La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie autoimmune inflammatoire et neurodégénérative du système nerveux central (SNC) chez le jeune adulte résultant d’une altération ciblée de la myéline. Les premiers symptômes de la SEP sont une détérioration cognitive, des vertiges, des douleurs, de la fatigue et une perte de la vision. En condition physiologique, les axones des neurones sont entourés par une gaine de myéline synthétisée par les oligodendrocytes permettant d’accélérer la vitesse de conduction des influx nerveux et de prévenir la mort neuronale. Le modèle expérimental le plus utilisé dans l’étude des mécanismes de la SEP est le modèle de l’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale (EAE). Après une immunisation contre la glycoprotéine oligodendrocytaire de la myéline 35-55 (MOG35-55), les lymphocytes T Cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ helper (Th)1 et Th17 auto-réactifs induisent une réponse inflammatoire aiguë à la périphérie puis migrent dans le SNC. Ils provoquent alors une réponse inflammatoire dirigée contre la myéline, avec l’intervention descellules myéloïdes. Cela aboutit à la destruction des gaines de myéline diminuant la vitesse de conduction des influx nerveux et une perte axonale, responsables des symptômes mentionnés précédemment. A l’heure actuelle, les traitements contre la SEP peuvent ralentir la progression de la paralysie et diminuer la sévérité ainsi que l’incidence des symptômes diminuant l’inflammation. En revanche, ils n’ont pas d’effets sur les formes progressives de la maladie au cours desquellesles processus neurodégénératifs s’amplifient et dominent ceux de l’inflammation. Il est donc nécessaire de trouver de nouvelles thérapies qui pourront à la fois bloquer l’inflammation et promouvoir la remyélinisation et la neurorégénération. Dans cette optique, de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques ont émergé pour traiter la SEP : le Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), le Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP), l’orexine A, leurs récepteurs ainsi queleurs analogues. En effet, ces neuropeptides présentent des activités anti-inflammatoires et neuroprotectrices. Mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur l’étude des effets d’un agoniste de VPAC2, l’un des récepteurs de VIP et PACAP, et de l’orexine A sur les processus inflammatoires et neurodégénératifs dans le modèle d’EAE ainsi que dans le modèle toxique de la cuprizone (CPZ), induisant la mort des oligodendrocytes matures et la démyélinisation indépendamment des lymphocytes T. Après une immunisation contre la MOG35-55, un traitement systémique de court durée avec BAY55-9837, un agoniste de VPAC2, diminue la sévérité de l’EAE chronique en diminuant la réponse inflammatoire à la périphérie avec une baisse de l’activation lymphocytaire, de l’activité de présentation antigénique des cellules dendritiques et des monocytes ainsi qu’une modulation de la population des lymphocytes T régulateurs. Au niveau de la moelle épinière, l’infiltration descellules immunitaires est moindre et la proportion en microglie/macrophages est plus élevée après traitement par l’agoniste de VPAC2. De plus, BAY55-9837 diminue les processus de démyélinisation et favorise ceux de remyélinisation dans le modèle de la CPZ. En parallèle, l’administration intrapéritonéale à court terme de l’orexine A diminue drastiquement la sévérité de l’EAE chronique. Le traitement ne présente pas d’effet sur la phase d’immunisation de l’EAE mais limite la phase effectriceavec une diminution de l’infiltration des lymphocytes T CD4+, des médiateurs inflammatoires, de la démyélinisation, de l’astrogliose et de l’activation microgliale au niveau du SNC. Par contre, l’administration systémique de l’orexine A ne semble pas avoir d’effet sur les phases de démyélinisation et de remyélinisation au cours du modèle de la CPZ / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). First MS symptoms are cognitive deterioration, dizziness, pain, fatigue and loss of vision. In physiological condition, the axons of neurons are surrounded by a myelin sheath synthesized by oligodendrocytes to accelerate the conduction velocity of nerve impulses and to prevent neuronal death. The most widely used experimental model of MS is the EAE model. After immunization against MOG35-55, self-reactive Th1 and Th17 cells induce an acute inflammatory response at the periphery and then migrate into the SNC. Then they induce an inflammatory response against myelin, with the intervention of myeloid cells. This results in the destruction of myelin sheaths decreasing the rate of conduction of nerve impulses and axonal loss, responsible for the aforementioned symptoms. Currently, MS treatments can slow the progression of paralysis and decrease the severity and the incidence of symptoms by targeting immune responses. However, these treatments have no effect on the progressive forms of the disease when the neurodegenerative processes amplify and dominate the inflammatory component. It is therefore necessary to find effective therapies that can both block inflammation and also promote remyelination and neuroregeneration.In this context, new therapeutic targets have emerged to treat MS: VIP, PACAP, orexin A, their receptors and their analogs. These neuropeptides have several effects such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. My thesis works were focused on the effect of a VPAC2 receptor agonist, one of the three receptors of VIP and PACAP, and orexin A in inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes during MOG35-55-induced EAE model and toxic model using CPZ, which induces mature oligodendrocyte death and demyelination without the influence of lymphocytes.A short term and systemic treatment of BAY55-9837, a VPAC2 agonist, decreases chronic EAE severity with less activation of T lymphocytes and antigen presentation activities of dendritic cells and monocytes as well as Treg population modulation at the periphery. In the CNS, immune cell infiltration is reduced in VPAC2-treated mice compared to PBS-treated mice with an higher microglia/macrophage proportion. Moreover, VPAC2 agonist decreases demyelination processes and enhances remyelination during cuprizone model. In parallel, short term and intraperitoneal administration of orexin A decreases drastically the severity of chronic EAE. Orexin A treatment has no effect on immunization phase of EAE but limits effective phase with a lower infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes, inflammatory mediators, demyelination, astrogliosis and microglial activation in the CNS. In contrast, systemic administration of orexin A seems to have no effect during demyelination and remyelination phases in CPZ model.

