The primary objective of this study is to determine whether the level of tertiary education has a positive and significant impact on the level of income received. This study will focus on determining whether each subsequent level of tertiary education causes an increase in the likelihood of earning a higher wage, by using a multinomial logistic regression model as well as cross-tabulation estimates. This study will also make use of two different data samples, where the first sample is sourced from the National Income Dynamics Study's, 2010-2011, adult wave 2 dataset, and the second sample is sourced from a questionnaire distributed to the North-West University's School of Economics alumni from the Potchefstroom campus. Literature indicates that there is a significant relationship between an individual's income and variables such as gender, age, marital status, population group, occupation, sector or industry, years of work experience, location of employment, tenure, union membership, and, most importantly, education. Determining the effect of these variables on the income of tertiary educated individuals, will assist current and future graduates by providing relevant South African labour market information as well as providing some assistance in decisions which may result in higher future earnings. From the NIDS data set, it was found that the level of tertiary education was significantly associated with income, and that higher levels of tertiary education were associated with higher income categories, while lower levels of tertiary education were associated with lower income categories. From the Alumni data set it was concluded that the level of tertiary education was not significantly associated with income, which could be the result of the graduation period (2009-2012) of the sample individuals. It was also found that married individuals were more likely to have earnings within the higher income categories, while the same result was obtained for males as well as for those individuals who were employed in the Gauteng province. It was also found that those individuals with an honours degree had earnings within the low income categories, similar to those individuals with a bachelor's degree. The main factors considered to influence the income of an individual with a tertiary qualification is gender, age, marital status, occupation, and the level of tertiary education. / MCom (Economics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether the level of tertiary education has a positive and significant impact on the level of income received. This study will focus on determining whether each subsequent level of tertiary education causes an increase in the likelihood of earning a higher wage, by using a multinomial logistic regression model as well as cross-tabulation estimates. This study will also make use of two different data samples, where the first sample is sourced from the National Income Dynamics Study's, 2010-2011, adult wave 2 dataset, and the second sample is sourced from a questionnaire distributed to the North-West University's School of Economics alumni from the Potchefstroom campus. Literature indicates that there is a significant relationship between an individual's income and variables such as gender, age, marital status, population group, occupation, sector or industry, years of work experience, location of employment, tenure, union membership, and, most importantly, education. Determining the effect of these variables on the income of tertiary educated individuals, will assist current and future graduates by providing relevant South African labour market information as well as providing some assistance in decisions which may result in higher future earnings. From the NIDS data set, it was found that the level of tertiary education was significantly associated with income, and that higher levels of tertiary education were associated with higher income categories, while lower levels of tertiary education were associated with lower income categories. From the Alumni data set it was concluded that the level of tertiary education was not significantly associated with income, which could be the result of the graduation period (2009-2012) of the sample individuals. It was also found that married individuals were more likely to have earnings within the higher income categories, while the same result was obtained for males as well as for those individuals who were employed in the Gauteng province. It was also found that those individuals with an honours degree had earnings within the low income categories, similar to those individuals with a bachelor's degree. The main factors considered to influence the income of an individual with a tertiary qualification is gender, age, marital status, occupation, and the level of tertiary education. / MCom (Economics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The primary objective of this research is to review the value of business events in the performance of an organisation. Business events are categorised as part of the business tourism sector of the tourism industry. This sector is a strong financial contributor to many nations’ economies. The sector, sometimes also known as the M.I.C.E industry or meetings industry, focuses on creating business events to fit the knowledge needs of organisations across a wide range of industries. The business events are of several genre including exhibitions, training seminars, conferences, congresses and trade shows and all have been created for the purpose of helping organisations improve individual competitive advantages by learning from peers, competitors, suppliers and customers. The financial outcome of holding business tourism events is typically measured by such indicators as the number of business event venues booked, the number of business tourism visitors to a country attending business events, the number of hotel bed-nights sold that relate to business events, the number of add-on packages in the way of transport, entertainment