Photonic crystals have the capability to control electromagnetic waves due to the existence of photonic bandgap. The devices based on photonic crystal structures usually have the advantage of substantial size reduction compared to their conventional counterparts, which may lead to miniaturization and large-scale integration of optical and optoelectronic devices.In this dissertation, several novel optical devices based on photonic crystals are designed and analyzed, including a compact power splitter, a compact polarizing beam splitter, an optical intersection of nonidentical optical waveguides, and a single mode coupled resonator optical waveguide. The simulation results show superior advantages compared to their conventional counterparts. In addition, a new fabrication method based on combining a custom-built blue laser writer and the technique of optical holography is developed for the purpose of mass production of useful photonic crystal devices.

In this thesis, the characteristics and the applications of Kerr-like nonlinear optical waveguide structures have been studied. The nonlinear optical waveguide is a medium whose refractive index changes with the electric field intensity. In the characteristics of Kerr-like nonlinear optical waveguide structures, we propose a general method for analyzing the three-layer optical waveguide structure with all nonlinear layers by using modal theory. Based on this method, the analysis of transforming arbitrary nonlinear layer into linear layer can be achieved easily by modifying nonlinear coefficient. All kinds of the transverse electric field distributions and the dispersion relation in the three-layer Kerr-like nonlinear optical waveguide structure have been obtained. In the application of Kerr-like nonlinear optical waveguide structures, the Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometer structure will be discussed. Based on the asymmetric medium and asymmetric construction, the new all-optical router switching device and dense wavelength division multiplexing device have been proposed. The numerical results show that the proposed structures could function as all-optical switch devices and all-optical dense wavelength division multiplexing device.

In the paper, the beam propagation method is used to analyze the characteristics and the applications of nonlinear optical waveguide structures. The nonlinear optical waveguide is a medium whose refractive index changes with the electric field intensity. Based on the mode theory, the propagating envelop of optical light waves in the three-layers nonlinear waveguide with the nonlinear cladding, the nonlinear substrate and the linear guiding film can be solved. Not only the dispersion relation curve is described, but also the affection of input power to the electric field distribution is observed. In the application of nonlinear optical waveguide structure, the three-layers nonlinear waveguide structure and the local nonlinear Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometer structure will be discussed: In the three-layers nonlinear waveguide structure, by launching the symmetric and antisymmetric modes, various characteristics of spatial optical solitons will be observed. Based on the interaction property between spatial optical solitons, a new all-optical 1¡ÑN switching device will be proposed; In the local nonlinear Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometer structure, by fixing the input signal power and changing the control power, output signal beam will show the switching property. Besides, by changing the local nonlinear distributions, the nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer will show various logic functions. The numerical results show that the proposed structures could function as all-optical switch devices and all-optical logic gates.

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In this paper¡Awe use both beam propagation method and BPM_CAD to analysis the characteristics of nonlinear optical waveguide structures. The refractive index of optical waveguide medium changes with field intensity called nonlinear optical waveguide. We use Mode Theory to solve three layers optical waveguide. There are nonlinear cladding, substrate layers and linear film. Not only find the disperson relation curve, but also observe the affections of the input power to field distribution. With the help of this, we propose a general math method to analysis symmetric muti-layer optical waveguide with periodic index that both cladding and substrate are nonlinear. According to the nonlinear dispersion relation we consider both the affections of the input power to refractive index in the film and space soliton at nonlinear interface. We propose a optical coupler and feed-back optical switch. And also, we analysis 2¡Ñ3 branches optical waveguides by changing their media to nonlinear media. According to the result, we find that they have both logic function and optical switch.

