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No. of bitstreams: 1 LíssiaLPO_DISSERT.pdf: 1518111 bytes, checksum: e44cfc47871a21a80b0501efe13b68d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inadequate management systems can promote the degradation of the physical and chemical soil quality, with environmental reflexes and productivity. In this sense, the objective of this work was to seek a direction regarding the water retention, the influence of organic matter, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in soil aggregation and the physical and chemical attributes of the soil due to the different agricultural practices and soil management, to identify which of these are the most sensitive in the environments distinction, having the forest preserved as a reference. But also specifically evaluate the attributes of soil, indicating which of these have provided improvements or restrictions in the evaluated environments, in a Cambisol the Settlement Project Land of Hope, located in the city of Governador Dix-sept Rosado - RN, located in the middle region of the West Potiguar and the micro-region of Apodi Chapada. The areas analyzed were preserved forest area (AMP), cajaranas orchard area (AP) consortium area corn / beans (ACMF), watermelon consortium Area / jerimum (ACMJ) and agroecological area (AA). collection of disturbed and undisturbed samples were carried out in layers from 0.00 to 0.10; .10 To .20; 0.20 to 0.30 m, benefited the Soil Analysis Laboratory Water and Plant - LASAP / DADA / UFERSA. The analysis constituted the particle size, particle density, bulk density, porosity, macro and micro porosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water, water retention curve in the soil, aggregate, EC, pH, TOC , P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and TOC PST, Ca and Mg added within each class. The greatest amount of TOC was observed in the AP, due probably to supply litter found in the location associated with the excrement of animals (goats, cattle, horses and donkeys) in the grazing area. Regarding the texture, the soils of ACMJ had higher clay content (0.55, 0.58 and 0.63 kg kg-1) in the three layers studied and can be justified because it is a colluvial area. It was observed that the soils under conventional tillage (ACMF and ACMJ), regardless of plant cultivation, possibly promoted a greater aeration of the soil and a lower DS, as evidenced by an increase of macropores in the superficial layer. AP provided the best water retention conditions compared to the other treatments, due to the maintenance of soil cover and increase soil organic carbon. In conventional management areas ACMF and ACMJ percent aggregation , aggregate stability and mean weight diameter were reduced compared to the preserved area ( AMP) in all layers. Agricultural uses ACMF (area of corn consortium / beans) and ACMJ ( watermelon consortium of area / pumpkin ) altered the degradation of the physical attributes ( bulk density and aggregation ) and chemical (total organic carbon and Mg 2+ ) soil compared to preserved forest area (AMP) / Os sistemas de manejo inadequados podem promover a degradação da qualidade físico-química do solo, com reflexos ambientais e na produtividade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi buscar um direcionamento a respeito da retenção de água, da influencia da matéria orgânica, Ca2+ e Mg2+ na agregação do solo e dos atributos físico-químicos do solo em função dos diferentes usos agrícolas e manejo do solo, visando identificar qual destes foram os mais sensíveis na distinção dos ambientes, tendo a mata preservada como referência. Como também avaliar especificamente os atributos do solo, apontando qual destes proporcionaram melhorias ou restrições nos ambientes avaliados, em um Cambissolo Háplico no Projeto de Assentamento Terra de Esperança, situado no município de Governador Dix-sept Rosado - RN, localizado na mesorregião do Oeste Potiguar e na microrregião da Chapada do Apodi. As áreas analisada foram: Área de mata preservada (AMP), Área de Pomar de cajaranas (AP), Área de consórcio milho/feijão (ACMF), Área de consórcio de melancia/jerimum (ACMJ) e Área agroecológica (AA). Foram realizadas coletas de amostras deformadas e indeformadas nas camadas de 0,00 – 0,10; 0,10 – 0,20; 0,20 – 0,30 m, beneficiadas no Laboratório de Análise de Solo Água e Planta – LASAP/DCAT/UFERSA. As análises constituíram as de granulometria, densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e micro porosidade, capacidade de campo, ponto de murcha permanente, água disponível, curva de retenção de água no solo, agregação, CE, pH, COT, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, PST e COT, Ca e Mg dentro de cada classe de agregado. A maior quantidade de COT foi observada na AP, devido provavelmente, ao aporte de serapilheira encontrada no local, associada ao