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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Overland flow time of concentration on flat terrains

Chibber, Paramjit 15 November 2004 (has links)
Time of concentration parameter is defined very loosely in literature and it is calculated rather subjectively in practice (Akan 1986). The situation becomes adverse as the terrain slope approaches zero; because the slope generally appears in the denominator of any formula for time of concentration, this time goes to infinity as the slope goes to zero. The variables affecting this time parameter on flat terrains have been studied through plot scale field experiments. It has been found that the antecedent moisture and rainfall rate control this parameter. Some of the existing time of concentration methods have been compared, and it is found that all the empirical models compared under predict this time parameter. This under prediction can be attributed first to the differing concepts of time of concentration previous researchers have modeled, secondly to the absence of any accounting for the initial moisture content in their respective equations and thirdly to the watersheds where these models have been calibrated. At lower time of concentrations, Izzard-based model predictions show some results close to the observed values. A methodology to determine the plot scale surface undulations has been developed to estimate the depression storage. Regression equations have been derived based upon the experiments to determine the overland flow times on a flat plot of 30 feet length with uniform rainfall intensity. The application of these equations on other lengths cannot be ascertained. Equations for the hydrograph slope on flat terrains have been determined for bare clay and grass plots.
2

Overland flow time of concentration on flat terrains

Chibber, Paramjit 15 November 2004 (has links)
Time of concentration parameter is defined very loosely in literature and it is calculated rather subjectively in practice (Akan 1986). The situation becomes adverse as the terrain slope approaches zero; because the slope generally appears in the denominator of any formula for time of concentration, this time goes to infinity as the slope goes to zero. The variables affecting this time parameter on flat terrains have been studied through plot scale field experiments. It has been found that the antecedent moisture and rainfall rate control this parameter. Some of the existing time of concentration methods have been compared, and it is found that all the empirical models compared under predict this time parameter. This under prediction can be attributed first to the differing concepts of time of concentration previous researchers have modeled, secondly to the absence of any accounting for the initial moisture content in their respective equations and thirdly to the watersheds where these models have been calibrated. At lower time of concentrations, Izzard-based model predictions show some results close to the observed values. A methodology to determine the plot scale surface undulations has been developed to estimate the depression storage. Regression equations have been derived based upon the experiments to determine the overland flow times on a flat plot of 30 feet length with uniform rainfall intensity. The application of these equations on other lengths cannot be ascertained. Equations for the hydrograph slope on flat terrains have been determined for bare clay and grass plots.
3

Development of Basin Factor Methodology for the Pima County Hydrology Procedures

Stewart, Dave January 2008 (has links)
The basin factor is a hydrologic parameter that represents the overall impedance to flow of a watershed in the PC-Hydro peak discharge model for small ( < 10 mi2) semi-arid watersheds in Pima County, Arizona. To improve peak discharge estimates and provide validation of the basin factor as a physically-based parameter, basin factor values were "back-calculated" for return period and observed events on six undeveloped rangeland watersheds and correlated with Manning's n roughness coefficients, rainfall intensities, and hydraulic radii. Observed basin factor values displayed a positive trend with observed peak discharge. The results suggest that the correlated variables can predict the basin factor on small undeveloped sub-basins in Pima County and the basin factor is measurable as a physical parameter. Empirical models for basin factor prediction are proposed. The study may also be useful for estimating hydraulic roughness in hydrologic methods such as the kinematic wave time of concentration equation.
4

Proposta de metodologia de cálculo para reservatórios de detenção em bacias hidrográficas urbanizadas / Proposed methodology for calculation of tanks detention in watershed urbanized