This dissertation presents subwavelength optics with focus on the theory and applications of subwavelength apertures in a metal film. Two main issues regarding the optics with subwavelength apertures are investigated. As the first issue, the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through a single hole in a metallic waveguide is presented. A total transmission through a single subwavelength aperture is theoretically predicted for a perfect electric conductor regardless of the aperture size, without relying on aperture arrays and surface corrugations as presented in previous works. The waveguide EOT is then applied to boost the optical throughput of an apertured near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) probe. Using a new structure for the apertured NSOM probe which allows for waveguide EOT, the optical throughput and the damage threshold are boosted by 100× and 40× as compared to a conventional structure, and the experimental findings are backed-up by comprehensive finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Single fluorescent molecules are scanned using the EOT apertured NSOM probe, and a spatial resolution of 62 nm is achieved. As the second issue, subwavelength apertures are found useful for optical trapping. A small dielectric particle can significantly change the optical transmission through an aperture by dielectric loading, and subsequently, a large optical force is induced which favors trapping. A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trap is designed using a circular nanohole in a gold film. Trapping of 50 nm polystyrene particle is experimentally achieved, which is not possible using a conventional single beam optical tweezers. The circular nanohole SIBA trap works beyond the perturbative regime, as proven by FDTD simulations and a Maxwell stress tensor analysis. We further improve the nanohole trapping using a double-nanohole, which is more sensitive for small dielectric changes due to the intense local field enhancement between its two sharp tips. A single 12 nm silica sphere is experimentally trapped using the double-nanohole, as the smallest trapped dielectric particle reported. We also achieve the trapping of a single protein – a bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein with a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm in the folded form. The trapped BSA is also unfolded by the large optical force, as confirmed by experiments with changing optical power and changing pH. The high signal-to-noise ratio of 33 in monitoring single protein trapping and unfolding shows a tremendous potential for using the double-nanohole as a sensor for protein binding events at a single molecule level. / Graduate

A Holografia Computacional é uma técnica bem conhecida que permite a realização de uma grande variedade de Elementos Ópticos Difrativos. Elementos Ópticos Difrativos são dispositivos ópticos \"moldadores\" de onda projetados com base nas propriedades de difração de suas interfaces micro-estruturadas (ou de seus variáveis índices de refração). Considerando-se sua vasta escala de tecnologias de integração e repetição, usadas na fabricação de circuitos micro-eletrônicos, eles possuem um baixo custo de fabricação. Neste trabalho, o Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier foi aplicado para o cálculo de hologramas de Fourier binários destinados à modelagem da luz laser. A finalidade foi simular as propriedades dos elementos, considerando algumas distribuições luminosas desejadas, e gerar o \"layout\" das máscaras de fabricação destes hologramas. Urna das implementações realizadas, para que os resultados fossem melhorados durante as iterações, foi o cálculo de uma correção na janela de reconstrução que considera o erro de amplitude da reconstrução anterior. A possibilidade de visualizar as reconstruções binárias também é demonstrada, onde o olho humano é tratado como uma lente de Fourier. Um dispositivo óptico difrativo híbrido com perfil binário e contínuo, capaz de dividir um feixe de laser monocromático em um número arbitrário de linhas com um alto ângulo também é apresentado. Hologramas de Fourier de fase contínua e com 4 níveis de fase são implementados utilizando-se o Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier. Cálculos para a geração de hologramas de fase de Fresnel são realizados, combinando o Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier com a propagação da luz no espaço livre. / The Computer Holography is a well known technique that enables one to realize a wide range of Diffractive Optical Elements. Diffractive Optical Elements are optical waveshaping devices designed with base on the diffraction properties of their microstructured interfaces (or refractive-index gradients). They have potential low fabrication cost, considering their very large scale integration and replication technologies used in the fabrication of microelectronics circuits. In this work, the Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm was applied for the calculation of binary computer generated Fourier holograrns for laser beam shaping. The purpose was to simulate the elements proprieties considering some desired light distributions and to generate the fabrication masks Iayout of these holograms. One of the implementations, performed to improve the results during the iterations, was the calculation of a amplitude correction in the reconstruction window that considers the amplitude error from the previous reconstruction. The possibility to visualize the binary holograms reconstructions is also demonstred, where the human eye is treated as a Fourier lens. A hybrid binary and continuous profile diffractive optical device capable of splitting a monochromatic laser beam into an arbitrary number of tines over wide angle is also presented. Continuous phase and four phase levels Fourier holograms are implemented using the lterative Fourier Transform Algorithm. Fresnel phase holograms calculations are performed by combining the Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm with the free space light propagation.

