ENGLISH : Modern fathers often insist that men and women receive equal child rearing responsibilities during marriage and after divorce. It is therefore important to an increasing number of fathers in divorce proceedings, to be considered in the ruling over custody of the child/ren. Research with reference to single fathers and as head of a family was until recently limited. The goal of the research was to explore the experiences of single parenthood by the father with custody of children in their middle childhood years. A qualitative research approach was considered as the most appropriate approach for this study, since the aim of the study was to understand “the world” of the divorced father with custody of his child/ren in their middle childhood years. Furthermore, the aim of the study was to determine how single fathers experience parenthood and how it influences their lives. Through purposive sampling six (N=6) single fathers with custody of their child/ren in their middle childhood years were involved in the study. The researcher conducted a semistructured interview with each of the identified fathers. The researcher managed to compile a theoretical framework regarding custody, the effect of the divorce on a parent as well as the child/ren in the middle childhood years and the experience of single parenthood by the single father, by means of a literature study and discussions with experts. A decade ago, single parent families with the father as the head were a rare phenomenon. The situation is starting to change as the courts are more willing to grant divorced fathers custody of their child/ren. In the past, it was the norm that custody of the children was automatically granted to mothers. At present, the courts are using the best interest of the child/ren; and the ability of a parent to care for the child/ren as guideline. Since it is not always easy for the court to determine which parent should be granted custody of the child/ren, reports from social workers as well as the family advocate are requested. If one of the parties oppose the ruling, a report from a psychologist may be requested. During the empirical study, the data was analysed. The semi-structured interviews made it possible for the researcher to follow up particular themes that emerged from the interviews, while the participants were able to give a fuller picture. Each of the interviews was transcribed and processed according to Creswell’s qualitative data-analysing process. In view of the research information the researcher reached the conclusion that the fathers are successfully fulfilling their roles as single parents. The single fathers do experience role strain but with the assistance of their established support systems they manage to master their roles and tasks. As devoted fathers they wanted to continue full-time parenting after their divorce. The fathers are willing to make the necessary sacrifices and changes that come with single parenthood. They acknowledge that there are challenges but that the positive outweighs the negative. For future research, it is recommended that a bigger sample of single fathers with custody of their child/ren in their middle childhood years should be researched to obtain representative data in terms of fathers’ experiences of single parenthood. The father’s child/ren, family members and domestic workers can also be included in future research in order to provide valuable information about the role of the single father and the impact on the father’s functioning. AFRIKAANS : Hedendaagse vaders dring dikwels daarop aan dat mans en vroue gelyke kinderopvoedingsverantwoordelikhede geniet tydens getroude lewe en ná egskeiding. Dit is gevolglik vir ‘n toenemende aantal vaders in egskeidingsgedinge belangrik om in aanmerking geneem te word met die beslissing oor die beheer en toesig van die kind/ers. Navorsing met betrekking tot vaders as enkelouers en hoof van die gesin, was tot onlangs beperk. Die doelstelling van die navorsing was om die belewenis van enkelouerskap deur die vader met beheer en toesig oor kinders in die middelkinderjare te ondersoek. ‘n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is as die geskikste navorsingsbenadering vir hierdie studie beskou aangesien die doel van die studie was om die geskeide vaders, wat beheer en toesig verkry het oor hulle kind/ers in die middelkinderjare, se leefwêrelde te begryp. Voorts is daar met die studie beoog om vas te stel hoe geskeide vaders enkelouerskap beleef en hulle lewens daardeur beïnvloed word. Ses (N=6) geskeide vaders aan wie beheer en toesig van middeljarige kind/ers toegeken is, is deur middel van ‘n doelgerigte steekproeftrekking by die ondersoek betrek. Die navorser het met elk van hierdie vaders ‘n semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud gevoer. Met behulp van literatuurstudie en gesprekke met kundiges het die navorser daarin geslaag om ‘n teoretiese raamwerk saam te stel ten opsigte van beheer en toesig, die effek van egskeiding op ‘n ouerpaar en ‘n kind in die middelkinderjare, asook die belewenis van enkelouerskap deur die vader. Tien jaar gelede was enkelouergesinne met ‘n vader aan die hoof ‘n vreemde verskynsel. Die situasie is egter besig om te verander soos die howe geredeliker beheer en toesig van kinders aan geskeide vaders toevertrou. In die verlede was die norm dat beheer en toesig van kinders outomaties aan moeders toegeken word. Tans gebruik howe