Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1064277 bytes, checksum: 6eee8a43145ff33d2643d1587d0363c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study is to examine, empirically, the process of investigating the gender Oral Exposure, by determining whether the systematic teaching of this influences the development of oral skills of students, taking as a basis for analysis the following themes: Textual and Oral Exposure Genres and Orality, as provided by theorists, Bronckart (1999), Schneuwly and Dolz (2004), and the influence of theorists Bakhtin (2006), Marcuschi (2003.2008), among others. For realize the research is used to apply an ethnographic approach to studying the case, with the object of study the oral skills of seven students from the fifth year of elementary education at a private school, located Palmas city, locate in Tocantins state. To execute the research applies a didactic sequence for the " Oral Exposure gender " with the goal of enabling students with the knowledge about this genre and - through his teaching - to analyze whether the difficulties of the students in oral text production may be influenced positively. The hypothesis was confirmed, since it was detected at the end of the study, the oral skills of students presented a positive development during the realize of the didactic sequence. It was felt that the teaching of gender is not systematically performed there by pointing to the need for restructuring of school practice in order to improve the process of assimilation of genres. / A proposta deste trabalho é analisar, de forma empírica, o processo de instrução do gênero Exposição Oral, averiguando se o ensino sistemático deste influencia no desenvolvimento das habilidades orais dos alunos; tomando como base para análise as temáticas: Gêneros Textuais, Gênero Exposição Oral e Oralidade, fornecidas por doutos como Bronckart (1999), Dolz e Schneuwly (2004), além da influência dos teóricos Bakhtin (2006), Marcuschi (2003,2008), dentre outros. Para realização da investigação utiliza-se a aplicação de uma abordagem etnográfica ao estudo do caso, tendo como objeto de estudo as habilidades orais de sete alunos de quinto ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola privada, localizada na cidade de Palmas/TO. Para efetivação da pesquisa, aplica-se uma sequência didática para o gênero Exposição Oral , com o objetivo de possibilitar aos alunos o conhecimento sobre este gênero e - por meio do seu ensino - analisar se as dificuldades dos alunos na produção textual oral podem ser influenciadas positivamente. A hipótese foi comprovada, uma vez que se detectou, ao final da pesquisa, que as habilidades orais dos alunos sofreram um avanço positivo no decorrer da realização da sequência didática. Percebeu-se que o ensino dos gêneros não é realizado sistematicamente, apontando assim para a necessidade de reestruturação da práxis escolar, a fim de aperfeiçoar o processo de assimilação dos gêneros.

La mesure du bisphénol-S (BPS) et de son glucurono-conjugué (BPSG) dans l’urine peut être utilisée pour la biosurveillance de l’exposition dans les populations. Cependant, cela nécessite une connaissance approfondie de la toxicocinétique de ces composés alors qu’à ce jour, il existe peu de données à cet effet chez l’humain. L’évolution dans le temps du BPS et du BPSG a été évaluée dans des matrices biologiques accessibles et représentatives comme l`urine et le sang de volontaires exposés par voie orale et cutanée. Suite à l’approbation du comité d’éthique de la recherche de l’Université de Montréal, six volontaires ont été exposés par voie orale à une dose deutérée de BPS-d8 de 0,1 mg/kg de poids corporel. Un mois plus tard, 1 mg/kg pc de BPS-d8 ont été appliqués sur 40 cm2 de l’avant-bras puis lavés 6 h après l’application. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés avant le dosage et à des intervalles de temps fixes sur une période de 48 h après traitement ; des collectes urinaires complètes ont été recueillies avant l’exposition et à des intervalles préétablis sur 72 h après dosage. Après exposition par voie orale, les profils temporels des concentrations plasmatiques de BPS-d8 et de BPSG-d8 évoluaient en parallèle et ont montré une apparition et une élimination rapides. Les valeurs maximales de BPS-d8 et BPSG-d8 dans le plasma ont été atteintes en moyenne (± écart-type [ET]) à 0,7 ± 0,1 et 1,1 ± 0,4 h après le dosage et les demi-vies d’élimination apparentes (moyenne ± ET) (t ½) de 7,9 ± 1,1 et 9,3 ± 7,0 h ont été calculées à partir de la phase terminale, respectivement. La fraction de BPS-d8 atteignant la circulation systémique inchangée (c’est-à-dire la biodisponibilité) a en outre été estimée à 62 ± 5 % en moyenne (± ET) et la clairance plasmatique systémique à 0,57 ± 0,07 L/kg pc/h. Toujours après exposition orale, les profils temporels des taux d’excrétion urinaire évoluaient aussi de manière parallèle aux concentrations plasmatiques et étaient similaires pour tant pour le composé parent que le métabolite. Le pourcentage moyen (± ET) de la dose administrée récupérée dans l’urine sous forme de BPS-d8 et BPSG-d8 au cours de la période de 72 h après le dosage était de 1,72 ± 1,3 et 54 ± 10 %. Après application cutanée, les niveaux plasmatiques étaient inférieurs à la limite inférieure de quantification (LLOQ) à la plupart des points dans le temps. Cependant, les valeurs maximales étaient atteintes entre 5 et 8 h selon les individus, suggérant un taux d’absorption plus lent par rapport à l’exposition orale. De même, des quantités limitées de BPS-d8 et de son conjugué, estimées en pourcentage de dose, de l’ordre 0,004 ± 0,003 et 0,09 ± 0,07 %. En somme, cette étude a fourni