Assunção, Vitor Rafael de Andrade 29 May 2012 (has links)
Diversos são os transtornos causados pelas inundações dentre os quais se destacam problemas ambientais, sanitários, de perdas materiais e humanas. Os maiores agentes destas inundações são o crescimento urbano não planejado, que ocasiona a impermeabilização indiscriminada das áreas urbanas gerando maior volume escoado, e a ocupação de várzeas. As bacias de detenção são caracterizadas por sua destinação ao amortecimento dos picos de cheias por meio da contenção de parte do volume escoado superficialmente. No presente trabalho fez-se uma proposta de pré-dimensionamento de bacias de detenção, fundamentada no método racional e associada a relações IDF, que permite o cálculo dos volumes de detenção. A viabilidade e segurança do modelo foram verificadas comparando a proposta desenvolvida com metodologias consagradas entre projetistas, sendo utilizado como referência o procedimento desenvolvido por Porto (2002). De modo a permitir uma melhor avaliação dos métodos estudados foram analisadas interferências relativas às mudanças no tempo de concentração da bacia e na duração dos eventos chuvosos. O processo proposto apresentou resultados satisfatórios quando aplicado à bacia do córrego do Andrezinho na cidade de Pirassununga, São Paulo, assegurando em seus melhores ajustes diferenças máximas da ordem de 5% do volume estimado como ideal. / Several disorders are occurred by the floods of which are highlighted environmental issues, sanitary, of human and material losses. The main agent of these floods is the unplanned urban growth which causes sealing of urban areas generating higher volumes disposed. The detention ponds are characterized by their allocation to the dampening of flood peaks through retention of part of surface runoff. The present work proposes the pre-sizing of detention basins, based on rational method and associated with IDF relations which allows the calculation of the volumes of detention. The feasibility and safety of the model were verified by comparing the proposal with methods traditionally developed between designers, being used as reference the procedure developed by Porto (2002). In order to allow a better evaluation of the methods studied were analyzed interferences related to changes in the watershed concentration time and duration of rainfall events. The proposed method showed good results when applied to the basin of the Andrezinho stream in the city of Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, ensuring in their optimum settings with maximum differences about 5% of the volume estimated as ideal.
5

Caracterização hidrogeológica de bacias hidrográficas do semiárido baiano através de técnicas de geoprocessamento / Hydrogeological characterization of watersheds in the semi arid baiano using GIS techniques.