egter die kind/ers se belange, en die ouers se vermoë om na die kind/ers om te sien, as riglyn. Aangesien dit nie altyd maklik is om te bepaal watter ouer beheer en toesig oor die kind/ers behoort te kry nie, word verslae deur maatskaplike werkers, asook ‘n aanbeveling van die gesinsadvokaat aangevra. Indien een van die partye die bevindinge teëstaan kan ‘n verslag deur ‘n sielkundige aangevra word. Tydens die empiriese studie is die inligting geanaliseer. Die semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude het die navorser in staat gestel om sekere temas, wat tydens die onderhoude na vore gekom het, op te volg, terwyl die respondente in staat gestel is om hul omvattende verhaal te vertel. Elk van die onderhoude is getranskribeer en ooreenkomstig Cresswell se kwalitatiewe data-analiseproses verwerk. Op grond van die navorsingsbevindinge kom die navorser tot die gevolgtrekking dat vaders hulle goed van hul taak kwyt as enkelouers. Die enkelvaders ervaar rolspanning, maar met behulp van goed gevestigde ondersteuningstelsels slaag hulle daarin om die rolle en take te bemeester. As toegewyde vaders wou hulle graag hul ouerskap voortsit ná die egskeiding. Die vaders is bereid om die nodige opofferinge en veranderinge te maak wat ouerskap van hulle vereis. Hulle erken wel dat dit nie sonder uitdagings is nie, maar die positiewe weeg vir hulle meer as die negatiewe. Vir toekomstige navorsing word aanbeveel dat navorsers op ‘n groter aantal enkelouervaders met beheer en toesig oor hulle kind/ers in die middelkinderjare fokus om sodoende meer verteenwoordigende inligting te bekom oor hierdie vaders se belewenis van enkelouerskap. Die vaders se kind/ers, familielede, vriende en huishulpe kan ook betrek word by toekomstige navorsing, aangesien hulle waardevolle inligting kan verskaf oor die rol van die enkelvader en die impak daarvan op sy funksionering. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie studie handel oor die ontwikkeling van die "clean break"-beginsel met verwysing na die posisie daarvan in vergelykbare regstelsels. Dit toon aan hoedat maatskaplike omstandighede die samelewing se siening van die huwelik be"invloed het. Die hedendaagse samelewing is ten gunste van 'n "clean break" na egskeiding, sonder 'n voortdurende onderhoudsverpligting. Hierdie neiging beinvloed die finansiele posisie · van gades na egskeiding nadelig. Dit is 'n feit wat ook in regskringe al hoe meer erkenning geniet en daartoe aanleiding gegee het dat voortdurend gedebatteer word oor wyses waarop die finansiele posisie van vroue na egskeiding verbeter kan word. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die siening van substansiele gelykheid 'n invloed behoort te he op die finansiele posisie van gades na egskeiding. Gesien teen die agtergrond van die fundamentele menseregte handves is 'n bemoeienis van regswee inderdaad geregverdig. / This study traces the development of the "clean break" principle as it has developed in comparable legal systems. It shows that changed socio-economic conditions influenced society's view of marriage. Modern society tends to follow a "clean break" after divorce, with no continuing maintenance obligations. This trend tends to influence the financial position of single parent families after divorce negatively. This fact has been recognised in legal circles and has led to a continuing debate on ways to improve the financial position of women after divorce. My study concludes that substantial equality as seen from a fundamental human rights position point of view, justifies legal involvement with regard to the financial position of spouses after divorce. / Private Law / LL. M.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie studie handel oor die ontwikkeling van die "clean break"-beginsel met verwysing na die posisie daarvan in vergelykbare regstelsels. Dit toon aan hoedat maatskaplike omstandighede die samelewing se siening van die huwelik be"invloed het. Die hedendaagse samelewing is ten gunste van 'n "clean break" na egskeiding, sonder 'n voortdurende onderhoudsverpligting. Hierdie neiging beinvloed die finansiele posisie · van gades na egskeiding nadelig. Dit is 'n feit wat ook in regskringe al hoe meer erkenning geniet en daartoe aanleiding gegee het dat voortdurend gedebatteer word oor wyses waarop die finansiele posisie van vroue na egskeiding verbeter kan word. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die siening van substansiele gelykheid 'n invloed behoort te he op die finansiele posisie van gades na egskeiding. Gesien teen die agtergrond van die fundamentele menseregte handves is 'n bemoeienis van regswee inderdaad geregverdig. / This study traces the development of the "clean break" principle as it has developed in comparable legal systems. It shows that changed socio-economic conditions influenced society's view of marriage. Modern society tends to follow a "clean break" after divorce, with no continuing maintenance obligations. This trend tends to influence the financial position of single parent families after divorce negatively. This fact has been recognised in legal circles and has led to a continuing debate on ways to improve the financial position of women after divorce. My study concludes that substantial equality as seen from a fundamental human rights position point of view, justifies legal involvement with regard to the financial position of spouses after divorce. / Private Law / LL. M.