and leisure tours used by business event attendees. Countries including South Africa have specific national policies to attract globally rotating business events to their own country. While hotels, transport and other tourism activities glean substantial financial benefit from the hosting of business events, the outcome of these events in terms of the new knowledge created for organisations is the primary objective of this research. As knowledge is intangible the value of knowledge is hard to understand in terms of past performance such as financial statements but it is seen in the literature review that there are many beneficial implications of seeking knowledge not limited to risk management through informed decision making. New knowledge has the ability to change the future work-place behaviour of employees in turn affecting the performance of an organisation. Lewin (1951) summarised that the level of   behavioural change from the influence of new knowledge attained at an event is a function of the people at the event and the environment of the event. Understanding these variables speaks directly to managing the intangible value created from business events. Thus Lewin’s formula as applied to business events is considered a link in the value chain of intangible asset creation in this research. Knowledge is an intangible asset of every organisation often documented in formal normative managerial actions such as policies, processes and databases and also held informally by individual employees who have personal skills and abilities. Measuring the change in knowledge value through an intervention such as a business event has relevance in terms of valuing the contribution of business events to improving organisational performance. A secondary objective of this research was then to review the current use of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips return-on-investment model in relation to its effectiveness in defining knowledge objectives and measuring their effect on intangible asset creation. The model is the business events sector recommended methodology to set the objectives and key performance indicators that define the degree of success of the business event for an organisation. The utility of this model in helping to manage organisational knowledge value derived from business events is reviewed. The relevance of business events to future organisational performance improvement is understood by analysing firstly an organisation’s perspective of the value of business events and then the perspective of an employee of the organisation attending business events. The findings of the literature review guided the design of both the qualitative and quantitative surveys that were used to explore the way knowledge flows from events into organisations. These surveys fulfil the third and fourth objectives of the research. To understand the flow of new knowledge through an organisation many functions and hierarchies of command, a systems thinking methodology was applied in that it is assumed that all units of the organisation add value at their own level and this value accumulates upwards towards the overall value of knowledge for the organisation in creating competitive advantages. The literature review firstly highlighted the role of creating opportunity for socialisation at events as pivotal in improving an organisation’s knowledge. Then systems methodology tool of viable systems diagnosis suggested a theoretical viable systems model of what a healthy, successful organisational knowledge system would look like. The methodology was then applied to distil the secondary data reviewed to 12 variables each composed of many other variables that act within this theoretical model. The 12 variables were included in semi-open ended questions of a qualitative research instrument that interviewed 18 managers who either design or attend business events. The qualitative responses and the system of the 12 variables were then used to guide the creation of the quantitative instrument. The quantitative research produced 354 useable questionnaires that were statistically analysed by exploratory factor analysis. The latent factors identified were used in the design of a structured equation model (SEM). The SEM indicated that organisations rely on socialisation activities such as business events to create new knowledge. The SEM also indicates that employees of an organisation may well consider business event activities from a personalised perspective of their own continued professional development needs which may not always align to those of the organisation suggesting the alignment between organisational and personal goals as critical in maximising the value attained from a business event. This research therefore made a valuable contribution in that it explored the value chain between the business events and their role in improving an individual organisation’s performance. This in turn implies from a systems thinking point of view to the overall performance of a country’s economy. A further contribution of this study is recommendations made to improve the ease of application of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips model and thus manage the process of socialisation and ultimately knowledge creation better. A pre- and post event extension to the model is recommended defined in a template to be used in an iterative manner to improve the management and capturing of the value of knowledge arising from the event and this fulfils the final objective of the research. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The primary objective of this research is to review the value of business events in the performance of an organisation. Business events are categorised as part of the business tourism sector of the tourism industry. This sector is a strong financial contributor to many nations’ economies. The sector, sometimes also known as the M.I.C.E industry or meetings industry, focuses on creating business events to fit the knowledge needs of organisations across a wide range of industries. The business events are of several genre including exhibitions, training seminars, conferences, congresses and trade shows and all have been created for the purpose of helping organisations improve individual competitive advantages by learning from peers, competitors, suppliers and customers. The financial outcome of holding business tourism events is typically measured by such indicators as the number of business event venues booked, the number of business tourism visitors to a country attending business events, the number of hotel bed-nights sold that relate to business events, the number of add-on packages in the way of transport, entertainment and leisure tours used by business event attendees. Countries including South Africa have specific national policies to attract globally rotating business events to their own country. While hotels, transport and other tourism activities glean substantial financial benefit from the hosting of business events, the outcome of these events in terms of the new knowledge created for organisations is the primary objective of this research. As knowledge is intangible the value of knowledge is hard to understand in terms of past performance such as financial statements but it is seen in the literature review that there are many beneficial implications of seeking knowledge not limited to risk management through informed decision making. New knowledge has the ability to change the future work-place behaviour of employees in turn affecting the performance of an organisation. Lewin (1951) summarised that the level of   behavioural change from the influence of new knowledge attained at an event is a function of the people at the event and the environment of the event. Understanding these variables speaks directly to managing the intangible value created from business events. Thus Lewin’s formula as applied to business events is considered a link in the value chain of intangible asset creation in this research. Knowledge is an intangible asset of every organisation often documented in formal normative managerial actions such as policies, processes and databases and also held informally by individual employees who have personal skills and abilities. Measuring the change in knowledge value through an intervention such as a business event has relevance in terms of valuing the contribution of business events to improving organisational performance. A secondary objective of this research was then to review the current use of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips return-on-investment model in relation to its effectiveness in defining knowledge objectives and measuring their effect on intangible asset creation. The model is the business events sector recommended methodology to set the objectives and key performance indicators that define the degree of success of the business event for an organisation. The utility of this model in helping to manage organisational knowledge value derived from business events is reviewed. The relevance of business events to future organisational performance improvement is understood by analysing firstly an organisation’s perspective of the value of business events and then the perspective of an employee of the organisation attending business events. The findings of the literature review guided the design of both the qualitative and quantitative surveys that were used to explore the way knowledge flows from events into organisations. These surveys fulfil the third and fourth objectives of the research. To understand the flow of new knowledge through an organisation many functions and hierarchies of command, a systems thinking methodology was applied in that it is assumed that all units of the organisation add value at their own level and this value accumulates upwards towards the overall value of knowledge for the organisation in creating competitive advantages. The literature review firstly highlighted the role of creating opportunity for socialisation at events as pivotal in improving an organisation’s knowledge. Then systems methodology tool of viable systems diagnosis suggested a theoretical viable systems model of what a healthy, successful organisational knowledge system would look like. The methodology was then applied to distil the secondary data reviewed to 12 variables each composed of many other variables that act within this theoretical model. The 12 variables were included in semi-open ended questions of a qualitative research instrument that interviewed 18 managers who either design or attend business events. The qualitative responses and the system of the 12 variables were then used to guide the creation of the quantitative instrument. The quantitative research produced 354 useable questionnaires that were statistically analysed by exploratory factor analysis. The latent factors identified were used in the design of a structured equation model (SEM). The SEM indicated that organisations rely on socialisation activities such as business events to create new knowledge. The SEM also indicates that employees of an organisation may well consider business event activities from a personalised perspective of their own continued professional development needs which may not always align to those of the organisation suggesting the alignment between organisational and personal goals as critical in maximising the value attained from a business event. This research therefore made a valuable contribution in that it explored the value chain between the business events and their role in improving an individual organisation’s performance. This in turn implies from a systems thinking point of view to the overall performance of a country’s economy. A further contribution of this study is recommendations made to improve the ease of application of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips model and thus manage the process of socialisation and ultimately knowledge creation better. A pre- and post event extension to the model is recommended defined in a template to be used in an iterative manner to improve the management and capturing of the value of knowledge arising from the event and this fulfils the final objective of the research. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / The advancement and development of the financial sector is fundamental for building an efficient economic system that enhances foreign and domestic investments. The aim of this study was to compare the relationship between the price performance of initial public offerings and macroeconomic indicators in the South African and the Nigerian economy. With the increase of IPO listing on both stock exchanges, it is of paramount importance that an analysis and examination of IPO performance and its contribution to the economy is conducted. Using the 91 and 19 initial public offerings that were listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and the Nigerian Stock Exchange respectively during the years 2005 to 2015, price performance was measured by using the market-adjusted abnormal returns and the wealth relative model. The linear ordinary least squares regression model was used to measure the relationship between initial public offering performance and macroeconomic indicators. Based on the mean market adjusted returns, initial public offerings listed between 2005 and 2015 were under-priced. The regression model established that the first day, week and month price changes in Nigeria were 0.19, 0.48 and 0.77 times higher respectively than to South Africa. The regression analysis found that inflation and interest rates were positively correlated with price changes at the end of the first month of trade, whereas gross domestic product growth was not statistically significant. Therefore, to evade financial loss, investment decision making processes should consider factors such as geographic location, interest rates, inflation and the industry prior to making the decision. / Die bevordering en ontwikkeling van die finansiële sektor is fundamenteel vir die ontwikkeling van ʼn doeltreffende ekonomiese stelsel wat buitelandse en binnelandse investering aanmoedig. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verhouding tussen die prysprestasie van aanvanklike openbare aanbiedinge en makro-ekonomiese aanwysers in die Suid-Afrikaanse en Nigeriese ekonomie te vergelyk. Met die toename in AOA-notering op albei aandelebeurse, is dit uiters belangrik dat ’n ontleding van en ondersoek na AOA-prestasie en sy bydrae tot die ekonomie uitgevoer word. Deur gebruikmaking van die 91 en 19 aanvanklike openbare aanbiedinge wat onderskeidelik op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs en die Nigeriese Effektebeurs gedurende die tydperk 2005 tot 2015 genoteer is, is prysprestasie gemeet deur gebruikmaking van die markaangepaste abnormale opbrengste en die rykdomrelatiewe model. Die lineêre gewone kleinste kwadrate-regressiemodel is gebruik om die verwantskap tussen die prestasie van aanvanklike openbare aanbod en makro-ekonomiese aanwysers te meet. Op grond van die gemiddelde markaangepaste opbrengste was aanvanklike openbare aanbiedinge wat tussen 2005 en 2015 genoteer is, onderprys. Die regressiemodel het vasgestel dat die eerste dag-, week- en maandprysveranderinge in Nigerië onderskeidelik 0.19, 0.48 en 0.77 keer hoër as in Suid-Afrika was. Die regressieontleding het bevind dat inflasie en rentekoerse ’n positiewe korrelasie gehad het met prysveranderinge aan die einde van die eerste handelsmaand, terwyl bruto binnelandse produk se groei nie statisties beduidend was nie. Derhalwe, om finansiële verlies te ontduik, behoort investeringbesluitnemingsprosesse faktore soos geografiese ligging, rentekoerse, inflasie en die bedryf in aanmerking te neem voordat besluite geneem word. / Ukuqhubekela phambili kanye nentuthuko yomkhakha (sector) yezezimali kubalulekile ekwakheni inqubo yezomnotho esebenza kahle neqhubekela phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali zangaphandle kanye nezangaphakathi ezweni. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuqhathanisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokusebenza kwentengo yama-initial public offerings kanye nezinkomba zama-macroeconomic kumnotho weNingizimu Afrika kanye nowase-Nigeria. Ngokwenyuka kwe-IPO listing kuwo womabili ama-stock exchange, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kwenziwe uhlaziyo nohlolo lokusebenza kwe-IPO kanye nomthelela wakho kumnotho kumele kwenziwe. Ngokusebenzisa ama-initial public offerings ka 91 no 19 kwi-Johannesburg Stock Exchange kanye nakwi-Nigerian Stock Exchange ngokuhambisana phakathi kweminyaka ka 2005 kanye no 2015, ukusebenza kwamanani entengo kwakalwa ngokusebenzisa ama-market-adjusted abnormal returns kanye ne-wealth relative model. Imodeli ye-linear ordinary least squares regression model kwasetshenziswa ukukala ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-initial public offering performance kanye nezinkomba ze-macroeconomic. Ngokulandela i-mean market-adjusted returns, ama-initial public offerings okwafakelwa kuhla phakathi kweminyaka ka 2005 kanye no 2015 kwakufakelwe ngentengo ephansi. I-regression model yathola ukuthi ngosuku lokuqala, ngeviki, kanye nenyanga, ukushintsha kwamanani entengo eNigeria, kwakungu 0.19, 0.48 kanye ne 0.77 ngezihlandla eziphezulu kuneNingizimu Afrika. Uhlaziyo lwe-regression analysis lwathola ukuthi i-infleshini kanye namazinga enzalo achaphazeleka ngendlela enhle ngokuhambisana noshintsho lwentengo ekupheleni kwenyanga yokuqala yokuhwebelana, lapho khona ukukhula kwe-gross domestic project kwakungakhulile kakhulu ngokwezibalo. Ngakho-ke, ukugwema ulahlekelo kwezezimali, izinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo ngotshalo-mali kumele kubonelele izinto ezifana nendawo okuyi-geographical location, amazinga enzalo, i-infleshini kanye nemboni ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / M. Com. (Business Management)