Forças aplicadas no corpo humano são essenciais para o crescimento tecidual, a postura e a locomoção. Entretanto, na postura sentada, altos níveis de pressão por tempo prolongado podem ocasionar graves danos à pele e aos tecidos subjacentes, podendo levar o indivíduo à morte devido às complicações decorrentes das úlceras de pressão. Pessoas com deficiência que apresentam impossibilidade, temporária ou definitiva, de deslocar-se, adotam a postura sentada em sua cadeira de rodas. Cadeirantes que apresentam diminuição ou perda de funções sensitivas estão mais predispostos a serem acometidos por úlceras por não perceberem os incômodos dos altos níveis de pressão na posição sentada. A engenharia biomecânica tem estudado novas tecnologias em ergômetros e em equipamentos de monitoramento da pressão no assento da cadeira de rodas, com diferentes sensores de medição da pressão, considerando o custo e a constituição do equipamento. Diante disso, foi desenvolvido um novo dispositivo óptico de baixo custo e constituição simples para monitoramento da pressão, utilizando o processamento de imagens da intensidade luminosa gerada pela deformação de semiesferas de elastômeros contra uma superfície transparente rígida iluminada lateralmente sem o uso de líquidos sensores. Foi projetado e desenvolvido um programa de aquisição e processamento, de calibração, de análise das imagens e um módulo de sensores elásticos adaptado ao assento de um ergômetro para cadeirantes. Para entender o funcionamento do dispositivo e avaliar o projeto do novo sistema de monitoramento da pressão foi realizado uma modelagem numérica por elementos finitos, uma análise experimental, uma estimativa da pressão por meio de modelo analítico e um experimento que visa avaliar o efeito do apoio do pé na distribuição da pressão no assento em repouso e com propulsão manual. Por meio, do novo dispositivo de pressão no assento de ergômetro ajustável, foi desenvolvido um novo método de monitoramento da pressão no assento de ergômetro para cadeirantes utilizando um princípio óptico de captação da imagem processada da deformação de semiesferas de elastômeros utilizando aplicativos em ambiente LabVIEW. O dispositivo possibilitou a aquisição, a análise e o monitoramento da imagem do mapeamento dos níveis de pressão no assento de lesados medulares que realizam propulsão manual. Os resultados dos experimentos demonstraram que a elevação do apoio do pé aumenta significativamente (p<0,05) a pressão média e máxima na região isquiática em lesados medulares. O mapeamento óptico com semiesferas de elastômeros para monitoramento da pressão por imagem no assento do ergômetro, mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante na avaliação adequação postural e na ergonomia da configuração de uma cadeira de rodas com potencial para desenvolver novas pesquisas na área da pessoa com deficiência com usuários de cadeira de rodas. / Forces applied to the human body is essential for tissue growth, posture and locomotion. However, in the sitting position, high-pressure levels for long periods can cause serious damage to the skin and underlying tissues, may lead the individual to death due to complications of pressure ulcers. People with disabilities who have not possible, temporary or permanent, to move, adopt a sitting posture with the use of a wheelchair. Wheelchair presenting decrease or loss of sensory functions are more likely to be affected by ulcers do not realize the discomfort of high levels of pressure in the sitting position. Biomechanics Engineering has studied new technologies ergometers and pressure monitoring equipment on the seat of the wheelchair, with different pressure measuring sensors, considering the cost and the setting up of the equipment. Therefore, a new optical device of low cost and simple constitution for pressure monitoring was developed using image processing of the light intensity generated by the deformation of elastomeric hemispheres against a rigid surface transparent illuminated laterally without the use of liquid sensors. For this, it designed and developed an acquisition program, calibration, processing, image analysis and elastic sensor module that is adapted to seat an ergometer for wheelchair users. To understand the device operation and evaluate the design of the new pressure monitoring system was carried out a numerical modeling for finite element, an experimental analysis, an estimate of the pressure by means of analytical model and an experiment designed to assess the effect of support standing on the pressure distribution on the seat at rest and with manual propulsion. By means of the new pressure device on the seat adjustable ergometer it was developed a new pressure monitoring method in ergometer seat for wheelchair users using an optical principle processed image capture of elastomeric hemispheres deformation using applications in LabVIEW environment. The device enabled the acquisition, analysis and monitoring of pressure levels of mapping image on spinal cord injuries seat performing manual propulsion. The results of the experiments with spinal cord injury, demonstrated that the rise foot support increases significantly (p <0.05) and the average maximum pressure in the ischial region. The optical mapping elastomeric hemispheres for monitoring image by pressing the ergometer seat, was an important tool in assessing the ergonomics of the configuration of a wheelchair and postural adjustment with the potential to develop further research in the area of disabled wheelchair users. / Tese (Doutorado)