une plus grande précision sur la cinétique du BPS chez l’humain. Ces données seront utiles pour développer un modèle toxicocinétique pour une meilleure interprétation des données de biosurveillance. Pour la voie orale, le taux d’absorption apparent similaire du BPS-d8 et BPSG-d8 après une exposition par voie orale suggère que les formes libres et conjuguées du BPS atteignent la circulation sanguine systémique à peu près dans le même intervalle de temps. Ceci indique un effet de premier passage hépatique, c’est-à-dire une conjugaison du BPS-d8 dans le foie avant d’atteindre la circulation systémique. Néanmoins, malgré l’effet de premier passage, la biodisponibilité du BPS-d8 et donc la forme active non conjuguée du BPS dans le sang est relativement élevée. Celle-ci est en fait largement plus importante que celle du BPA. Le BPS libre s’est aussi avéré avoir a un temps de résidence plasmatique plus long que le BPA. Pour la voie cutanée, les données ont montré que le BPS atteignait rapidement la circulation sanguine systémique et était donc rapidement absorbé par peau. Par contre, son élimination du corps semble être plus lente après exposition cutanée comparativement à son élimination après exposition orale. Par ailleurs, malgré le fait que le BPS serait rapidement absorbé au niveau de la peau, la fraction d’absorption cutanée était très faible par rapport à la fraction d’absorption orale. / The measurement of bisphenol-S (BPS) and its glucurono-conjugate (BPSG) in urine may be used for the biomonitoring of exposure in populations. However, this requires a thorough knowledge of their toxicokinetics. The time courses of BPS and BPSG were assessed in accessible biological matrices of orally and dermally exposed volunteers. Under the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Montreal, six volunteers were orally exposed to a BPS-d8 deuterated dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw). One month later, 1 mg/kg bw of BPS-d8 were applied on 40 cm2 of the forearm and then washed 6 h after application. Blood samples were taken prior to dosing and at fixed time periods over 48 h after treatment; complete urine voids were collected pre-exposure and at pre-established intervals over 72 h postdosing. Following oral exposure, the plasma concentration–time courses of BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 over 48 h evolved in parallel and showed a rapid appearance and elimination. Average peak values (±SD) were reached at 0.7 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.4 h postdosing and mean (±SD) apparent elimination half-lives (t½) of 7.9 ± 1.1 and 9.3 ± 7.0 h were calculated from the terminal phase of BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 in plasma, respectively. The fraction of BPS-d8 reaching the systemic circulation unchanged (i.e. bioavailability) was further estimated at 62 ± 5% on average (±SD) and the systemic plasma clearance at 0.57 ± 0.07 L/kg bw/h. Plasma concentration–time courses and urinary excretion rate profiles roughly evolved in parallel for both substances, as expected. The average percent (±SD) of the administered dose recovered in urine as BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 over the 0–72 h period postdosing was 1.72 ± 1.3 and 54 ± 10%. Following dermal application, plasma levels were under the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at most time points. However, peak values were reached between 5 and 8 h depending on individuals, suggesting a slower absorption rate compared to oral exposure. Similarly, limited amounts of BPS-d8 and its conjugate were recovered in urine and peak excretion rates were reached between 5 and 11 h postdosing. The average percent (±SD) of the administered dose recovered in urine as BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 was about 0.004 ± 0.003 and 0.09 ± 0.07%, respectively. This study provided greater precision on the kinetics of this contaminant in humans and, in particular, evidenced major differences between BPA and BPS kinetics with much higher systemic levels of active BPS than BPA, an observation explained by a higher oral bioavailability of BPS than BPA. These data should also be useful in developing a toxicokinetic model for a better interpretation of biomonitoring data. Overall, this study provided greater precision on the kinetics of this contaminant in humans. These data will be useful in developing a toxicokinetic model for a better interpretation of biomonitoring data. For the oral route of exposure, the apparent similar absorption rate of BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 after oral exposure suggests that free and conjugated forms of BPS reach the systemic blood circulation at about the same time interval. This indicates a first-pass effect in the liver, i.e. a conjugation of BPS-d8 in the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Nevertheless, despite the first-pass effect, the bioavailability of BPS-d8 and therefore the proportion of unconjugated active form of BPS reaching the systemic bloodstream is relatively high. It is actually much higher than that of BPA. Free BPS was also found to have a longer plasma residence time than BPA. For the dermal route of exposure, data show that BPS quickly reaches systemic blood circulation and is therefore rapidly absorbed by skin. On the other hand, its elimination from the body appears to be slower after dermal exposure compared to its elimination after oral exposure. Furthermore, despite the fact that BPS is rapidly absorbed through the skin, the dermal absorption fraction was very small compared to the oral absorption fraction.

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