Silva, Edivam José da January 2009 (has links)
SILVA, Edivam José da. Caracterização hidrogeológica de bacias hidrográficas do semiárido baiano através de técnicas de geoprocessamento. 2009. 154 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T16:57:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ejsilva.pdf: 5950080 bytes, checksum: e144fd081701380936a030afd298b361 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T16:57:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ejsilva.pdf: 5950080 bytes, checksum: e144fd081701380936a030afd298b361 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T16:57:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ejsilva.pdf: 5950080 bytes, checksum: e144fd081701380936a030afd298b361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / For the adoption of water resources management in dry regions where water availability is limited, knowledge of the different processes of the hydrological cycle is needed, especially the precipitation and flow. Therefore, techniques of GIS are essential in studies of hydrological modeling. The study on maximum flow in a watershed is important because the same act on soil erosion, flooding in urban and rural areas, hydraulic works, among others. The Salitre basin is located in the State of Bahia, Brazil, and its Pacui sub-basin is fully inserted in the Campo Formoso municipio. With a drainage area of 987.74 km2, it is one of the main drainage sub-basin of Salitre river. Hence, the objective of this work was to characterize physiographically the Pacui sub-basin, estimate peak flow by USDA-SCS and Dooge methods, and estimate the hourly evapotranspiration in the sub-basin using the algorithm SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) and images from Landsat 7 - ETM. The Global Mapper software was used for the analysis of land numerical model (SRTM). The ENVI 4.3 software was used for georeferencing of data from topographic maps of SUDENE, and the Arcmap 9.2 software was used for watershed delineation. The time of concentration was determined by USDA and Dooge methods. To determine the radiation balance images from the INPE (National Institute for Space Research) were used and processed by Arcmap ® software, within algorithm SEBAL was developed. The basin presented low slope and then tends to reduce the flood peak because of the low speed runoff. ArcHidro proved to be an effective tool in the delineation of river basins and the generation of drainage network and compared with those obtained by maps from SUDENE. The algorithm SEBAL proved to be an agile and efficient tool in evapotranspiration estimation. The use of SRTM provided information of parameters as surface albedo, incident long-wave and shortwave radiations, pixel to pixel. Lower rates of hourly evapotranspiration (<0.15 mm.h-1) were recorded in areas of exposed soils, and higher rates were found in irrigated areas and vegetation, expressing the sensitivity of algorithm SEBAL on evapotranspiration estimation in watershed scale / Para a adoção de uma gestão adequada dos recursos hídricos tendo como unidade de planejamento a bacia hidrográfica, o conhecimento dos diferentes processos do ciclo hidrológico se faz necessário, notadamente da precipitação, do escoamento e da evapotranspiração. Portanto, técnicas de geoprocessamento são imprescindíveis nos estudos de modelagem hidrológica a nível de bacias hidrográficas. O estudo sobre o escoamento superficial, em uma bacia hidrográfica é importante pelo fato do mesmo atuar sobre a erosão do solo, inundações em áreas rurais e urbanas, obras hidráulicas, entre outros. A bacia do rio Salitre esta localizada no Estado da Bahia, e a sub-bacia do rio Pacui esta inserida totalmente no município de Campo Formoso, com área de drenagem de 987,74 km2, constituindo umas das principais subbacias de drenagem para o rio Salitre. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se caracterizar fisiograficamente a sub-bacia rio Pacui e bacia do rio Salitre, analisar a estimativa de vazão de pico pelos métodos de SCS-USDA e de Dooge, e estimar a evapotranspiração horária na bacia do rio Pacui utilizando-se o algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) e imagens do Landsat 7 – ETM. Utilizou-se os softwares Global Mapper, para análises do modelo numérico do terreno (SRTM), ENVI 4.3, para georeferenciamento dos dados tendo como base as cartas topográficas da SUDENE e do software ArcMap 9.2 para delimitação automática de bacias. O tempo de concentração foi determinado pelos métodos USDA e de Dooge. Para determinar o balanço de radiação utilizou-se de imagem da região obtida junto ao INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) e processadas na ferramenta álgebra de mapa no software ArcMap® onde foi desenvolvido o algoritmo SEBAL. A bacia apresenta baixa declividade, portanto tende a uma redução dos picos de descargas devido à baixa velocidade de escoamento superficial. A extensão ArcHidro mostrou-se uma ferramenta eficaz na delimitação de bacias e na geração de rede drenagem, comparando com as obtidas pelas cartas da DSG/SUDENE. O algoritmo SEBAL mostrou-se uma ferramenta ágil e eficiente na estimativa da evapotranspiração. A utilização do SRTM proporcionou ganhos de informações nos parâmetros albedo da superfície, radiação de ondas longas incidente, radiação de onda curtas incidente, pixel a pixel. Menores taxas de evapotranspiração horária (< 0,15 mm.h-1) foram registradas em áreas de solos expostos e as maiores nas áreas irrigadas e vegetação no geral, expressando a sensibilidade do algoritmo SEBAL na estimativa da evapotranspiração em escala de bacias hidrográficas.
6

Proposta de metodologia de cálculo para reservatórios de detenção em bacias hidrográficas urbanizadas / Proposed methodology for calculation of tanks detention in watershed urbanized

