly. To avoid the retransmitted real-time packets exceeding their delay constraints, we propose an HARQ scheduling scheme based on RTT (Round-Trip-Time) estimation. In this scheme, traffic are classified into real-time and non-real-time queues in which real-time queue are further classified into four sub-queues according to their retransmission times; i.e., the first transmission queue, the first retransmission queue, the second retransmission queue, and the third retransmission queue. For the four real-time queues, we estimate RTT and compute the number of RBs required satisfying the delay constraints. To prevent from starvation of non-real-time traffic, after allocating the RBs for real-time traffic, the remaining RBs are allocated for non-real-time traffic according to their MBR (Minimum Bit Rate). To analyze the proposed scheduling scheme, we build a mathematical model to derive the successful probability of retransmitted packets and the expected value of packet retransmission times. Finally, we compute average packet delay, average packet loss rate, and the throughput for both real-time and none-real-time traffic by varying packet error probability and the delay constraints of real-time traffic.

In Taiwan, people accepting a higher education are increasing day by day, most of the persons who take an advanced study with the graduate schools. In recent years, the implementation of the recurrent education policy, offer to individuals return to school with the chance to receive a higher education. But as to on-the-job master programme students, it makes students' social role tend towards pluralism and complicated. To participate in receiving an education, they must give consideration to the roles, such as family , working and learner ,etc¡K. Effective time allocation to them becomes relatively important. The purpose of this research lies in understanding that on-the-job master programme students daily activities and time allocation include the sleep, housework, work , child care, sports, prepare lessons, school commute, attend classes ,etc. And understands the conflict state of gain and loss analysis after them start to study in the curriculum of graduate school, and probe into a difference situation change produced by different individuals to analyse the influence main factors of the time allocation and the conflicts. Probe into the basis of obtaining the theory via documents first in this research, and then adopt questionnaire investigation method , have with National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU) on-the-job master programme class , master class and class of master credit students as the target, total and elect 327 students and carry on the survey as studying samples, get 302 effective questionnaires. The data we use the statistics methodology to carry on quantitative analysis, and discover that, sketches it as follows: First, the on-the-job student's sample of the master of NSYSU takes the majority with management college , master's class , male , married , with more than one children , full-time-job workers under the age of 40. Secondly, to sum up that on-the-job students¡¦ time allocation , sleep time is 6.50 hours on average every day, housework spend 1.10 hours, spend 8.71 hours at work, child-bearing is 1.19 hours, sport time spend 0.38 hour, prepare lessons time is 1.62 hours; spend 9.45 hours in classes, and spend 3.93 hours for communication to school per week . The third, studying in the gain and loss after attending the graduate school, the on-the-job students showing differences about losses in various fields. They think the most loss is the recreation time; secondly is the loss time of family life , the third are personal health and working time , the least loss is the incomes. The fourth, ¡§time allocation¡¨, ¡§gain and loss¡¨ and ¡§time conflict¡¨ will be different to some extent when changing factors in different backgrounds.

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is one of the most popular numerical electromagnetic analysis tools. This method has been applied to a wide variety of problems such as antennas, electronic packaging, waveguides, etc. However, it is not suitable for large scale structures. The enormous memory requirement prohibits the use of FDTD to a large electrical size. Recently, the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method has been introduced for solution of Maxwell¡¦s equation. This method adopts the Fourier transform algorithm to perform the spatial derivatives. According to Nyquist sampling theorem, it requires only 2 cells per wavelength, so that it is possible to efficiently model larger scale problems. This thesis describes a combination of PSTD and FDTD method applied in different directions. The FDTD be applied to directions along fine structures and the PSTD be applied in direction along large structures.

This thesis analyzes the direction of time problem in the framework of philosophy of science. The radiation arrow, Newtonian arrow, thermodynamic arrow and quantum mechanical arrow have been studied in detail. The importance of the structure of space-time concerning direction of time is emphasized.