La narcolepsie de type 1 (NT1) est une maladie neurologique rare caractérisée par une hypersomnolence diurne et des cataplexies - pertes de tonus musculaire pendant l'éveil provoqué par une émotion forte. Chez l'homme, la NT1 est due à la mort spécifique et postnatale des neurones à orexine (Orex) promoteurs de l'éveil, et est considérée comme une pathologie de l'éveil. Toutefois, les observations cliniques suggèrent une dérégulation du sommeil paradoxal (SP) dans cette pathologie. Les patients NT1 ont une latence d'apparition du SP très courte et de fréquents endormissements en SP. De plus, la similitude entre l'atonie musculaire de la cataplexie et celle caractéristique du SP nous mène à penser que la narcolepsie serait également une pathologie du SP. Cette hypothèse a été testée à travers deux études menées sur un modèle murin de narcolepsie : la souris Orex-KO. Dans une 1ère étude nous avons objectivé que malgré une régulation homéostasique du SP intacte, la souris Orex-KO a une propension élevée à faire du SP pendant la phase active. Nous avons alors suggéré un nouveau rôle pour le neuropeptide Orex, celui d'inhibition du SP. Puis, nous avons cherché à déterminer si le réseau neuronal de l'atonie musculaire du SP était recruté pendant les cataplexies. Nos données suggèrent que contrairement à l'hypothèse généralement admise, les neurones glutamatergiques du noyau sublatérodorsal (SLD) ne sont pas suffisants à la mise place des cataplexies et ne seraient que partiellement impliqués dans ce symptôme. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle des Orex dans la NT1, et d'approfondir nos connaissances sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques de la cataplexie / Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological disease characterized by an excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of cataplexy – a sudden loss of muscular tone triggered by strong emotions during wakefulness. In humans, NT1 is due to the specific and postnatal loss of orexin (Orex) neurons involved in wake promotion. It led to describe NT1 as a wake disease. However, clinical observations have suggested a disrupted regulation of paradoxical (or REM) sleep in narcolepsy. Indeed, NT1 patients have shorter latency to enter REM sleep and frequent sleep onset in REM sleep. More, muscular atonia observed in cataplexy is one of the main feature of REM sleep. Together, those data led to the hypothesis that narcolepsy would be also a REM sleep disease. We’ve investigated this hypothesis in two different studies performed on a recognize model of murine narcolepsy: the Orex-KO mouse. In a 1st study, we found that despite an intact REM sleep homeostasic regulation, Orex-KO mice had an increased REM sleep propensity during active phase. We’ve suggested a new role of REM sleep inhibition for the neuropeptide Orex. Then, we aimed to determine whether REM sleep atonia and cataplexy shared the same neuronal network. In contrast to the currently admitted hypothesis, we demonstrate that glutamatergic neurons of the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) are not sufficient to generate cataplexy, and are only partially involved in this symptom. Taken together, data harvested during this thesis help us to better understand the role of Orex in NT1 and to improve our knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of cataplexy