excremento de animais (caprinos, bovinos, equinos e muares) no pastejo na área. Com relação à textura, os solos da ACMJ tiveram maior teor de argila (0,55; 0,58 e 0,63 kg kg-1) nas três camadas estudadas, podendo ser justificado por se tratar de uma área de colúvio. Observou-se que os solos sob preparo convencional (ACMF e ACMJ), independente do cultivo das plantas, promoveram possivelmente uma maior aeração do solo e uma menor DS, fato evidenciado pelo aumento de macroporos, especialmente na camada superficial. A AP proporcionou as melhores condições de retenção de água quando comparadas com os demais tratamentos, devido à manutenção da cobertura do solo e incremento do carbono orgânico do solo. Nas áreas de manejo convencional ACMF e ACMJ a percentagem de agregação, estabilidade de agregados e diâmetro médio ponderado foram reduzidas quando comparadas com a área de mata preservada (AMP) em todas as camadas. Os usos agrícolas ACMF (área de consócio de milho/feijão) e ACMJ (área de consórcio de melancia/jerimum) alteraram na degradação dos atributos físicos (densidade do solo e agregação) e químicos (carbono orgânico total e Mg 2+) do solo em comparação a área de mata preservada (APM) / 2016-10-27

A crescente contaminação dos sistemas de água doce com milhares de compostos químicos naturais e industriais é um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela humanidade. Embora a maioria destes compostos esteja presente em baixas concentrações, muitos deles podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde. Adicionalmente ao aumento da poluição, com a descarga de fertilizantes, pesticidas, fármacos, detergentes, derivados de petróleo, entre outros, grande parte das instalações para tratamento de água no Brasil opera com sistema convencional, não atuando de forma eficiente na remoção desses microcontaminates. Carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e granular (CAG) tem sido utilizados em muitos países para remoção de microcontaminantes e substâncias que causam gosto e odor na água. No Brasil já foram desenvolvidas diversas pesquisas com o emprego de CAP para remoção de gosto e odor e alguns contaminantes específicos de águas de abastecimento. Neste trabalho foi testado um CAG produzido a partir de cascas de coco para remoção por adsorção de microcontaminates orgânicos de águas de abastecimento. A água utilizada nos experimentos foi coletada no ponto de captação da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) Lomba do Sabão. Para a caracterização da capacidade adsortiva do carvão foram realizados seis ensaios de isotermas de adsorção e quatro ensaios em colunas de leito fixo, projetada com base na norma ASTM D 3922. Os microcontaminantes orgânicos foram quantificados pela concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), medido em analisador de carbono orgânico e por absorbância em espectofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os resultados indicam que o carvão utilizado tem baixa capacidade de adsorver a mistura de microcontaminantes presentes na água de abastecimento, quantificados como COD. Isto se deve, provavelmente, a falta de afinidade entre muitos destes compostos e o carvão. / Pollution growth in water bodies brought by daily discharge of thousands of chemicals from anthropogenic sources is one of the main environmental issues confronting humankind. Although most of these chemicals are present in very low concentrations, they can still be hazardous.to health. Additionally to the increasing levels of pollution brought by discharges of fertilizers, pesticides, prescription drugs and pharmaceuticals, detergents, and petroleum derivatives, among others, the standard processes that are used in drinking water treatment plants in Brazil are not effective to remove these micropollutants. Powdered (PAC) and granular (GAC) activated carbon have been used in many countries to remove micropollutants and taste and odor-causing substances from water. In Brazil, research has been made using PAC to remove taste and odor substances and specific micropollutants from water. In this research, GAC produced from coconut shells was used to test the removal of organic micropollutants present in source water by adsorption. Water used in this research was collected at the intake of Lomba do Sabão drinking water treatment plant in Porto Alegre. In order to assess the GAC adsorption capacity, six isotherm (batch) and four column (continuous flow) assays were performed according to ASTM D 3922 standard. Organic micropollutants were quantified by the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results suggest that the tested GAC have limited capability in adsorb the complex mixture of micropollutants that are present in source water, as measured by DOC. This is probably caused by lack of affinity between many micropollutants present in the mixture and the carbon.

