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Consciousness and loss of consciousness is something we encounter in our everyday lives. Despite its commonplace in everyday life, scientists are still trying to understand and find reliable markers for it. In this work we use a data-driven K-means clustering approach to uncover the different functional patterns associated with different consciousness levels. We pursue this study using a high resolution optogenetic voltage image of the mouse brain waking up from anesthesia. The main questions we addressed in this study are: Can we identify signatures of conscious and unconsciousness from functional connectivity patterns? What is the nature of the different patterns that correspond to wakefulness and anesthesia? What is the nature of dynamics between these functional patterns in wakefulness and anesthesia? How does the anatomical connectivity support the observed functional patterns in wakefulness and anesthesia? Our results show that during anesthesia, the brain is characterized by a single dominant brain pattern with short range connections. Furthermore, we observed from our results that during anaesthesia the brain is characterized by minimal temporal exploration of the different brain configurations. Conversely, in awake state we observed the opposite. The brain pattern with long range connections are frequent in wakefulness. In addition, wakefulness is characterized by somewhat frequent temporal exploration of brain states. Our results show that analysis of functional connectivity patterns can be a useful tool for identifying specific and generalizable fingerprints of wakefulness and anaesthesia

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13513号 / 論医博第2263号 / 新制||医||1061(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊佐 正, 教授 村井 俊哉, 教授 高橋 淳 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

L’activité électrique du cerveau lors de l’éveil est traditionnellement décrite comme rapide, microvoltée, et « désynchronisée ». De récents travaux chez les rongeurs ont montré que l’activité de l’éveil est plus complexe et varie notamment avec les contraintes comportementales. Chez la souris, il est possible d’enregistrer localement dans le cortex somatosensoriel primaire (S1) deux types d’activités associées aux comportements d’éveil calme et d’éveil « actif », lors de l’exploration de l’environnement par les moustaches. La première étude de cette thèse a permis de montrer que les activités corticales dans S1 lors des éveils calme et actif sont sous le contrôle principal du thalamus et, dans une moindre mesure, du système cholinergique. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes : des enregistrements électrophysiologiques du thalamus et du cortex, l’activation optogénétique ou l’inactivation pharmacologique du thalamus. Au cours de la seconde étude, nous avons voulu savoir si le changement d’état d’éveil dans S1 s’observait dans d’autres structures. En réalisant des enregistrements multisites, nous montrons qu’il est possible d’observer ce changement d’état cortical suivant l’activité motrice de la souris en particulier dans les cortex sensori-moteurs (S1, sensoriel secondaire S2, moteur primaire M1), et de manière moins présente dans d’autres modalités sensorielles (auditif primaire Au1, visuel primaire V1), le pariétal associatif (PtA) ou l’hippocampe (dCA1). L’étude d’enregistrements multisites montre une hétérogénéité des activités corticales de l’éveil liée d’une part au comportement de l’animal, et d’autre part aux régions corticales considérées / The activity in the brain during wakefulness has been typically described as rapid, low amplitude and desynchronized. However, recent data on rodents support evidence for a more complex panel of activities depending on the behaviour. For instance, it has been shown in mice a state change in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) from quiet to active wakefulness while the animal is scanning the environment with its whiskers. In the first study, we show that this state change in S1 is under thalamic control and to a smaller extent a regulation by the cholinergic system. In order to study the underlying mechanism of the state change, we have recorded in S1 and the thalamus, and we have activated (optogenetic tools) or inactivated (with pharmacology) the thalamus. In the second part of this thesis work, we asked if the state change related to the behaviour was restricted to S1, or if it was also observed in other areas. We have done multiple recordings in several areas, and we show that it is possible to observe a state change related to muscular activity in sensori-motor areas (in S1, but also secondary sensory S2, and primary motor M1 cortex), and in a much less prominent extent in other sensory modalities (primary auditive Au1 and primary visual V1 cortex), in parietal associative cortex (PtA) and in hippocampus (dCA1). Thus, the multiple recordings in the secondary study show heterogeneity of cortical activities during wakefulness according to the behaviour and the cortical area recorded