Vitor Rafael de Andrade Assunção 29 May 2012 (has links)
Diversos são os transtornos causados pelas inundações dentre os quais se destacam problemas ambientais, sanitários, de perdas materiais e humanas. Os maiores agentes destas inundações são o crescimento urbano não planejado, que ocasiona a impermeabilização indiscriminada das áreas urbanas gerando maior volume escoado, e a ocupação de várzeas. As bacias de detenção são caracterizadas por sua destinação ao amortecimento dos picos de cheias por meio da contenção de parte do volume escoado superficialmente. No presente trabalho fez-se uma proposta de pré-dimensionamento de bacias de detenção, fundamentada no método racional e associada a relações IDF, que permite o cálculo dos volumes de detenção. A viabilidade e segurança do modelo foram verificadas comparando a proposta desenvolvida com metodologias consagradas entre projetistas, sendo utilizado como referência o procedimento desenvolvido por Porto (2002). De modo a permitir uma melhor avaliação dos métodos estudados foram analisadas interferências relativas às mudanças no tempo de concentração da bacia e na duração dos eventos chuvosos. O processo proposto apresentou resultados satisfatórios quando aplicado à bacia do córrego do Andrezinho na cidade de Pirassununga, São Paulo, assegurando em seus melhores ajustes diferenças máximas da ordem de 5% do volume estimado como ideal. / Several disorders are occurred by the floods of which are highlighted environmental issues, sanitary, of human and material losses. The main agent of these floods is the unplanned urban growth which causes sealing of urban areas generating higher volumes disposed. The detention ponds are characterized by their allocation to the dampening of flood peaks through retention of part of surface runoff. The present work proposes the pre-sizing of detention basins, based on rational method and associated with IDF relations which allows the calculation of the volumes of detention. The feasibility and safety of the model were verified by comparing the proposal with methods traditionally developed between designers, being used as reference the procedure developed by Porto (2002). In order to allow a better evaluation of the methods studied were analyzed interferences related to changes in the watershed concentration time and duration of rainfall events. The proposed method showed good results when applied to the basin of the Andrezinho stream in the city of Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, ensuring in their optimum settings with maximum differences about 5% of the volume estimated as ideal.
7

Estimating Time of Concentration by Reflecting Flood Inundation Effects and Hazard Mapping / 氾濫の影響を反映した洪水到達時間の推定とハザードマッピング

Chong, Khai Lin 25 September 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20679号 / 工博第4376号 / 新制||工||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
8

Estudo sobre a sensibilidade dos parâmetros do método SCS na determinação de hidrogramas de cheia em bacias urbanas / Study on the SCS method parameter sensitivity in determination of flood hydrographs in urban basin

