This research evaluates the results of a change in policy by Oregon's Children's Services Division permitting foster parents to adopt their foster child. A comparison was made between two groups of children, both of whom were seen by their caseworkers as not likely to return home and adoptable. One group was believed likely to be adopted by foster parents and the other believed likely to be adopted by new parents. Process and outcome of placement efforts for the two groups are described and compared. The study sample, comprised of 155 children, were followed for 28 months from the time the decision was made that they were not likely to return home and were adoptable. Decisions necessary to reach the adoption goal were identified, and the time they took were summarized for the sample. An assessment was made of the extent to which variables having to do with characteristics of the child, his history with the agency and the influence of the agency and court accounted for decisions made and time. From the results of this study it appears that adoption by foster parents is a viable option for permanent placement. It can be accomplished as quickly, for as many children, and with no more risk than adoption by new parents. No difference was found in the proportion of the sample who were adopted by new parents and those adopted by foster parents. It took approximately one year, no matter what the outcome. Children who might not otherwise be placeable were adopted by foster parents. These were the older children who had been in foster care longer and were considered less placeable. This provides a placement option for those most difficult to place. Though adoption was seen as likely, half of the sample (74 of 155) remained in foster care. Of these, 31 percent (23 of 74) were freed from parents but not adopted. Children who remained in foster care are the oldest and the least placeable in the sample. For these children the options for exit from foster care are limited, and this seems to call for an intensive effort to find adoptive homes. Also needed is a closer monitoring of cases from entry into foster care to assure that the case is resolved as quickly as possible. Children were more likely to be placed in a permanent home if they liere part of a demonstration project which assigned special caseworkers to work intensively toward the goal of finding a permanent home for the child. Return to parents had the highest priority; or, if this was not possible, adoption. Eleven percent of the sample returned to their parents, though they had been thought not likely to return home. Children chosen for the project efforts were younger and more placeable. Methods used by the project caseworkers should be made available for every case to facilitate their early resolution. Several findings point to a need for some formal case review process. Some case decisions which should have been made on the facts of the case were accounted for, at least in part, by caseworker attitude. Such bias might be reduced by basing decisions on the consensus of several informed people.

This project was conceived at the Psychiatric Security Unit of Oregon State Hospital in 1968-69. The purpose of the study-was to develop a fund of knowledge concerning the Oregon "sexually dangerous" and to emphasize those elements of the subject which require more sophisticated research. It was undertaken with the hope that the information provided would prove of value to the professional and layman in their understanding of sexual offenses against children. The study plan, designed around an investigation of sexual offender characteristics, was submitted to the administrator of Oregon State Hospital, and permission was granted to examine clinical histories of the 81 sexual offenders who had been committed under Oregon Sexual Psychopath Statutes from September 1963, to May 1969. The study design was exploratory and descriptive. Exploratory elements were reflected in the effort to increase the student's familiarity with the subject of child molestation. Description was directed toward a presentation of data in succinct form which would be suitable to later refinement. A schedule of items was developed which included three main areas of inquiry: characteristics of (1) the offender, (2) the victim, (3) the offense. Appropriate sub-items rounded out the instrument. No explicit hypotheses were posed; however, two underlying guiding hypotheses were implicit: (1) Oregon offenders would be similar to other sexual offenders; (2) the traditional view of sexual offenders is unsupported by scientific investigation. Data was compiled over a three - month period and statistics were recorded in tabular form. A breakdown of offender types was employed for clarity. Findings related to the offender indicated a bi-modal distribution of age with the greatest number in the 20 - 29 age class interval and a rather high percentage over 50. All were white males and as many were married as were single. Their educational level was slightly lower than the general population and most did manual work. Social and employment adjustment was manifestly poor. Their psychiatric condition at the time of the current commitment included disorders of the personality for the most part. Many of the offenders had been, discharged at the time of the study; however, there were a substantial number of long-term cases continuing. Victims were predominantly in the 8 ~ 11 age class interval which is comparable with similar studies., The Oregon group .involved higher number of multiple victims than is usually found However, offender-victim relationship was comparable to most offender samples. The concept that a stranger plays a minor role in sexual offenses was not clearly supported by the study. Offenders were not particularly recidivistic prior to the current offense, and none have repeated f0llowing discharge. Contrary to the notion of violent threatening behavior on the part of the offender, findings indicated a very low frequency/with most acts consisting of immature sexual gratification. Victim behavior was not often resistive, mostly consensual, and occasionally inviting. Offenses occurred most frequently in a residence. Duration of the offense was more often single occurrence except in the incest group. Intoxication was present in a minority of offenses but played a major role in certain types of offense. Implications for further research suggest the need for additional empirical studies which will explore the interrelated factors among characteristic items and experimental studies designed to assess the effectiveness of treatment methods.