The chemical speciation of trace metals controls their potential bioavailability and therefore toxicity to exposed organisms. Despite previous studies demonstrating the ameliorative effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on metal toxicity, the effectiveness of ligands from varying sources and of potentially variable composition in controlling speciation has not been studied in detail in estuarine waters. In addition, the effect of DOC on radionuclide contaminants in combination with trace metals has not been investigated in any waters. This is of particular interest in the estuarine environment, where both anthropogenic and natural ligands, and contaminants that pose a potential threat to ecosystem health, can be present. Competitive ligand exchange adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-AdCSV) with complexation capacity titrations was employed to determine the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn, two metals that possess revised environmental quality standards (EQS) which now account for potential metal bioavailability. Dissolved metal concentrations in the < 0.4 and < 0.2 μm filter fractions of samples from the Tamar Estuary were determined during seasonal transects made over a calendar year. Samples were taken over a full salinity range (0-35) and from locations thought to contain DOC from a variety of sources (e.g. terrigenous, biogenic, sewage). No seasonal trends in metal speciation were identified, but a semi-quantitative assessment of DOC type using 3-D fluorimetry showed domination of humic and fulvic type ligands in the upper estuary, and biogenic-type ligands in the lower estuary, the former appearing the most important in controlling Cu and Zn complexation. Filter size fraction differences showed a major portion of the dissolved metal is associated with the 0.2 ≥ 0.4 μm fraction, indicating an importance of larger molecule ligands in controlling potentially bioavailable metal. Sample ligand concentrations ([L_x]) ranged from 1-372 nM (Cu) and 3-412 nM (Zn), and metal-ligand conditional stability constants (log K_(ML_x )) from 10.5-13.5 (Cu) and 7.5-10 (Zn), which are similar to reported literature. Calculated free metal ion concentrations ([M2+]) of 0.3 – 109 nM (Zn) and 1.4 x 10-13 – 7.3 x 10-11 M (Cu) compared well (92% showed no significant differences (P = 0.02)) with direct measurements of [Zn2+] made for the first time in estuarine waters using “Absence of Gradients and Nernst Equilibrium Stripping” (AGNES) after optimisation for estuarine waters. AGNES fully complements CLE-AdCSV in terms of analytical capability and shows that methods are now available that are capable of directly determining [Zn2+] in estuarine waters for use in environmental monitoring studies. Calculations made using the chemical equilibrium speciation programme Visual MINTEQ (VM) showed [Cu2+] and [Zn2+] could be predicted to within one order of magnitude of measured values when log K_(ML_x ) and [L_x] are determined and input into the model. This was in contrast to poor agreement between measured and predicted [M2+] when VM was used with the NICA-Donnan complexing model, which assumes a set portion of the total DOC concentration input is fulvic acid that actively complexes metals. These results corroborate a lack of identification of a relationship between metal speciation in the Tamar samples and DOC concentration, highlighting that knowledge of DOC type, log K_(ML_x )and L_x are important when assessing environmental risk, setting EQSs and for accurate modeling of [Cu2+]. Finally, a combined chemical and biological study investigating the effects of mixtures of DOC, Zn and the radionuclide tritium (3H) on the marine mussel presents the first evidence of a protective effect of Zn on DNA damage caused by 3H. The association of 3H with DOC remains elusive and an assessment of DOC type is recommended for future research, but the study emphasises the importance of investigating mixture effects in order to avoid inaccurate risk assessment and potentially costly site remediation.

A imprecisão das estimativas de carbono estocado em florestas naturais no ciclo global de carbono vem criando uma demanda de desenvolvimento e padronização de métodos indiretos para modelagem deste ciclo e de emissões de CO2 provenientes de mudanças de uso da terra e florestas. O trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer as relações empíricas existentes entre a biomassa e o estoque de carbono de uma Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) e os dados ópticos provenientes de sensores remotos de média resolução espacial (ASTER, LiSSIII e TM) por meio de análise de regressão. Além disso, criou-se um cenário hipotético de Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento, Degradação Florestal e Aumento de Estoque de Carbono (REDD+). O estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de São João do Triunfo, no estado do Paraná. As equações de regressão envolveram como variáveis dependentes (y): a biomassa e o carbono florestal, obtidos indiretamente do inventário florestal contínuo do Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD), e como variáveis independentes (x) as bandas espectrais e os índices de vegetação (IV). O tratamento estatístico envolveu a análise da matriz de correlação (r) entre as variáveis x e y; a análise de regressão linear simples, não linear e múltipla, com as seguintes estatísticas: R², R²aj., Syx, Syx% e dispersão dos resíduos, Por fim, elaboraram-se mapas temáticos para estas variáveis biofísicas. Como as correlações (r) entre as variáveis biofísicas e espectrais do sensor ASTER (15m) foram baixas, a imagem foi degradada para 30m e 45m. Na resolução de 30m, o uso dos dados ASTER foi superior ao seu uso na resolução original. Não houve diferenças significativas nos valores de r entre o uso das bandas ou dos IVs para predizer as variáveis biofísicas. Regressões lineares simples se mostraram mais adequadas do que as regressões não lineares (exponenciais e logarítmicas) e múltiplas para estimar as variáveis biofísicas, apresentando erros inferiores aos estabelecidos nas campanhas de inventários tradicionais (α < 5%). Os mapas gerados a partir do sensor ASTER 30m foram mais fidedignos ao retratar a distribuição espacial destas variáveis na área de estudo devido à alta correspondência destes com os valores observados no inventário (PELD). Assim, a equação de regressão de carbono florestal a partir do ASTER foi usada na criação do projeto REDD+. A estimativa de biomassa e de carbono florestal da FOM mediante uso de dados