Paulino, Paloma Fernandes 30 September 2014 (has links)
Para simular o comportamento da bacia hidrográfica diante de eventos chuvosos e, a partir da quantificação das vazões de cheias, encontrar soluções para os problemas causados pelas enchentes, é essencial a utilização de modelos de transformação chuva-vazão. Há diferentes métodos para o cálculo do deflúvio superficial ou precipitação excedente para uma dada bacia hidrográfica. Entre estes, um dos mais utilizados pela comunidade técnica é o método desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Conservação do Solo norte-americano: SCS (Soil Conservation Service, atual National Resources Conservation Service), aplicável principalmente quando não se dispõe de séries históricas de dados hidrológicos. A utilização deste método depende da seleção do parâmetro CN (Curve Number), que por sua vez requer o conhecimento das características da bacia hidrográfica em estudo, como: tipos de solo, cobertura vegetal, uso da terra, teor de umidade do solo anterior à chuva. A partir da precipitação excedente total do evento chuvoso, para se construir um hidrograma de cheia, é necessário distribuir a chuva ao longo do tempo, ou seja, construir o hietograma da precipitação excedente. O SCS também propõe um método baseado no hidrograma unitário triangular sintético para gerar o hidrograma de cheia a partir de um certo hietograma. O parâmetro básico para se obter esse hidrograma sintético é o tempo de concentração da bacia hidrográfica (tc). Para a determinação deste parâmetro existem diversas fórmulas empíricas baseadas nas características físicas da bacia hidrográfica, uma vez que a sua determinação numa bacia sem dados hidrométricos torna-se impossível. Deste modo, para uma estimativa coerente do tc, é necessário avaliar para cada caso a ser estudado a fórmula mais adequada e os dados disponíveis. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a sensibilidade do método SCS em relação à classificação do uso e ocupação do solo e ao tempo de concentração, a partir de aplicação deste para a bacia do córrego do Mineirinho situada em São Carlos, SP. A análise da sensibilidade em relação ao CN foi realizada através da comparação dos resultados produzidos utilizando-se mapas de classificação dos usos do solo, produzidos a partir de imagens de satélite de alta resolução, as quais não são disponibilizadas gratuitamente, e imagens gratuitas de baixa resolução. Em relação ao tempo de concentração, foram analisadas e comparadas as diversas fórmulas disponíveis para sua determinação para uma bacia urbana. Outro aspecto estudado foi a distribuição temporal da chuva crítica. Existem diversos métodos indicados na literatura, como o dos blocos alternados, Huff e Bureau of Reclamation. Analisou-se o efeito que cada método produz nos hidrogramas de cheia resultantes. O método SCS apresenta-se bastante sensível em relação aos três parâmetros analisados. As diferenças entre os valores de CN, obtidos a partir das imagens de alta e baixa resolução, foram as que resultaram em maiores diferenças nas vazões de pico. A imagem de baixa resolução tende a subestimar as vazões de pico. Os métodos de distribuição temporal da chuva como Blocos Alternados e Huff 2°. Quartil, apesar serem métodos diferentes, produziram resultados semelhantes. / To simulate the behavior of the basin before rain events and, from the quantification of flow of floods, find solutions to the problems caused by flooding, it is essential the use of models of processing rain-flow. There are different methods for calculating the surface runoff or excess rainfall for a given basin. Among these, one of the most used by technical community is the method developed by the Department of Soil Conservation American: SCS (Soil Conservation Service, current National Resources Conservation Service), mainly applicable when there is no historical series of data hydrological. The use of this method is dependent on the selection of the parameter CN (Curve Number), which in turn requires the knowledge of the characteristics of the basin under study, such as: soil types, vegetation cover, land use, soil moisture content prior to the rain. From the total surplus precipitation of rain event, in order to build a hydrograph, it is necessary to distribute the rain over time, i.e. build the hyetogram of excess rainfall. The SCS also proposes a method based on unit hydrograph triangular synthetic. The basic parameter to obtain this synthetic hydrograph is the time of concentration of the basin (tc). For the determination of this parameter there are several empirical formulas based on the physical characteristics of the basin, since its determination in a basin without hydrometrical data becomes impossible. Thus, for a consistent estimate of tc, it is necessary to evaluate the most suitable formula and the data available for each case to be considered. In this sense, the aim of the present study is to analyze the sensitivity of the SCS method in relation to the classification of the use and occupation of the soil and the time of concentration, from application of this model to the basin of the Mineirinho located in São Carlos, SP. The sensitivity analysis in relation to the CN was performed through the comparison of the results produced using maps of classification of soil uses, produced from high-resolution satellite images, which are not made available for free, and free images of low resolution. In relation to the time of concentration, the various formulas available were analyzed and compared for its determination to an urban basin. Another aspect studied, was the temporal distribution of critical rainfall. There are several methods given in the literature, such as the Alternating Block, Huff and Bureau of Reclamation. This study aimed to analyze the effect each method produces in the resulting flood hydrographs. The SCS method is quite sensitive in relation to the three parameters analyzed. The differences between the values of CN, obtained from the images of high and low resolution, were the ones that resulted in greater differences in flow of peak. The low resolution image tends to underestimate the flow of peak. The methods of temporal distribution of rainfall as Alternating Block and Huff 2°. Quartil, despite being different methods, produced similar results.
9

Lag Time Characteristics of Small Arid and Semiarid Watersheds in the Southwestern United States