The focus of this research was on the subjective meaning for the school superintendent of policy experienced as controversial, and the associated implications for the policy process in school districts. The study examines controversial policy of a particular type, social regulatory (Tatalovich and Daynes, 1984). Such policy tends to have the effect of turning: " ••. political issues into moral polarities, claims into rights, legislation into litigation, grays into black and white, and campaigns into causes and crusades" (Lowi, 1988). The primary goals were to (1) identify examples of controversial policy in education, (2) assess the usefulness of the Tatalovich and Daynes framework in the educational policy arena, (3) provide definition and description of controversial policy in education, (4) begin to describe the implementation process associated with controversial policy of a social regulatory nature, and (5) develop propositions about the meaning of controversial policy for school superintendents and the associated implementation processes. Information included in the study was gathered from a pilot study which involved a review of the prescriptive and empirical literature in the field of education and political science, six interviews with district and building level administrators, open-ended surveys of twenty superintendents throughout the state, and a set of final interviews with eight superintendents from Oregon school districts of varying size and wealth. The researcher worked within the phenomenological research tradition using symbolic interactionism as the theoretical framework for data collection. Information that identifies, defines, describes, and suggests is based on experiences and beliefs from the field, from the day to day experiences of a key actor in the policy process-the district superintendent. The symbolic interactionist values the individual’s point of view and attempts to see things from that person’s perspective (Blumer, 1967). Based on the experiences and beliefs of school superintendents, the results include examples of policy perceived as controversial, detailed definition and description of controversial policy in the educational policy arena, suggested influences on the implementation process and outcomes, a summary of strategies considered effective for the implementation of controversial policy, and implications for policy, administrative practice, and research. In brief detail, Tatalovich and Daynes describe controversial policy of a social regulatory nature as characterized by ideological warfare, the involvement of single issue groups, and an activist judiciary. This study affirms these characteristics and expands description of the phenomenon in the field of education. Controversial policy is complex, unpredictable, dynamic, and challenging. Policy can be controversial in content or become controversial at anytime in the policy process, even after the policy or resulting program or curriculum has been in place for some time. Policy perceived as controversial is described as having two dimensions: factual and emotional. Constituents, assign a perceived risk to the policy, a hazard component, and respond emotionally, an outrage component. The data confirm Sandman's (1988) assertion that both the hazard and the outrage component must be addressed with the outrage taking priority. Several factors which lead to the emotional response are identified strategies perceived to be effective for addressing both dimensions are summarized and discussed. A theoretical framework and several propositions organizing knowledge about controversial policy and its implementation are proposed.

The North Fork stock is a composite intrusive body of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age which outcrops in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. The upper 600 m of the intrusion are exposed over an area of approximately 36 km squared along the canyon walls of the North Fork of the John Day River in Grant and Umatilla counties. The stock intrudes metasediments, metavolcanics, and metagabbros associated with the Permian-Triassic Elkhorn Ridge Argillite. Contact metamorphism of the Elkhorn Ridge Argillite is developed to the hornblende-hornfels facies throughout most of the exposed area of this unit in the study area. The contact aureole of the North Fork stock extends away from the intrusive margins and ultimately grades into regionally metamorphosed greenschist- and amphibolite facies rocks. The metamorphic rocks exhibit a pronounced regional trend of foliation which is disrupted where it intersects intrusive contacts at steep angles.

Interrelationships among attitudes toward and practice of nutrition and health were determined from results of 335 responses to a survey mailed to members of a prepaid health plan in Portland, Oregon, in the Spring of 1981. The scales used to test attitudes included Subjective Index of General Well-Being, Health Locus of Control and the attitude "nutrition is important". Nutrition practices were determined from a one-day food record analyzed using Pennington's index nutrients. Health practices, including smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hours of sleep, body weight in relation to standards and meal frequency, were analyzed to form a health practice score. Demographic characteristics of the population, including sex, age, marital status, employment status, education and income, were determined and correlated with all attitudes and practices. Interrelationships were tested using Pearson r and Chi-square correlations and multiple regression analysis. The population studied was characterized as married, employed, well educated and middle income. They felt well and in control of their health. Approximately 52 percent practiced several desirable health practices, about 90 percent had a positive attitude toward nutrition and only 22 percent scored above at least 66 percent of Dietary Nutrient Score considered adequate for adults while 33 percent had diets which did not meet 50 percent of this score. This study using members of a prepaid health plan supports the existing literature. Nutrition attitude, "nutrition is important," is correlated to nutrient intake. Health attitudes, general well-being and health locus of control, were correlated to health practices. In this study correlations among general well-being, health locus of control, nutrition attitude, health practices and nutrition practices were noted, however the correlations were not large enough to be predictive. Further study is recommended to define and develop these relationships. / Graduation date: 1982

