The purpose of this study is to assess whether or not enforcement of the Minors and Tobacco Laws in the form of a citation had an impact on the knowledge, attitudes, practices and policies of over-the-counter tobacco retailers in Oregon. Demographic factors, such as store type, store size, ownership type, and location of the store that may contribute to the retailers response to receiving a citation for selling tobacco to a minor, were examined. The study examines two randomly selected groups of over-the-counter tobacco retailers in Oregon. The treatment group received a citation selling tobacco products to a minor while the control did not. A mail survey was sent to retailers selected for the study. The survey instrument measured the characteristics in each group, representing knowledge, attitudes, practices, and policies relating to the Oregon Minors and Tobacco Laws. The unit of analysis was owners or managers of retail stores. Cross-tabulation and a chi-square test statistic was used to assess and determine if there was a significant association between selected variables. Multiple regression was employed to determine if there is a relationship between composite dependent variables representing retailers' attitudes and practices and several demographic variables. Stores that had received a citation were more vigilant in compliance practices and perceptions than stores that had not received a compliance check and citation. Retailers' believe that both negative and positive strategies are necessary to achieve retailer compliance, retailers need more educational materials for training employees, and that a training video and a device to help clerks calculate the age on a minors ID would be useful. Retailers in both groups opposed the licensing of retailers to sell tobacco. Owners and owner operated stores in country settings were found to be resistant to policies aimed at reducing minors' access to tobacco products. / Graduation date: 1997

A state of the art motor testing facility has been built at Oregon State University. This is the largest independent testing laboratory of its type in the western United States. The construction was funded by a consortium of industrial sponsors, with a goal of becoming financially self-sufficient by charging the users for the services provided. An operating philosophy has been developed which attempts to meet the diverse needs of all parties involved including the University, the industrial sponsors and the customers desiring either research or standardized testing services. To meet these needs a business plan was developed along with an efficient, yet flexible, process for safely testing equipment. Safe operation of the laboratory is a prime consideration and has been addressed through system design and procedural safeguards. Unlike installations of similar equipment in industrial applications, this facility must accommodate a wide variety of motors and drives in temporary configurations without unduly hindering the testing process. Also, unlike many university based research projects this laboratory has the capability of delivering high power levels which can result in potentially dangerous situations if adequate safety precautions are not taken. All of these objectives have been met and the laboratory is now in operation. As the volume of testing increases, further issues will be raised and addressed within the flexible operating structure which has been established. / Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1997

Six 3 to 4 weeks old, cesarian-derived lambs were inoculated with ovine an adenovirus isolate 475N. Inoculated lambs showed moderate clinical signs of respiratory distress, conjunctivitis, and loose feces during the 10-day observation period. Virus was detected from nasal and conjunctival swabs starting on postinoculation day (PID) 2. Virus was detected in the feces in a inconsistent fashion. At necropsy, virus was present in the lung, tonsils, and bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes of lambs necropsied on PID 5 and 7. Tissue samples from gastrointestinal tract and kidney were negative for the virus. Presence of virus in the feces was believed to be from replication in tonsillar tissue. At necropsy, lambs showed signs of pneumonia and numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected in affected lung tissue. Virus neutralizing antibodies appeared at low levels in serum on PID 6 and reached higher levels by PID 10. Six ovine adenovirus prototype species, three uncharacterized ovine and bovine adenoviruses isolates and two uncharacterized llama adenoviruses isolates were digested with four different restriction enzymes. Digested viral DNA was separated in 0.7% agarose gels. The enzymes Barn HI, Eco RI, Hind III, and Pst I digested viral DNA and produced 2-10 bands. The profile of the band distribution permitted the differentiation of the viruses under study. However, further studies using multiple isolates of each species are required to determine if this procedure will efficiently distinguish different species of ruminant adenoviruses. Ten adenoviruses from sheep (including the six prototype species), one from bovine and one from llama were studied by virus neutralization test to determine their degree of antigenic similarities. Reciprocal virus neutralization tests were performed and the degree of antigenic similarities, i.e., strain differentiation was determined by criteria established by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses. Isolates 32CN (a bovine adenovirus) and 475N (an ovine adenovirus) were antigenically identical and not neutralized by any of the prototype species antiserum. They are candidates for a new species of ruminant adenoviruses. Ovine adenovirus isolate 47F was shown to be a member of OAV-5 species while the llama adenovirus strain represents a newly recognized species for this animal. / Graduation date: 1996

Graduation date: 1996

This study surveyed a sample population of manufacturing companies in Oregon. Respondents were surveyed concerning their perceptions of ergonomics and their use of ergonomic consulting services from three potential sources of ergonomic consulting services. The sources of ergonomic consulting services were the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OR-OSHA), Workers' Compensation insurance carriers and private consultants. The study found that companies with less than 100 employees were the least likely to be familiar with ergonomics. Such companies were also the least likely to have used ergonomic consulting services. The perception of manufacturing companies of ergonomic consulting services was positive. Respondents felt that recommendations provided by consultants from the different sources were effective in meeting their ergonomic objectives. They indicated that ergonomic consulting services were useful and should be used more frequently. This was particularly true of respondents who had used services from OR-OSHA or services from their Workers' Compensation insurance carriers. / Graduation date: 1996