Garcia Mendoza, Jesus Guillermo January 2013 (has links)
An evaluation for Lag time, defined as the time from the centroid of rainfall excess to the centroid of direct runoff, was performed for seven small watersheds in the Southwestern United States. The size of these watersheds range in size from 0.33 to 4.37 ha. The evaluation period goes from 2000 to 2010. This evaluation was compared versus 28 lag time equations.The USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center has developed an electronic data processing system where rainfall and runoff data is collected from sensors in the field and are transmitted to computers in the office.Prior to these data sets there were no measurable rainfall and runoff data. This digital data is generated by means of synchronized clocks in rain gages and flumes. As a result, the data from this electronic processing system offers a unique opportunity for hydrologic research. This infrastructure is a characteristic not often available in many other sites and a condition not enjoyed in previous investigations.There are several definitions of lag time depending on what particular time period is used to describe the occurrence of unit rainfall and runoff. But, time parameters currently lack commonly-accepted standard definitions.The various definitions for time parameters such as Lag Time, Time of Concentration, Time to Peak, Equilibrium Time and others, sometimes, are used interchangeably. Another aspect is that in Lag time determination, centers of mass play a critical role. This study found out that depending of the loss model chosen to estimate rainfall excess, it shall influence the determination of center of mass and hence the lag time.Some negative values were obtained for lag time when measured from peak of runoff to centroid of effective rainfall. However, in the lag time definition from centroid of effective rainfall to centroid of direct runoff, negative values were not obtained.One field in particular, time parameters currently lacks commonly-accepted standard definitions. This has become a source of profound confusion in this branch of science to the point where teams of scientists writing about and discussing hydrological Time Parameters can be compared to the aftermath at the Tower of Babel.
10

HISTOGRAMA TEMPO/ÁREA GEOPROCESSADO: USO EM MODELO CHUVA-VAZÃO CONCENTRADO

Maziero, Elisandra 11 February 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Several rainfall-runoff methods use the synthetic time-area histogram HTA to simulate the translation effect of the watershed runoff. In those cases, the HTA can be defined by using the parameter named time of concentration (Tc). A model which automatically calculates the HTA might not consider the variation of land use, vegetation cover and further physiographic features of the basin. This fact is justified because the model uses the average conditions of the basin exactly as the concentrate model does. However, some physical aspects of the watershed change the flow velocity and the time of water flow, for instance the land slop and land use. A model that makes use of these peculiarities can appraise that, for the several aspects verified in the watershed, there are some velocity variations between the bigger and the smaller flow resistance. This paper presents a methodology which intends to obtain the HTA in a geo-processed way by evaluating the physiography and the land use in a watershed. This strict analysis will demonstrate the main steps needed to construct the map for the time of water flow according to pixel-to-pixel. The proposed methodology has presented good results, considering the didactical understanding of the processes related to the hydrology cycle and hydrology modeling. / Diversos modelos chuva/vazão utilizam o histograma tempo-área (HTA) sintético para a simulação do efeito de translação do escoamento na bacia hidrográfica. Nestes casos o HTA é definido a partir do parâmetro tempo de concentração (Tc). No entanto, um modelo que faz o cálculo do HTA de forma automática não considera a variabilidade da cobertura e uso da terra, bem como as características fisiográficas da bacia, pois o modelo usa as condições médias da bacia, caracterizando-o como concentrado. Algumas características físicas da bacia hidrográfica, como a declividade do terreno e o uso e ocupação da terra interferem nas velocidades do escoamento e, consequentemente, nos tempos de percurso da água. Um modelo que represente estas peculiaridades passa a ter nele incluídas as diferenças de velocidades, conforme o terreno ofereça menor ou maior resistência ao escoamento. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia para obtenção do HTA de forma geoprocessada a partir da fisiografia e uso da terra em uma bacia hidrográfica de forma mais aprofundada, mostrando os passos para construir o mapa de tempos de translação de cada célula da bacia, ou seja, pixel a pixel. A metodologia apresentou resultados satisfatórios como forma de compreensão dos processos envolvidos no ciclo hidrológico e na modelagem hidrológica.

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