Growing demand for limited quantities of fish has led to systematic planning for the conservation and management of U.S. fishery resources. There is a need for better understanding of the complex biological and social environment on which regulation for conservation, social, and economic purposes is imposed. The behavior of commercial fishermen, who in many instances use multi-purpose vessels to exploit multi-species fisheries, is difficult to assess and predict. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze selected aspects of Oregon commercial fishing fleets. The focus of this study is on the short-run decision-making behavior of Oregon trawl fishermen for the period 1974-1979. A general review of the activities of Oregon's multi-purpose fishing fleets is followed by an attempt to measure the responses of trawl vessel operators to varying economic and biological conditions. Several models of the short-run allocation of fishing time by a multi-purpose vessel operator are developed. The limited amount of economic literature on multi-purpose fleet behavior is briefly reviewed. An important feature not explicitly recognized in the theoretical models is that fishermen operate in an uncertain environment. Fishermen are hypothesized to react to expectations about economic returns in the fisheries which they can exploit. Simple Nerlovian agricultural supply response models were adapted for statistical analysis of the allocation of fishing time. Fishermen's short-run behavior was hypothesized to depend on expectations of current rather than normal returns to fishing time. Four versions of models which explain allocation of fishing time for a stable subfleet of trawl vessels were estimated using ordinary least squares regression. Monthly days of fishing by fishery were significantly explained by variables representing expected gross revenues per unit of effort, weather conditions and seasonal regulations. The analysis also indicates that fishermen are able to respond rapidly to perceived variations in gross returns. In the shrimp and crab fisheries, elasticities of days fished with respect to expected gross returns were estimated to be in the range of 0.45 to 0.40. Regulatory implications are that: (1) fisheries managers need to monitor the effects of regulation with little delay and (2) the use of taxes and subsidies to shift significant amounts of effort among fisheries is not likely to be successful. Additional research effort could profitably be spent to refine measurement of the explanatory variables, or to measure the response of individual fishermen to suitable explanatory variables. / Graduation date: 1982

The incidence and duration of breast feeding were determined via telephone questionnaires from a sample of 95 women who delivered healthy infants during the month of September 1982, in the greater metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon. This sample was limited in that the women were married, predominately white, over 25 years of age, and well-educated. According to the literature, these factors have a positive correlation with the incidence and duration of breast feeding. Consequently, the reported values for the incidence of breast feeding in the hospital of 88 percent and the duration of breast feeding for six months of 44 percent is higher than reported values on a national level. However, the average duration of breast feeding by women who had weaned their babies at the time of this survey (6.2 weeks) is consistent with other studies. The information obtained from the questionnaires was used to measure the association between the incidence of breast feeding and the amount of information women received during their pregnancy; the duration of breast feeding and support system(s); and the relationship between the incidence and duration of breast feeding to the social factors of income, education, age, and race. Chi Square was the statistic used to compare the distribution, of responses among the three subgroups: women who breast fed only, formula fed only, or both breast and formula fed. Significant associations were not observed between the incidence of breast feeding and information or between the duration of breast feeding and support system(s). There was, however, an observed significant association between the incidence of breast feeding and the social factor of income. Additional findings revealed that women most likely to breast feed had themselves been breast fed as a baby, had breast fed their other children, and did not smoke cigarettes. Possible explanations for these results are discussed. / Graduation date: 1983

The nutrient intake of forty-five participants in the Title IIIc Elderly Nutrition Program in rural Oregon was assessed through 7-day dietary records. The 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) were used to assess adequacy of intake. There were no statistically significant differences between the 7- day nutrient intakes of those who received home-delivered meals and those who ate at meal-sites one to four times a week. Age and sex of the subjects did not influence their nutrient intakes. The participants' overall seven-day dietary intakes of energy, calcium and vitamin B-6 were significantly (each p<0.05) below the RDA. Thiamin intake by the females was also significantly (p<0.05) below the RDA. Fat, as a percentage of energy intake, was significantly (p<0.05) greater than 30%. For some participants the Program Meals contributed over 50% of the total carbohydrate, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C intake for the sevenday period. It can be concluded that the provision of more Program Meals would increase the nutrient intake of the elderly who participate in the program. / Graduation date: 1986