A wildfire burned over 40,000 ha of conifer and mixed conifer-hardwood forest in the Silver Creek drainage of southwestern Oregon in the fall of 1987 allowing me to assess big game use of a large natural burn. I used fecal pellet group counts to estimate habitat use and effects of forest management activities on Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) within the Silver Fire Recovery Project Area (SFRPA) of the Siskiyou National Forest. Pellet decay rate and differences in observers' abilities to detect deer and elk pellet groups (interobserver variability) were estimated to test validity of pellet group counts. Pellet group persistence was estimated during a 10-month period. There were no differences in pellet group persistence between elk and deer (P < 0.05). Observers differed in ability to detect elk (F = 2.7; df = 4, 530; P = 0.03) and deer (F = 10.7; df = 4, 883; P < 0.0001) pellet groups. Interobserver variability related to elk pellet groups was low and was attributed to differences in numbers of transects searched by each observer. Two observers detected greater mean numbers of deer pellet groups than did other observers. I counted 775 elk pellet groups and 3,888 deer pellet groups on four study areas within the SFRPA. I analyzed habitat use for two periods: June to mid-October (summer-fall), and mid- October through May (fall-spring). I used stepwise logistic regression to create models predicting categories of habitat use during each period. Management variables were added to the habitat models to estimate effect of management on predicted categories of habitat use. Total overstory canopy cover was negatively related to deer use during both use periods. Distance to road was the only significant management variable affecting deer habitat use during the fall-spring period (P = 0.03). Slash cover had a negative effect on probability of habitat use by deer during the summer-fall period (P = 0.02). Elk use was negatively affected by steep slopes and hardwood canopies during both periods, while grass seeding positively affected elk use during both summer-fall (P = 0.05) and fall-spring (P = 0.03) use periods. Clearcutting had a negative effect on probability of elk use during the fall-spring period (P = 0.04). / Graduation date: 1995

Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. / Graduation date: 1972

Four sampling techniques were evaluated to estimate clover aphid, Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen), abundance in red clover fields in the Willamette Valley. The Berlese funnel method detected one to four times more aphids than other sampling techniques. Visual assessment often underestimated the high aphid densities during the flowering and seeding of clover. Sweep net and Schuh shaker techniques had limitations and underrated the numbers of aphids present in the clover fields. Strong correlations (r² = 0. 74 - 0.87) were found between the Berlese funnel technique and visual assessment technique in a 2nd year established field. Numerical differences in the spatial distribution of N. bakeri on clover stems were shown during various stages of plant development over the season. During development of buds and axils, aphid numbers on the lower half of the plant averaged 1.5 times greater than those on the upper half. As the season progressed into the flowering and seeding stage, aphid numbers on the upper stem halves were approximately five times greater than those on the lower half. Winged clover aphids were too few to show definite peaks of flight using water traps, averaging 2.19 aphids per yellow bucket during the June-August period. No significant differences in aphid attractiveness to the different colors were found among water pan traps. Yellow buckets captured approximately five times more alate aphids than did yellow, red, or green pan traps. Traps placed on the south side of the field contained higher numbers of aphids than in other locations in the red clover fields. / Graduation date: 1991

Genetics, gene flow, and distribution of pesticide resistance traits were examined for organophosphate (OP) resistance in three beneficial phytoseiid mites. Levels and genetics of OP resistance in Amblyseius andersoni were examined first. Laboratory strains from Italy and Oregon, USA, were compared in susceptibility to insecticides used in western Oregon fruit crops. The Italian strain was 80-100 times more resistant to the OPs azinphosmethyl, diazinon, malathion, and phosalone, as well as carbaryl, a carbamate. Significant differences were not found between strains for endosulfan or fenvalerate. Using backcross analysis, response of F1 hybrids to azinphosmethyl indicated OP resistance was semidominant. Through novel statistical analysis, backcross of F1 to parent strains revealed resistance was polygenic, with at least two loci. Reciprocal crosses demonstrated the presence of maternal effects, with increased variation associated with progeny of Oregon females. In the next set of experiments, electrophoresis of allozymes was used to estimate gene flow for Typhlodromus pyri. Ten populations from two apple growing valleys of Oregon were compared. Subpopulations were collected from in and around commercial apple orchards. Four loci unaffected by pesticide use were examined. FST was calculated at 0.115, and Nm as 2.08. No allelic patterns could be discerned for populations among or within valleys; however, more variation was present for mite populations within valleys than between them. Some inbreeding was found within populations. While from dispersal studies one would conclude T. pyri is nondispersive, allozymic analysis indicates there is moderate gene flow. Factors affecting OP resistance distribution in T. pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis were examined. A diagnostic concentration of azinphosmethyl was used to determine OP resistance frequencies for populations of each species, collected in and near commercial apple orchards in two valleys. OP resistance in T. pyri populations was localized: mites from 10 m or more outside orchards were OP susceptible, while those within orchards were resistant. This indicated limited gene flow. All M. occidentalis populations were resistant, indicating a regional resistance pattern and high gene flow. Factors which were not significant in the distribution of OP resistance were: valley, degree of orchard isolation, host plant, and seasonality. / Graduation date: 1994