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Menopausal symptoms, primarily hot flashes, are a pressing clinical problem for both naturally menopausal women and breast and ovarian cancer patients, with a high societal and personal cost. Hot flashes are poorly understood, and animal modeling has been scarce, which has substantially hindered the development of non-hormonal treatments. An emerging factor in the hot flash experience is the role of anxiety and stress-related stimuli, which have repeatedly been shown to influence the bother, frequency, and severity of hot flashes. Causal relationships are difficult to determine in a clinical setting, and the use of animal models offers the ability to elucidate causality and mechanisms. The first part of this work details the development and validation of novel animal models of hot flashes using clinically relevant triggers (i.e., compounds or stimuli that cause hot flashes in clinical settings), which also increase anxiety symptoms. These studies revealed that these triggers elicited strong (7-9 °C) and rapid hot flash-associated increases in tail skin temperature in rats. In a surgical ovariectomy rat model of menopause, which typically exhibit anxiety-like behavior, hot flash provocation revealed an ovariectomy-dependent vulnerability, which was attenuated by estrogen replacement in tested models. An examination of the neural circuitry in response to the most robust flushing compound revealed increased cellular activity in key thermoregulatory and emotionally relevant areas. The orexin neuropeptide system was hyperactive and presented as a novel target; pretreatment with selective and dual orexin receptor antagonists significantly diminished or eliminated, respectively, the response to a hot flash provocation in ovariectomized rats. The insertion/deletion polymorphism of the serotonin transporter has been linked to increased anxiety-associated traits in humans, and subsequent studies prolonged hot flashes in SERT+/- rats, which also caused hot flashes in highly symptomatic women. These studies indicate the orexin system may be a novel non-hormonal treatment target, and future studies will determine the therapeutic importance of orexin receptor antagonists for menopausal symptoms.

No description available.

<p>The duodenal epithelium secretes bicarbonate ions and this is regarded as the primary defence mechanism against the acid discharged from the stomach. For an efficient protection, the duodenum must also function as a sensory organ identifying luminal factors. Enteroendocrine cells are well-established intestinal “taste” cells that express signaling peptides such as orexins and guanylins. Luminal factors affect the release of these peptides, which may modulate the activity of nearby epithelial and neural cells.</p><p>The present thesis considers the effects of orexins and guanylins on duodenal bicarbonate secretion. The duodenal secretory response to the peptides was examined in anaesthetised rats <i>in situ</i> and the effects of orexin-A on intracellular calcium signaling by human as well as rat duodenal enterocytes were studied <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p>Orexin-A, guanylin and uroguanylin were all stimulants of bicarbonate secretion. The stimulatory effect of orexin-A was inhibited by the OX₁-receptor selective antagonist SB-334867. The muscarinic antagonist atropine on the other hand, did not affect the orexin-A-induced secretion, excluding involvement of muscarinic receptors. Orexin-A induced calcium signaling in isolated duodenocytes suggesting a direct effect at these cells. Interestingly, orexin-induced secretion and calcium signaling as well as mucosal orexin-receptor mRNA and OX₁-receptor protein levels were all substantially downregulated in overnight fasted rats compared with animals with continuous access to food. Further, secretion induced by Orexin-A was shown to be dependent on an extended period of glucose priming.</p><p>The uroguanylin-induced bicarbonate secretion was reduced by atropine suggesting involvement of muscarinic receptors. The melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole attenuated the secretory response to intra-arterially administered guanylins but had no effect on secretion when the guanylins were given luminally. </p><p>In conclusion, the results suggest that orexin-A as well as guanylins may participate in the regulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Further, the duodenal orexin system is dependent on the feeding status of the animals.</p>

The duodenal epithelium secretes bicarbonate ions and this is regarded as the primary defence mechanism against the acid discharged from the stomach. For an efficient protection, the duodenum must also function as a sensory organ identifying luminal factors. Enteroendocrine cells are well-established intestinal “taste” cells that express signaling peptides such as orexins and guanylins. Luminal factors affect the release of these peptides, which may modulate the activity of nearby epithelial and neural cells. The present thesis considers the effects of orexins and guanylins on duodenal bicarbonate secretion. The duodenal secretory response to the peptides was examined in anaesthetised rats in situ and the effects of orexin-A on intracellular calcium signaling by human as well as rat duodenal enterocytes were studied in vitro. Orexin-A, guanylin and uroguanylin were all stimulants of bicarbonate secretion. The stimulatory effect of orexin-A was inhibited by the OX1-receptor selective antagonist SB-334867. The muscarinic antagonist atropine on the other hand, did not affect the orexin-A-induced secretion, excluding involvement of muscarinic receptors. Orexin-A induced calcium signaling in isolated duodenocytes suggesting a direct effect at these cells. Interestingly, orexin-induced secretion and calcium signaling as well as mucosal orexin-receptor mRNA and OX1-receptor protein levels were all substantially downregulated in overnight fasted rats compared with animals with continuous access to food. Further, secretion induced by Orexin-A was shown to be dependent on an extended period of glucose priming. The uroguanylin-induced bicarbonate secretion was reduced by atropine suggesting involvement of muscarinic receptors. The melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole attenuated the secretory response to intra-arterially administered guanylins but had no effect on secretion when the guanylins were given luminally. In conclusion, the results suggest that orexin-A as well as guanylins may participate in the regulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Further, the duodenal orexin system is dependent on the feeding status of the animals.