Vários Ingredientes Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) (do inglês: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) descritos na Farmacopeia Americana são de baixa solubilidade aquosa ou insolúveis em água. Além disso, a maioria dos medicamentos é disponibilizada na forma sólida (cristalina), principalmente comprimidos, por razões de maior estabilidade e menores custos. Entretanto, para que um medicamento possa exercer sua ação terapêutica é necessário que o IFA seja liberado da formulação farmacêutica e se dissolva em quantidade e velocidade adequadas nos fluidos gastrointestinais para ser absorvido. Assim, fármacos de baixa solubilidade podem apresentam problemas com sua biodisponibilidade. Neste sentido, um dos maiores desafios da indústria farmacêutica nos últimos anos, consiste em melhorar a dissolução de fármacos pouco solúveis, para que possam ser biodisponíveis e, com isso, mais eficazes. Este trabalho possui como objetivos a obtenção de novas formas sólidas dos IFAs de baixa solubilidade aquosa e avaliação das propriedades físico-químicas, principalmente solubilidade e estabilidade. Os IFAs escolhidos para esse estudo foram: doxiciclina, orbifloxacino e carvedilol. Novas formas cristalinas dessas três IFAs foram obtidas e caracterizadas por espectroscopia vibracional da região do infravermelho, análise térmica e difração de raios X por policristais. Duas estruturas cristalinas inéditas foram determinadas a partir de dados de difração de raios X por monocristais: Uma para a doxiciclina e uma para o orbifloxacino. Outras quatro fases cristalinas inéditas, sendo uma para o orbifloxacino e outras três para o carvedilol foram identificadas pelas técnicas físicas de caracterização utilizadas nesse estudo. Suas estrutruras serão posteriormente determinadas a partir de estudos de difração de raios X. Estudos de solubilidade, estabilidade e dissolução das formas sólidas inéditas obtidas foram comparados com as formas sólidas preconizadas e, ou, conhecidas dos respectivos IFAs abordados nesse estudo. / More than one third of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) described in the US Pharmacopoeia have a poorly-water solubility or are insoluble in water. Moreover, most of the drugs are available in their solid (crystalline) form, particularly tablets, due to a major stability and lower costs. However, in order for a drug product to exercise its therapeutic action it is necessary that the API can be released from the pharmaceutical formulation and that this ingredient has to be dissolved in an adequate quantity and rate on the gastrointestinal fluids to be absorbed. Thus, these poorly soluble drugs in these fluids present problems with bioavailability. In this sense, one of the biggest challenges of the pharmaceutical industry in the recent years is to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, so that in turn they can be bioavailable and thus, more effective. This work has as objective to obtain new solid forms of low aqueous solubility APIs and evaluate their physicochemical properties, especially solubility and stability. The APIs chosen for this study were doxycycline, orbifloxacin and carvedilol. New crystalline forms of these three APIs were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared, by thermal analysis and by X-ray diffraction by polycrystals. The two new crystal structures determined from SCXRD data were: one for doxycycline and one for orbifloxacin. Other four novel crystalline phases, (1 for the orbifloxacin and 3 for the carvedilol), were identify by the techniques of physical characterization and their structures will be determined from studies of X-ray diffraction posteriorly. The solubility, stability and dissolution of these novel solid forms were carried out and compared with those recommended and, or known solid forms for each API.

La tesis doctoral esta compuesta por 10 artículos, con sus correspondientes 10 resúmenes. En todos los casos que fue posible, se realizó un estudio cruzado y el método de determinación de todas las quinolonas fue cromatografía liquida de alta resolución (HPLC) con un detector de fluorescencia:1. El objetivo fue estudiar la farmacocinética de difloxacino (5 mg/kg) en el caballo (n=6). Difloxacino puede ser efectivo para el tratamiento de infecciones por bacterias sensibles en caballos.2. El objetivo fue estudiar la farmacocinética de danofloxacino en el caballo (n=6), a dosis de 1.25 mg/kg. Danofloxacino en caballos puede ser efectivo para el tratamiento de infecciones por bacterias sensibles.3. La farmacocinética de moxifloxacino en el conejo (n=6) fue evaluada. Moxifloxacino puede ser efectivo en conejos.4. El comportamiento farmacocinético de ibafloxacino (15 mg/kg) fue estudiado en cabras lactantes. La penetración de ibafloxacino desde la sangre a la leche fue pobre. 5. La farmacocinética de difloxacino fue estudiada en cabras lactantes (n=6), a dosis de 5 mg/kg. La penetración de difloxacino desde el plasma a la leche fue amplia y rápida. 6. La farmacocinética/farmacodinámica de danofloxacino fue estudiada en conejos (n=6), a dosis de 6 mg/kg. No se recomienda el uso de danofloxacino en el conejo, contra las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus testadas en este estudio, por el riesgo de aparición de resistencias. 7. Se ha desarrollado un método de cromatografía liquida de alta resolución con detector de fluorescencia simple, rápido y sensible para la determinación de ibafloxacino en plasma de conejo. 8. La farmacocinética de difloxacino fue estudiada en ovejas (n=6), a dosis de 5 mg/kg. Difloxacino puede ser efectivo en las ovejas.9. La farmacocinética de orbifloxacino fue estudiada en cabras lactantes (n=6), a dosis de 2.5 mg/kg. La penetración de orbifloxacino en la leche fue rápida, alcanzando altas concentraciones. 10. La farmacocinética/farmacodinámica de orbifloxacino fue estudiada en conejos (n=6), a dosis de 5 mg/kg. No se recomienda el uso de orbifloxacino,contra las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus testadas en este estudio, por el riesgo de aparición de resistencias. / The present PhD work is composed of 10 manuscripts and 10 summaries: 1. The pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (5 mg/kg) were determined in healthy horses (n=6). Difloxacin in horses indicate that it is likely to be effective for treating sensitive equine bacterial infections.2. The pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin (1.25 mg/kg) were determined in healthy horses (n=6). Danofloxacin in horses indicate that it is likely to be effective for treating sensitive equine bacterial infections.3. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of moxifloxacin in healthy white New Zealand rabbits was studied. The favourable PK parameters indicate that it is likely to be effective in rabbits.4. The pharmacokinetic behavior of ibafloxacin was studied (15 mg/kg) to 6 healthy lactating goats. Ibafloxacin penetration from the blood to the milk was poor. 5. The single-dose disposition kinetics of difloxacin (5 mg/kg) were determined in clinically normal lactating goats (n = 6). Difloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was extensive and rapid.6. The pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin (6 mg/kg) was studied in healthy rabbits. In consideration of the low AUC/MIC indices obtained, its use cannot be recommended given the risk for selection of first mutant subpopulations.7. A simple, rapid, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for the determination of ibafloxacin in rabbit plasma..8. The disposition kinetics of difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, were determined in sheep at a single dose of 5mg/kg. Difloxacin is likely to be effective in sheep.9. The single-dose disposition kinetics of orbifloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) were determined in clinically normal lactating goats (n = 6). Orbifloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was rapid and showed high levels of concentrations in milk secretion. 10. The single-dose disposition kinetics of orbifloxacin (5 mg/kg) were determined in clinically normal rabbits (n=6). Its use against the S. aureus strains assayed in this study cannot be recommended given the risk of selection of resistant populations.