In hierdie navorsingsverslag word gefokus op die beperkings wat geplaas word op die testeervryheid van ʼn persoon in die breë sin. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is die grondslag van die Suid-Afrikaanse testate erfopvolging. Die Suid-Afrikaanse opvatting van testeervryheid is tans van so ʼn aard dat dit ʼn testateur toelaat om sy of haar boedelbates te bemaak volgens sy of haar goeddunke, onderworpe aan ʼn paar statutêre en gemeenregtelike uitsonderings. By die bepaling of ʼn spesifieke klousule in ʼn testament vervat kan word, sal sodanige klousule eerstens teen die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika getoets moet word om te bepaal of sodanige klousule moontlik op ʼn grondwetlik verskanste reg inbreuk maak. Verdere statutêre beperkings sluit onder meer die reg om oor onroerende eiendom te beskik wat gereël word deur die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed, die reg van ʼn minderjarige kind om onderhoud te eis van die boedel, die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades en die Wet op Pensioenfondse in. Testeervryheid word direk gekoppel aan elke persoon se fundamentele regte wat in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika gewaarborg word. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is in verskeie sake aangespreek en word hierdie sake vervolgens bespreek. Die tipe huweliksgoederebedeling ingevolge waarvan ʼn huwelik gesluit word is ʼn verdere beperking op die mate waartoe ʼn testateur vrylik oor sy of haar bates kan beskik. Die invloed van huwelike binne en buite gemeenskap van goedere op testeervryheid en die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades word ontleed, sowel as die onderhoudsverpligting wat ontstaan vanuit die huwelik tussen gades en teenoor minderjarige kinders. Maatskaplike sekuriteit word gereël in terme van artikel 27 van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika en is artikel 37C van die Pensioenfondswet geïnkorporeer wat verseker dat ʼn persoon se pensioenvoordele moet voorsien aan die onderhoudsbehoeftes van afhanklikes van die lid. Die werking van artikel 37C en die invloed daarvan op testeervryheid word bespreek. Die laaste beperking wat hanteer word is beperkings ten opsigte van bemakings van onroerende eiendom. Hierdie bemakings word beperk deur die werking van die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed asook die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond. Die navorsingsverslag doen gevolglik ʼn in diepte ondersoek na die beperkings wat ontstaan op testeervryheid, die relevansie en werking daarvan en word daar bepaal of die beperkings as billik geag kan word of nie. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In hierdie navorsingsverslag word gefokus op die beperkings wat geplaas word op die testeervryheid van ʼn persoon in die breë sin. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is die grondslag van die Suid-Afrikaanse testate erfopvolging. Die Suid-Afrikaanse opvatting van testeervryheid is tans van so ʼn aard dat dit ʼn testateur toelaat om sy of haar boedelbates te bemaak volgens sy of haar goeddunke, onderworpe aan ʼn paar statutêre en gemeenregtelike uitsonderings. By die bepaling of ʼn spesifieke klousule in ʼn testament vervat kan word, sal sodanige klousule eerstens teen die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika getoets moet word om te bepaal of sodanige klousule moontlik op ʼn grondwetlik verskanste reg inbreuk maak. Verdere statutêre beperkings sluit onder meer die reg om oor onroerende eiendom te beskik wat gereël word deur die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed, die reg van ʼn minderjarige kind om onderhoud te eis van die boedel, die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades en die Wet op Pensioenfondse in. Testeervryheid word direk gekoppel aan elke persoon se fundamentele regte wat in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika gewaarborg word. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is in verskeie sake aangespreek en word hierdie sake vervolgens bespreek. Die tipe huweliksgoederebedeling ingevolge waarvan ʼn huwelik gesluit word is ʼn verdere beperking op die mate waartoe ʼn testateur vrylik oor sy of haar bates kan beskik. Die invloed van huwelike binne en buite gemeenskap van goedere op testeervryheid en die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades word ontleed, sowel as die onderhoudsverpligting wat ontstaan vanuit die huwelik tussen gades en teenoor minderjarige kinders. Maatskaplike sekuriteit word gereël in terme van artikel 27 van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika en is artikel 37C van die Pensioenfondswet geïnkorporeer wat verseker dat ʼn persoon se pensioenvoordele moet voorsien aan die onderhoudsbehoeftes van afhanklikes van die lid. Die werking van artikel 37C en die invloed daarvan op testeervryheid word bespreek. Die laaste beperking wat hanteer word is beperkings ten opsigte van bemakings van onroerende eiendom. Hierdie bemakings word beperk deur die werking van die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed asook die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond. Die navorsingsverslag doen gevolglik ʼn in diepte ondersoek na die beperkings wat ontstaan op testeervryheid, die relevansie en werking daarvan en word daar bepaal of die beperkings as billik geag kan word of nie. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In this research report the estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are identified by determining the impact thereof and whether or not there are any differences with regard to the estate implications of a traditional marriage. The Civil Union Act came into effect to give legality to the relationship between homosexual couples by providing the option to conclude a marriage or civil partnership. Both of these institutions thus have the same legal consequences. According to Section 13 of the Civil Union Act the implications of the Marriage Act also apply to the Civil Union Act. The feasibility of this principle is not taken into account regarding estate implications. Since a marriage and civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act differs from a traditional marriage, it leads to uncertainty with regard to the application of this principle. This uncertainty and estate implications are the topic of this study. The total effect of the Civil Union Act is not discussed in the Civil Union Act, but rather consists of references to other legislation. Consequently the specific estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are discussed with specific focus on marriage regimes, maintenance, purchasing of household necessities, donations and tax benefits. Both the position before and after the Civil Union Act are considered. Firstly marriage regimes are discussed since it is the first step in identifying estate implications for the marriage or civil partnership. Maintenance is considered a direct result of a marriage and is referred to in many laws. It is therefore necessary to discuss the content of the legislation and whether or not it is compatible with the Civil Union Act. The buying of household necessities, donations and tax benefits has a unique effect on a marriage and the focus in this study is on the effect it has on a marriage and civil partnership entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act. The conclusion is that this research report will provide clarity on what exactly the estate implications are for parties who have married or concluded a civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In this research report the estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are identified by determining the impact thereof and whether or not there are any differences with regard to the estate implications of a traditional marriage. The Civil Union Act came into effect to give legality to the relationship between homosexual couples by providing the option to conclude a marriage or civil partnership. Both of these institutions thus have the same legal consequences. According to Section 13 of the Civil Union Act the implications of the Marriage Act also apply to the Civil Union Act. The feasibility of this principle is not taken into account regarding estate implications. Since a marriage and civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act differs from a traditional marriage, it leads to uncertainty with regard to the application of this principle. This uncertainty and estate implications are the topic of this study. The total effect of the Civil Union Act is not discussed in the Civil Union Act, but rather consists of references to other legislation. Consequently the specific estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are discussed with specific focus on marriage regimes, maintenance, purchasing of household necessities, donations and tax benefits. Both the position before and after the Civil Union Act are considered. Firstly marriage regimes are discussed since it is the first step in identifying estate implications for the marriage or civil partnership. Maintenance is considered a direct result of a marriage and is referred to in many laws. It is therefore necessary to discuss the content of the legislation and whether or not it is compatible with the Civil Union Act. The buying of household necessities, donations and tax benefits has a unique effect on a marriage and the focus in this study is on the effect it has on a marriage and civil partnership entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act. The conclusion is that this research report will provide clarity on what exactly the estate implications are for parties who have married or concluded a civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Text in Afrikaans / By ontbinding van 'n huwelik buite gemeenskap van goed beskik die hof oor 'n diskresionere bevoegdheid om 'n herverdeling van bates van die onderskeie boedels te gelas. Die voorvereiste, naamlik 'n bydrae tot die instandhouding of vergroting van die boedel van die ander en die uitleg van die bewoording van die wet bring egter mee dat die hof se diskresie om 'n billike herverdeling te beveel ingekort is. Bydrae behoort op gelyke vlak tesarne met al die relevante faktore 'n rol te speel. Huwelikswangedrag behoort 'n beperkte rol te speel by herverdelingsbevele. In sekere gevalle sal dit egter onbillik wees om skuld as faktor te ignoreer. Die skuld van die party teen wie die verdeling gevra word behoort nie 'n rol te speel nie. Sekere wetswysiginge is nodig ten einde die doel van die wet, naamlik bereiking van geregtigheid tussen die partye, te bewerkstellig. / On dissolution of a maniage out of commwrity of property the court has discretionary power to order a distribution of the assets of the different estates. The precondition, namely a contribution to the maintenance or increase of the estate of the other, and the interpretation of the words of the act, however, results in a curtailment of the court's discretion to order a just and equitable distribution. Contribution should play a role on the same level as all the other relevant factors. Misconduct should play a restricted role in a redistribution order. However, in certain cases it would be inequitable to ignore misconduct as a factor. The misconduct of the party against whom the redistribution is sought should not play a role. Certain amendments of the act are necessary to achieve the aim of the act, namely the attaining of equity between the parties. / Private Law / LL. M.