A Holografia Computacional é uma técnica bem conhecida que permite a realização de uma grande variedade de Elementos Ópticos Difrativos. Elementos Ópticos Difrativos são dispositivos ópticos \"moldadores\" de onda projetados com base nas propriedades de difração de suas interfaces micro-estruturadas (ou de seus variáveis índices de refração). Considerando-se sua vasta escala de tecnologias de integração e repetição, usadas na fabricação de circuitos micro-eletrônicos, eles possuem um baixo custo de fabricação. Neste trabalho, o Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier foi aplicado para o cálculo de hologramas de Fourier binários destinados à modelagem da luz laser. A finalidade foi simular as propriedades dos elementos, considerando algumas distribuições luminosas desejadas, e gerar o \"layout\" das máscaras de fabricação destes hologramas. Urna das implementações realizadas, para que os resultados fossem melhorados durante as iterações, foi o cálculo de uma correção na janela de reconstrução que considera o erro de amplitude da reconstrução anterior. A possibilidade de visualizar as reconstruções binárias também é demonstrada, onde o olho humano é tratado como uma lente de Fourier. Um dispositivo óptico difrativo híbrido com perfil binário e contínuo, capaz de dividir um feixe de laser monocromático em um número arbitrário de linhas com um alto ângulo também é apresentado. Hologramas de Fourier de fase contínua e com 4 níveis de fase são implementados utilizando-se o Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier. Cálculos para a geração de hologramas de fase de Fresnel são realizados, combinando o Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier com a propagação da luz no espaço livre. / The Computer Holography is a well known technique that enables one to realize a wide range of Diffractive Optical Elements. Diffractive Optical Elements are optical waveshaping devices designed with base on the diffraction properties of their microstructured interfaces (or refractive-index gradients). They have potential low fabrication cost, considering their very large scale integration and replication technologies used in the fabrication of microelectronics circuits. In this work, the Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm was applied for the calculation of binary computer generated Fourier holograrns for laser beam shaping. The purpose was to simulate the elements proprieties considering some desired light distributions and to generate the fabrication masks Iayout of these holograms. One of the implementations, performed to improve the results during the iterations, was the calculation of a amplitude correction in the reconstruction window that considers the amplitude error from the previous reconstruction. The possibility to visualize the binary holograms reconstructions is also demonstred, where the human eye is treated as a Fourier lens. A hybrid binary and continuous profile diffractive optical device capable of splitting a monochromatic laser beam into an arbitrary number of tines over wide angle is also presented. Continuous phase and four phase levels Fourier holograms are implemented using the lterative Fourier Transform Algorithm. Fresnel phase holograms calculations are performed by combining the Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm with the free space light propagation.