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-119).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007 / Objetivo: Avaliar de forma objetiva, a sonolência diurna em pacientes com fibromialgia por meio do Teste da Manutenção da Vigília. Método: Foi realizado um estudo casocontrole de 15 pacientes com diagnóstico de fibromialgia com pelo menos 11 de 18 pontos dolorosos e dor difusa nos últimos três meses. O grupo controle foi constituído de 15 indivíduos hígidos pareados por idade e sexo, selecionados sequencialmente. Os participantes responderam à Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e foram submetidos ao Teste da Manutenção da Vigília. Foram realizadas quatro captações, cada uma com duração mínima de 20 minutos com intervalo de 2 horas. Considerou-se como normal a latência para o início do sono maior do que 20 minutos, e patológica a latência menor que 11 minutos. Resultados: O grupo com fibromialgia apresentou significante redução da latência para o início do sono no Teste de Manutenção da vigília, comparado ao grupo controle 9,9±4,6 e 14,9±5,1, respectivamente, p=0,01, sendo que em 66,7% dos casos o resultado foi patológico, em comparação com 26,7% no grupo controle (p=0,03). Não se observou correlação entre o resultado do TMV e a idade dos pacientes. Conclusão: Pacientes com fibromialgia apresentam redução da latência do sono no Teste da Manutenção da Vigília. / Objective: To evaluate in an objective way, the degree of daytime sleepiness in patients with fibromyalgia through the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT). Methods: Fifteen patients with fibromyalgia, and 15 age and sex-matched healthy controls, were sequentially selected. The inclusion criteria for fibromyalgia were the presence of at least 11 of the 18 tender points and diffuse pain for the three previous months all participants answered to Epworth Sleepiness Scale and underwent four 20- minute sessions of MWT scheduled at 2-hour intervals. Mean sleep latency higher than 20 minutes was considered normal and lower than 11 minutes, pathological. Results: Even though scores at Epworth Sleepiness Scale,in fibromyalgia patients was not significantly higher than in controls, fibromyalgia group showed a significant decrease in sleep latency by MWT (9.9±4.6 and 14.9±5.1, respectively, p=0.01). Pathological results were obtained in 66.7% of the patients, in comparison to 26.7% of controls (p=0.03). Conclusion: Lower sleep latencies obtained by MWT in patients with fibromyalgia suggested impaired wakefulness and excessive daytime sleepiness in this group. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Abstract Orexins, or hypocretins, are peptides originally found in the hypothalamus, and have been shown to be involved in the stabilization and maintenance of sleep and wakefulness. In addition, these peptides are known for their actions on energy homeostasis by increased heat production or physical activity. Previous results suggest them to be also involved in peripheral actions on the regulation of intestinal secretion, depending on the subject’s nutritional status (fasted-fed). Orexin-A and Orexin-B peptides, are derived from the prepro-orexin precursor protein. These ligands bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1 and -2 -receptors. Despite intensive research, the role of orexins has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of orexins and their receptors on sleep and wake patterns, energy homeostasis and intestinal secretion. The effects of orexins on sleep and wakefulness, and energy homeostasis were studied in a novel transgenic mouse line, overexpressing the human prepro-orexin gene. The overexpression of prepro-orexin and orexin-A was confirmed in the hypothalami of transgenic mice. The transgenic mice showed a significant reduction in their REM sleep during day and night time, and differences in their vigilance states in the light/dark transition periods. In addition, the mice demonstrated a significantly elevated day time food intake at room temperature, and an increased metabolic heat production independent of uncoupling protein 1 mediated thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Instead, transgenic mice showed increased levels of uncoupling protein 2 in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, transgenic mice significantly decreased their total locomotor activity during the first two nights in response to cold exposure (+4°C). The effect of orexins and their receptors on duodenal HCO3– secretion were studied after an overnight (16 h) food deprivation in an in situ perfused organ. Fasting decreased the expression of orexin receptors in rat duodenal mucosa and in acutely isolated duodenal enterocytes. Furthermore, food deprivation abolished OXA induced duodenal mucosal HCO3– secretion in rats, and intracellular calcium signalling in isolated rat and human duodenal enterocytes. In conclusion, the present thesis demonstrates that orexins inhibit REM sleep. In addition, peptides affect increasingly on metabolic heat production, independent of uncoupling protein 1 mediated thermogenesis. Furthermore, the orexin system has a significant role in duodenal bicarbonate secretion, which is regulated by the presence of food in the intestine.

Цель исследования работы - достоверно различить синдром малого сознания от синдрома ареактивного бодрствования (вегетативного состояния) с помощью электромиографии. В рамках проведенной работы были использованы теоретический, психодиагностический и статистический методы. В качестве методик были использованы шкала комы Глазго, шкала восстановления после комы (пересмотренная), электромиография, компьютерная томография. В первой главе «Теоретический обзор термина синдром малого сознания» представлены взгляды отечественных и зарубежных авторов на проблему нарушения сознания, его видов, функций и механизмов формирования, а также на проблему диагностики и реабилитации пациентов в состоянии малого сознания. Во второй главе «Эмпирическое исследование нарушений сознания» представлен ход исследования уровня сознания и двигательной активности у пациентов с нарушением сознания, результаты статистической обработки полученных данных и их обсуждение. В результате проведенной работы было выявлено, отсутствие значимых различий поведенческой реакции пациента, в случаях сравнения пациентов с диагнозом синдром малого сознания «минус» и синдром малого сознания «плюс». Статистически значимые различия двигательной реакции были найдены при сравнении пациентов с синдромом ареактивного бодрствования и пациентов с синдромом малого сознания «плюс». При сравнении пациентов с синдромом ареактивного бодрствования и синдромом малого сознания «минус» были получены не однозначные результаты, так как значимые отличия выявились лишь в одном сравнении. / Purpose: to reliably distinguish minimally consciousness syndrome from the vegetative state (unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) using electromyography. Theoretical, psychodiagnostic and statistical methods were used in this work. The methods used were the Glasgow coma scale, the coma recovery scale (revised), electromyography, and computed tomography. The first Chapter "Theoretical overview of the term small consciousness syndrome" presents the views of domestic and foreign authors on the problem of impaired consciousness, its types, functions and mechanisms of formation, as well as on the problem of diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients in a state of small consciousness. The second Chapter, "Empirical study of consciousness disorders", presents the progress of research on the level of consciousness and motor activity in patients with impaired consciousness, the results of statistical processing of the data obtained and their discussion. As a result of the conducted work, it was revealed that there were no significant differences in the patient's behavioral response, in cases of comparing patients with the diagnosis of small consciousness syndrome "minus" and small consciousness syndrome "plus". Statistically significant differences in motor response were found when comparing patients with areactive wakefulness syndrome and patients with small consciousness syndrome "plus". When comparing patients with areactive wakefulness syndrome and small consciousness syndrome "minus", not unambiguous results were obtained, since significant differences were revealed only in one comparison.