The purpose of this research was to explore patients' perceptions of services provided by hospital dietitians. The two-phase study included: (1) personal interviews of thirty-one patients to determine service attributes believed important when receiving a dietitian's service, and (2) development of a survey instrument, NUTRI-SERVE. Responses were obtained from 103 inpatients and 107 outpatients to identify service dimensions, differences in rating dimensions by patient group and gender, and relationships between dimensions, satisfaction, and recommendation of services. Results of personal interviews via qualitative analysis were used to develop NUTRI-SERVE. The survey format was a seven-point agreement scale. The instrument was reviewed for face validity and pilot tested. For the hospital survey, patients were randomly selected and surveyed by telephone; response was 87%. An a priori analysis approach was utilized examining dimensions with factor analysis to assess unidimensionality. Service dimensions: rationale, teach, motivate, care and consideration, reliability and responsiveness, and support staffphis outcome dimensions: learn and belief in the dietitian resulted. The factored scales demonstrated reliability. Outpatients rated service and outcome dimensions significantly more favorably than inpatients. Male outpatients rated and recommended the majority of services and outcomes significantly higher than female outpatients. The support staff dimension was rated highest by patients, while the teach dimension was rated lowest. The lowest rated outcome was learn. Inpatients and outpatients equally rated satisfaction with the dietitian's services favorably. Service and outcome dimensions were highly correlated. Motivate was the strongest driver for satisfaction and recommendation of services. Care and consideration was the strongest driver for motivate. Satisfaction with handouts was a driver for outpatient service dimensions, while satisfaction with the diet instruction room was a greater driver for inpatients. A customer service model was developed from these dimensions. This research provides insight into patients' perspective of service quality relating to hospital dietitians. It suggests satisfaction with dietetic education in an outpatient setting is strongly related to successfully learning the diet. This could be a useful management and marketing tool for dietetic managers, educators, and dietetic interns. Further research using NUTRI-SERVE is recommended to explore demographic and regional perceptions of service quality in dietetics. / Graduation date: 2003

Several aspects of the physiology and diseases of the North American elk (Cervus canadensis) were investigated, toward the goal of uncovering influences responsible for declining productivity among some elk herds in Oregon. A newly developed drug, Etorphine, together with its antagonistic companion, Dip renorphine, was used to immobilize elk. Substantial differences were found in the amounts required and animal responses dependent upon age, physical condition and life history. Whole blood samples were obtained from 60 living elk for hematological studies. The parameters examined included hemoglobin levels, packed cell volume, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, and the percentage distribution of neutrophils, band cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Respiration rate, heart rate, and body temperature were measured for nine drugged elk. Sickling of erythrocytes was found in the blood of two female elk. Serum was separated from the blood of 72 living elk and 22 recently shot elk of mixed ages and sexes. Serum proteins were differentiated by electrophoretic analysis. Values obtained for total protein, albumin, total globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, and for the alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma globulins, were grouped and summarized to facilitate comparisons based on age and sex, as well as between living and dead, and captive and free-living elk. Total serum protein concentrations were markedly higher in the older age groups of both captive and freeliving elk. An apparent tendency to higher albumin levels was found among males of this species. Values for serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, Chlorides, Cholesterol, glucose, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as activity levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were obtained. Sodium/ potassium and calCium/phosphorus ratios were calculated. Urine speciments were obtained from seven elk and analyzed for the presence of glucose. Young elk, both captive and free-living, had higher serum values for sodium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose and alkaline phosphatase than did the older age group. Mature elk, both captive and free-living, had higher serum values for calcium/phosphorus ratio, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid and serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase than did those under two years of age. Differences in serum Chemistry were also found between captive and free-living elk. Serological tests on sera from 67 elk tested were negative for brucellosis and bluetongue virus. Tests for leptospirosis on sera from 29 elk by the macroscopic agglutination method were all negative. Of 38 free-living elk tested for leptospirosis by the microscopic agglutination test, 16 showed positive reactions to one or more serotypes at a significant titer of 1:100 or greater. Another eight showed positive reactions at the 1:50 level. This is believed to the first report of serological reactivity to leptospirosis reported for elk. Internal organs from 39 elk were examined for the presence of adult helminths, and fecal pellets from 82 elk were examined for the presence of parasite eggs. Lethal numbers of Dictyocaulus viviparus were recovered from the respiratory organs of two yearling male elk. Two nematodes of the Trichostrongylus axei and Ostertagia circumcincta, were found that have not been previously reported from Roosevelt elk. Fascioloides magna and Oesophagostomum venulosum were also found. The common winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus and Ixodes pacificus were collected from Roosevelt elk. This latter species has not been previously reported in elk. Increased gannna globulin values and concomitant decreases in albumin were observed in tick-infested elk.