acase@tulane.edu / Two common metaphors can be used to spatially represent time: the ego-moving metaphor, wherein one sees themselves as moving forward in time past stationary objects; and the time-moving metaphor, wherein an individual perceives time moving toward them while they remain stationary. The way in which one conceives of time can influence the way events in time are perceived, and conversely, perceptions of events in time can influence the metaphor one adopts. Study 1 examined the influence of one's racial group membership on the time perspective one adopts. It was hypothesized that when considering a future where racial equality has been achieved, White Americans would be more likely to adopt a time-moving perspective, whereas Black Americans would be more likely to adopt an ego-moving perspective. Furthermore, this relation was hypothesized to be moderated by endorsement of group hierarchies. Results showed that participant race did influence time perspective-Black participants were more likely to adopt an ego moving time perspective than were White Participants. However, this effect was not moderated by social dominance orientation or by egalitarianism. Study 2 sought to build upon Study 1 by examining the consequences of adopting a particular time perspective for White Americans when considering racial equality. It was hypothesized that participants exposed to an ego-moving prime who are high in social dominance orientation would perceive more threat toward their ingroup than those who are exposed to a time-moving prime, and in turn impact policy support. A similar model was also examined with egalitarianism as a moderator. Evidence for moderated mediation was not found. Participants who were high in social dominance orientation were more likely to perceive threat to their ingroup and perceived threat did predict policy endorsement. Conversely, those who were high in egalitarianism perceived less threat to their group, and threat again predicted policy support. These findings suggest that an individual's perception of time can be influenced by their racial group membership. / 1 / Emily Shaffer

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Time perception is a fundamental aspect of consciousness related to mental health. One cognitive state related to time perception is mind wandering (MW), defined as having thoughts unrelated to the current task. Little research has directly assessed the relationship between these two constructs, despite the overlap in clinical significance and the shared importance of attention for healthy functioning. In the present study, I addressed this by having a sample of 40 adults in the United States complete an online sustained attention to response task remotely while answering thought probes related to thought type and time perception. Multilevel modeling results indicated that cognitive factors were related to the judgements of passage of time (JOPOTs; the feeling that time is passing quickly or slowly) while they had little relation to the estimated duration or the accuracy of those estimations. Specifically, JOPOTs were related to attention to task and emotional valence, and the addition of MW, intentionality, and fixed/dynamic thoughts to the models explained additional variance. Duration estimations and JOPOTs were unrelated to each other, suggesting JOPOTs and duration estimations have different relationships to cognitive factors and should be studied as separate constructs. Additionally, results suggested that the heavy use of dichotomization in the MW literature should be shifted in favor of conceptualizing attention to task as a continuous variable. The difference in effects of MW on estimation durations and JOPOTs specifically is novel finding. This is the first study to evaluate the relationship between MW and both duration estimations and JOPOTs, thus it may advance mechanistic and phenomenological understanding of MW which could in turn inform clinical theories of time perception in disorders including ADHD and depression.

The aim of this research is to re-consider the discipline of landscape architecture that I practice and know. To consider an aspect of design method or process that is new to my way of working. THrough the critical reflection of past projects, the notion of time, emergence, and the non-instant landscape, has become the focus of this research. How to design for something that can't appear instant or complete at its inception. What approach is taken to respond to the potential changes of the landscape over time? What strategies can be developed to design on very large sites within limited budgets? The Canberra Arboretum project has become the virtualtesting ground for this design research. Exploring ways to design and develop forests the 205-hectare site that anticipate and respond to the emergent effects of time.

Thesis ()--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert G. Hunsperger, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

First, we study hard real-time scheduling problems where each task is defined by a four tuple (r, c, p, d): r being its release time, c computation time, p period, and d deadline. The question is whether all tasks can meet their deadlines on one processor. If not, how many processors are needed? For the one-processor problem, we prove two sufficient conditions for a (restricted) periodic task set to meet deadlines. The two conditions can be applied to both preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling, in sharp contrast to earlier results. If a periodic task set can meet deadlines under any algorithm which does not idle the processor as long as there are tasks ready to execute, it must satisfy our second condition. We also prove a necessary condition for a periodic task set to meet deadlines under any scheduling algorithm. We present a method for transforming a sporadic task to an equivalent periodic task. The transformation method is optimal with respect to non-preemptive scheduling. With this method, all results on scheduling periodic task sets can be applied to sets of both periodic and sporadic tasks. For the scheduling problem in distributed memory systems, we propose various heuristic algorithms which try to use as few processors as possible to meet deadlines. Although our algorithms are non-preemptive, our simulation results show that they can outperform the heuristic algorithms based on the famous preemptive rate monotonic algorithm in terms of the number of used processors and processor utilization rate. Second, we describe a hard real-time software development environment, called HaRTS, which consists of a design tool and a scheduling tool. The design tool supports a hierarchical design diagram which combines the control and data flow of a hard real-time application. The design diagram is quite intuitive, and yet it can be automatically translated into Ada��� code and analyzed for scheduleability. The scheduling tool schedules precedence-constrained periodic task sets and simulates the task execution with highly animated user interfaces, which goes beyond the traditional way of examining a schedule as a static Gantt chart. / Graduation date: 1994

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed December 4, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-260).

Time of concentration parameter is defined very loosely in literature and it is calculated rather subjectively in practice (Akan 1986). The situation becomes adverse as the terrain slope approaches zero; because the slope generally appears in the denominator of any formula for time of concentration, this time goes to infinity as the slope goes to zero. The variables affecting this time parameter on flat terrains have been studied through plot scale field experiments. It has been found that the antecedent moisture and rainfall rate control this parameter. Some of the existing time of concentration methods have been compared, and it is found that all the empirical models compared under predict this time parameter. This under prediction can be attributed first to the differing concepts of time of concentration previous researchers have modeled, secondly to the absence of any accounting for the initial moisture content in their respective equations and thirdly to the watersheds where these models have been calibrated. At lower time of concentrations, Izzard-based model predictions show some results close to the observed values. A methodology to determine the plot scale surface undulations has been developed to estimate the depression storage. Regression equations have been derived based upon the experiments to determine the overland flow times on a flat plot of 30 feet length with uniform rainfall intensity. The application of these equations on other lengths cannot be ascertained. Equations for the hydrograph slope on flat terrains have been determined for bare clay and grass plots.

The exponential model of Bloomfield (1973) is becoming increasingly important due to its recent applications to long memory time series. However, this model has received little consideration in the context of short memory time series. Furthermore, there has been very little attempt at using the EXP model as a model to analyze observed time series data. This dissertation research is largely focused on developing new methods to improve the utility and robustness of the EXP model. Specifically, a new nonparametric method of parameter estimation is developed using wavelets. The advantage of this method is that, for many spectra, the resulting parameter estimates are less susceptible to biases associated with methods of parameter estimation based directly on the raw periodogram. Additionally, several methods are developed for the validation of spectral models. These methods test the hypothesis that the estimated model provides a whitening transformation of the spectrum; this is equivalent to the time domain notion of producing a model whose residuals behave like the residuals of white noise. The results of simulation and real data analysis are presented to illustrate these methods.