Text in Afrikaans / By ontbinding van 'n huwelik buite gemeenskap van goed beskik die hof oor 'n diskresionere bevoegdheid om 'n herverdeling van bates van die onderskeie boedels te gelas. Die voorvereiste, naamlik 'n bydrae tot die instandhouding of vergroting van die boedel van die ander en die uitleg van die bewoording van die wet bring egter mee dat die hof se diskresie om 'n billike herverdeling te beveel ingekort is. Bydrae behoort op gelyke vlak tesarne met al die relevante faktore 'n rol te speel. Huwelikswangedrag behoort 'n beperkte rol te speel by herverdelingsbevele. In sekere gevalle sal dit egter onbillik wees om skuld as faktor te ignoreer. Die skuld van die party teen wie die verdeling gevra word behoort nie 'n rol te speel nie. Sekere wetswysiginge is nodig ten einde die doel van die wet, naamlik bereiking van geregtigheid tussen die partye, te bewerkstellig. / On dissolution of a maniage out of commwrity of property the court has discretionary power to order a distribution of the assets of the different estates. The precondition, namely a contribution to the maintenance or increase of the estate of the other, and the interpretation of the words of the act, however, results in a curtailment of the court's discretion to order a just and equitable distribution. Contribution should play a role on the same level as all the other relevant factors. Misconduct should play a restricted role in a redistribution order. However, in certain cases it would be inequitable to ignore misconduct as a factor. The misconduct of the party against whom the redistribution is sought should not play a role. Certain amendments of the act are necessary to achieve the aim of the act, namely the attaining of equity between the parties. / Private Law / LL. M.

The maintenance schedule of generators in power plants needs to match the electricity demand and needs to ensure the reliability of the power plant at a minimum cost of operation. In this study, a comparison is made between the modified generator maintenance scheduling model and the classic generator maintenance scheduling model using the reliability objective functions. Both models are applied to a 21-unit test system, and the results show that the modified generator maintenance scheduling model gives better and more reliable solutions than the regular generator maintenance scheduling model. The better results of the modified generator maintenance scheduling model are due the modified and additional constraints in the modified generator maintenance scheduling model. Due to the reliable results of the modified generator maintenance scheduling model, a robust model is formulated using the economic cost objective function. The model includes modified crew and maintenance window constraints, with some additional constraints such as the relationship constraints among the variables. To illustrate the robustness of the formulated GMS model, the maintenance of the Arnot power plant in South Africa is scheduled with open-loop and closed-loop controllers. Both controllers satisfy all the constraints but the closed-loop results are better than the open-loop results. AFRIKAANS : Die onderhoudskedule vir kragopwekkers (OSK) in kragstasies moet kan voorsien in die vraag na elektrisiteit en moet die betroubaarheid van die kragstasie teen ’n minimum operasiekoste verseker. In hierdie studie word die betroubaarheidsdoelwitfunksie gebruik om ’n gewysigde onderhoudskeduleringsmodel vir kragopwekkers te vergelyk met die konvensionele onderhoudskeduleringsmodel. Beide modelle word toegepas op 'n 21-eenheid-toetsstelsel, en die resultate toon dat die gewysigde model ’n beter en meer betroubare oplossing bied as die konvensionele model. Die beter resultate van die gewysigde model is die gevolg van die gewysigde en bykomende beperkings in die gewysigde model. As gevolg van die betroubare resultate van die gewysigde onderhoudskeduleringsmodel word die koste-ekonomie-doelwitfunksie gebruik om ’n robuuste model te formuleer. Die model sluit gewysigde bemanning- en onderhoudvensterbeperkings in, met ’n paar bykomende beperkings soos die verhoudingsbeperkings tussen die veranderlikes. Om die robuustheid van die geformuleerde OSK-model te illustreer word die instandhouding van die Arnot kragstasie in Suid-Afrika geskeduleer met oop- en geslotelus-beheerders. Beide beheerders voldoen aan al die beperkinge, maar die geslotelusresultate is beter as die ooplusresultate. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted