A crescente demanda por analises rápidas, simples e eco-fiendly tem feito da busca pela miniaturização e automatização dos procedimentos de preparo de amostra uma necessidade permanente na academia e na indústria. Atualmente, embora existam diversas técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostra, estas ainda são utilizadas de forma manual na maioria das situações, pois o acesso às possibilidades de automatização em muitos laboratórios de química é ainda bastante limitado. Afortunadamente, as plataformas de robótica Open-Source estão se tornado uma alternativa interessante no desenvolvimento lab made de todo tipo de instrumentos e sistemas automatizados. Esta tese apresenta três exemplos de desenvolvimento no laboratóriode sistemas robotizados para a automatização de técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostras. Num primeiro estudo, foi projetado, construído e programado um robô cartesiano capaz de operar simultaneamente seis microsseringas de extração. Este sistema foi posto à prova na automatização da microextração por sorvente empacotado (MEPS) e validado na extração de HPAs em amostras de esgoto sanitário, demostrando alta precisão, exatidão e frequência de análise. Um segundo robô cartesiano, equipado com uma única unidade de extração, foi projetado, construído e programado para conseguir pela primeira vez a integração on-line da microextração em fase liquida (LPME) com a análise mediante cromatografia líquida. Este sistema possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um método para determinação de triazinas, com tempo de total de análise de 10 minutos, incluindo o preparo da amostra e a separação/detecção dos analitos. Finalmente, por integração de técnicas em fluxo, ferramentas de robótica Open-Source e impressão 3D, a microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva baseada na solidificação da fase orgânica (DLLME-SFO) foi completamente automatizada pela primeira vez. O sistema assim desenvolvido foi validado no desenvolvimento de um método para a determinação de parabenos em produtos de cuidado pessoal, águas, urina e saliva, demostrando de esta forma, o grande potencial das tecnologias modernas no desenvolvimento de novos, versáteis e eficientes sistemas automatizados nos laboratórios de química. / The growing demand for rapid, simple and eco-friendly analyzes has made the search for miniaturization and automation of sample preparation procedures a permanent necessity. Although, nowadays there are a number of miniaturized sample preparation techniques, they are used manually in most situations. The access to automation tools is limited yet, in many chemistry laboratories. Fortunately, Open-Source robotics platforms have become an interesting alternative in the lab-made development lab made instruments and automated systems. This thesis presents three examples of laboratory development of robotic systems for the automation of miniaturized sample preparation techniques. In a first study, a cartesian robot capable of simultaneously operating six extraction microsystems was designed, constructed and programmed. This system was tested in the automation of microextraction by packaged sorbent (MEPS) and validated in the extraction of HPAs in sanitary sewage samples, demonstrating high accuracy and throughput analysis. A second cartesian robot, equipped with a single extraction unit, was designed, constructed and programmed to accomplish for the first time the online integration of the liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and the liquid chromatography analysis. This system allowed the development of a method for the determination of triazines, with an analysis time of 10 minutes, including sample preparation and separation / detection of the analytes. Finally, by integrating flow techniques, Open-Source robotics tools and 3D printing, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) was completely automated for the first time. The developed system was validated in the development of a method for the determination of parabens in personal care products, water, urine and saliva, thus demonstrating the great potential of modern technologies in the development of new, versatile and efficient automated systems in chemistry laboratories.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o processo de adoção do Software Livre na Universidade de São Paulo. É de especial interesse o estudo dos aspectos culturais e organizacionais que contribuíram para a adoção do Software Livre entre os administradores de sistemas. O estudo de adoção, não se limitou à adoção individual, mas se estendeu à adoção organizacional uma vez que a adoção de inovações tecnológicas em organizações difere de modo especial da adoção individual. A adoção organizacional aborda aspectos como a extensão do uso da inovação e, o quão profundamente o uso da tecnologia altera processos, estruturas e cultura organizacional. O fenômeno de adoção na Universidade revela-se particularmente importante por ter se tratado da adoção de uma nova tecnologia, em grande escala e bem-sucedida. Esta pesquisa estuda quais são os fatores condicionantes e os que favoreceram a adoção da nova tecnologia, bem como o contexto social e cultural desta adoção em diferentes Unidades da USP. / The objective of this work is to study the adoption of Free Software in the University of São Paulo. It is of special interest the study of the cultural and organizational aspects that contributed to the adoption of the Free Software among the systems administrators. The adoption study, was not limited to the individual adoption, but it extended to the organizational adoption once the adoption of technological innovations in organizations differs in special ways from the individual adoption. The organizational adoption examines aspects as the extension of the use of the innovation and, how deeply the use of the technology affects processes, structures and organizational culture. The adoption phenomenon in the University is particularly important for having it been a voluntary adoption of a new technology, in great scale and well succeeded. This research studies which factors restricted or favored the adoption of the new technology, as well as the social and cultural context of this adoption in different Units of USP

Virtuelle Communities bezeichnen Gemeinschaften von Individuen, die maßgeblich über das Internet miteinander kommunizieren und kollaborieren. Anders als in Unternehmen, in denen Motivationsstrukturen primär auf finanziellen Anreizen basieren, gilt für Virtuelle Communities, dass die Zuarbeit in diesen in der Regel freiwillig und ohne monetäre Interessen der Mitglieder stattfindet. Unternehmen nutzen Virtuelle Communities für Zwecke des Customer Relationship Management, des Wissensmanagement und des Customer Integration. Universitäten bilden virtuelle Lernnetzwerke, um die Interaktion zwischen Studierenden zu erhöhen und hierdurch Lernerfolge zu steigern. Die Potenziale Virtueller Communities werden jedoch in vielen Fällen nicht vollständig ausgeschöpft. Insbesondere der Frage nach einer systematischen Mitgliedersteuerung kommt aufgrund der vorherrschenden komplexen Motivationsstrukturen der freiwillig partizipierenden Mitglieder eine besondere Bedeutung zu. In bisherigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten wurde dieser Aspekt jedoch vernachlässigt. Das Untersuchungsdesign der Arbeit zielt darauf ab, diese Forschungslücke zu schließen und einen Ordnungsrahmen zu gestalten, der einen systematischen Aufbau, Betrieb und insbesondere eine Steuerung Virtueller Communities ermöglicht. Die Identifikation von Steuerungsinstrumenten wurde im Rahmen der Arbeit durch eine Analyse der Strukturen und Funktionsweisen in Open Source-Projekten vorgenommen, anschließend wurden diese auf andere Typen Virtueller Communities übertragen. Im Rahmen zweier Fallstudien wurde der entwickelte Ordnungsrahmen unter realen Bedingungen an einem Expertennetzwerk an der Börse Berlin AG und einem universitären Lernnetzwerk erprobt. Die anschließende Analyse gibt Aufschluss über die Wirkungsweisen wettbewerblicher, kooperativer und hierarchischer Steuerungsinstrumente in Virtuellen Communities. / A virtual community can be understood as a group of people sharing common interests, ideas, and feelings by using the internet or other collaborative networks. In contrast to companies where contributors are mainly motivated by financial incentives, virtual communities are based on voluntarily participation and non-monetary benefits. Companies build up virtual communities to support customer relationship management, customer integration or knowledge management. Universities use virtual learning communities to increase knowledge transfer among students. However, the potential of virtual communities can not completely tapped without efficient and systematic approaches of community engineering. Members usually participate voluntarily in virtual community and therefore are characterized by a complex motivational structure. This aspect has not been discussed in scientific literature intensively. The research design of this contribution aims on developing a framework that can be used to systematically build up a virtual community. By analyzing open source projects several instruments of member management were identified and transferred to different types of virtual communities. By developing a case study design the practical relevance of the theoretical model was measured. A network of experts at Berlin stock exchange and a learning network at University of Potsdam were analysed. Surveys, interviews as well as data examinations were used to evaluate the effects of instruments of a systematic member management and different types of coordination such as hierarchy, competition and cooperation.

Open Source Software has been all about myths until recently, with many people believing that open source isn't reliable because the open source projects are held by a small group of amateurs in their friend's garage. Such myths have been refuted with the emerging success and increased popularity of open source, but still many considered open source and proprietary software to be enemies, which can never co-exist in the corporate platform. As a result, some firms have decided to stick to their tradition of commercial software development, while new firms, which base their corporate strategy solely on open source, have emerged. The former group of firms has suffered from losing time and money in fixing the errors and bugs in the software, whereas the latter group has found difficulties in finding financial support and market share in competition among the former group. Neither group has found absolute success in their business, as result a compromise model has emerged in the software industry, which resulted in a third group of firms that work neither with pure open source model nor with pure proprietary models, but instead with “hybrid” business models which allows integration of these so-called two enemies. Such firms have overcome the pitfalls of both approaches, while combining the benefits of them. The growing success of open-source integration attracted further public attention on the potential importance of open-source software (OSS). Indeed, major large commercial IT companies have started to integrate open-source software into their core strategies. Despite the widespread doubts and resistance during the early stages of open source revolution, there has recently been a “change of perception” in the software development industry towards incorporating open source strategies into their business models. This master thesis investigates the open source software scene in Sweden by examining Swedish firms that develop software products either based on open source components (hybrid model) or just open source products (pure open source model). After analyzing the market based on the business models of these firms, further details of the open source strategies pursued by these firms have been analyzed. Our study then finalizes the investigation with an analysis of the open source development scene in Sweden, which we use to determine the characteristics of the software industry in Sweden. Our conclusions reveal that open source strategy shares most of its components with innovation strategy (with some components found to be specific to open source strategy only), confirming the link between open source software and innovation. Therefore, firms that work with open source software have to pay attention to innovation and form an appropriate innovation and open source strategy if they want to be successful in the software industry.

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Open Source ERP is considered as a viable alternative of proprietary ERP paradigm. Open Source ERP is getting more and more acceptance among Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) recently. Majority of Proprietary ERP vendors are changing their strategy nowadays and extend their focus on SMEs, even though SMEs are not that interested in Proprietary ERP systems. The factors that may motivate SMEs to select an Open Source ERP over proprietary ERP are not identified empirically in previous researches. Few researches raised the issue of cost and thus proposed that Open Source ERP is appropriate for SMEs. The other factors than cost involved in the selection process are yet to investigate empirically.</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The overall purpose of this thesis work is to contribute in knowledge domain of Open Source ERP. Open Source ERP is an emergent area but it has the potential to attract many organizations to implement this kind of ERP Systems. The issue under investigation throughout this research will be the selection process of Open Source ERP in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). The focus will be to identify mutually most important factors, from the perspective of SMEs and Suppliers that may motivate the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) to select OS ERP.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> Data obtained from the respondents is quantified in the research. Information gathered from the SMEs who have implemented Open Source ERP and from the Suppliers through web based survey. Two separate questionnaires comprised of various questions related to different factors in selecting of Open Source ERP solutions were made and sent to both SMEs and Suppliers of Open Source ERP. Opinion from an Open Source ERP expert is obtained regarding different factors motivate SMEs to select Open Source ERP. The results obtained from respondents through empirical findings were analyzed thereafter.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> SMEs were investigated regarding the importance of various rationales when they were selecting Open Source ERP solutions. The degree of importance of various factors in selection process might be diverse from organization to organization. It might be dependent on the size, geographical location of the organization or many other issues. Despite all this, there might be some common factors that may be always considered as foremost factors which influence SMEs to select an Open Source ERP over proprietary ERP.</p>

Während Open Source-Software wie etwa Linux, der Apace Webserver oder die OpenOffice-Suite eine grosse Verbreitung erfahren haben, sind Open Source-Lösungen zur Unterstützung betrieblicher Aufgaben weniger bekannt. Dieser Bericht unternimmt ausgehend von den funktionalen Anforderungen der Auftragsabwicklung eines Industrieunternehmens einen Vergleich bestehender Lösungen und diskutiert die Einsatzmöglichkeiten aus heutiger Sicht.

Zugl.: Bonn, Univ., Diss., 2008

Zugl.: Freiburg (Breisgau), Universiẗat, Diss., 2007. / Herstellt on demand. - Auch im Internet unter der Adresse http://www.uvka.de/univerlag/volltexte/2007/242/ verfügbar.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006. / Ted Friedman, committee chair; Kathy Fuller-Seeley, Ashok Jhunjhunwala, Merrill Morris, Leonard Teel, committee members. Title from title screen. Electronic text (236 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 22, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-210).

Teknikutvecklingen går snabbt framåt, och idag finns det ett stort behov av att använda andra utvecklares kod för att hänga med i det höga tempot. De kallas samlat för ramverk eller bibliotek, och hjälper utvecklaren att på ett effektivare sätt ta sig från start till mål utan att behöva skriva all programmeringskod själv. Dessa tredjepartslösningar är nästintill alltid bundna till ett licensavtal, vars restriktioner och tillåtelser utvecklaren måste följa vid nyttjandet. I denna studie har vi undersökt hur medvetenheten ser ut kring de licenser som är bundna till dessa tredjepartslösningar. Då det framkom i vår förstudie att vårt fall hade en relativt låg medvetenhet har vi även valt att titta på hur medvetenheten kan ökas. För att genomföra detta har vi valt att intervjua utvecklare och projektledare på ett konsultföretag. Vi undersökte även vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att höja medvetenheten samt vilka konsekvenser som kunde uppkomma vid bristfällande licenshantering. Vi upptäckte att det var en bristfällig kunskap om tredjepartslicenser på det studerade företaget, och hur de följde de licensrestriktioner som fanns för respektive licens. För att höja medvetenheten föreslår vi hjälpmedel i form av en automatiserad centraliserad lösning, lathundar för en enklare överblick av licensavtalen och hur användning av redan färdiga programvaror kan hjälpa till att öka medvetenheten och hanteringen av licenser. / In todays rapid technology development, there is a great need of reusing other developers code libraries to keep up with the fast pace. These code libraries are called frameworks or libraries depending on their purpose, and helps the developers to develop a product from start to finish faster than doing it all by their own. These third party software is almost always bound to a license with restrictions and permissions the developer needs to follow. In this thesis we are going to investigate the awareness of the licenses that are bound to these third party software. We found out in our pre study that the awareness where low and therefore we investigated how the awareness could be raised. In order to do this, we interviewed developers and project managers at a consulting firm. We also investigated what solutions there is to raise the awareness of third party licenses, and the problems caused by insufficient license management. We found out that there is inadequate knowledge about license management at the firm, and how the developer follows the restrictions and permissions that is bound to the license. To raise the awareness, we suggest tools to raise the awareness in form of a centralised solution, lazybones to easier understand the license agreement and already existing software to help the license management.