de sensores ópticos foi adequada, com possibilidades de ser expandida para extensas áreas. A metodologia, portanto, se mostrou apropriada para ao monitoramento, relatório e verificação de estoques de carbono em florestas. / The imprecision of the estimates of carbon stock in natural forests in the global carbon cycle has created a demand for development and standardization of indirect methods for modeling this cycle and CO2 emissions from land use change and forestry. The work had as objective to establish empirical relationships between biomass and carbon stock of an Araucaria Forest (FOM) and medium spatial resolution remote sensing data (ASTER, and LiSSIII TM) through regression analysis. In addition, we created a hypothetical scenario of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhanced Carbon Stocks (REDD+). The study was developed at the Experimental Station of São João do Triunfo, state of Paraná. The regression analysis involved the forest biomass and forest carbon obtained from continuous forest inventory of the Long Term Ecological Research Program (LTER) as dependent variables (y) and spectral bands and vegetation indices (VIs) as independent variables (x). The statistical analysis comprised correlation analysis (r) between the variables x and y; regression analysis from linear, nonlinear and multiple regressions with the following statistics: R², R²adj, Syx, Syx% and residual dispersion. Furthermore thematic maps were made. Correlations between the biophysical variables and the spectral ASTER data were weak therefore ASTER was scaling up to 30m and 45m. The resolution of 30m, using ASTER data was higher than its use in the original resolution. There were not significant differences in r values between use of bands or VIs to predict the biophysical variables. Linear regressions were more suitable than nonlinear regressions (exponential and logarithmic) and multiple to estimate the biophysical variables, with errors lower than established in traditional inventories campaigns (α <5%). Maps generated from ASTER 30m were more reliable in portraying the spatial distribution of these variables in the study area due to the high correlation of these with the values observed in the inventory (LTER). Thus, the forest carbon equation from ASTER data was used in the creation of REDD+. The estimated biomass and forest carbon by using optical sensors data was adequate, with possibilities to be expanded to large areas. The methodology thus proved suitable for the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon stocks in forests.

abstract: The focus of this thesis is to study dissolved organic carbon composition and reactivity along the Colorado and Green Rivers. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in large-scale, managed rivers is relatively poorly studied as most literature has focused on pristine unmanaged rivers. The Colorado River System is the 7th largest in the North America; there are seventeen large dams along the Colorado and Green River. DOC in rivers and in the lakes formed by dams (reservoirs) undergo photo-chemical and bio-degradation. DOC concentration and composition in these systems were investigated using bulk concentration, optical properties, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The riverine DOC concentration decreased from upstream to downstream but there was no change in the specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254). Total fluorescence also decreased along the river. In general, the fluorescence index (FI) increased slightly, the humification index (HIX) decreased, and the freshness index (β/α) increased from upstream to downstream. Photo-oxidation and biodegradation experiments were used to determine if the observed changes in DOC composition along the river could be driven by these biogeochemical alteration processes. In two-week natural sunlight photo-oxidation experiments the DOC concentration did not change, while the SUVA254 and TF decreased. In addition, the FI and ‘freshness’ increased and HIX decreased during photo-oxidation. Photo-oxidation can explain the upstream to downstream trends for TF, FI, HIX, and freshness observed in river water. Serial photo-oxidation and biodegradation experiments were performed on water collected from three sites along the Colorado River. Bulk DOC concentration in all samples decreased during the biodegradation portion of the study, but DOC bioavailability was lower in samples that were photo-oxidized prior to the bioavailability study. The upstream to downstream trends in DOC concentration and composition along the river can be explained by a combination of photo-chemical and microbial degradation. The bulk DOC concentration change is primarily driven by microbial degradation, while the changes in the composition of the fluorescent DOC are driven by photo-oxidation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemistry 2015

The contribution of energy from biomass sources is projected to increase in Britain to assist in meeting renewable energy targets and reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. With increasing concerns over the sustainability of food crop-based biofuels, purpose-grown lignocellulosic biomass crops such as Miscanthus and short rotation coppice (SRC) willow have been promoted as more sustainable feedstocks for the production of heat and electricity as well as for the future production of liquid biofuels. With the introduction of the Energy Crops Scheme, land-use change (LUC) for lignocellulosic biomass crop production has become increasingly common in Britain in recent decades. However, there is limited understanding of the impact this has on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and limited predictability concerning the overall trajectory, magnitude and rate of SOC changes under a range of different conditions. Using a chronosequence of 93 biomass crop plantations in England and Wales, mainly of 1 to 14 years age, empirical models were developed to determine the short term trajectory of SOC stocks following LUC from arable and grassland to SRC willow and Miscanthus production. SOC stocks were calculated for each site using a fixed sampling depth of 30 cm and estimated changes were inferred by comparing with typical pre-change SOC stocks. These results indicate that only LUC from arable crops to SRC willow demonstrated an overall increase in SOC stocks, by an estimated 15.3 ± 2.2 t C ha-1 (± 95% confidence intervals) after 14 years and 68.8 ± 49.4 t C ha-1 after 22 years. LUC from arable crops to Miscanthus and from both arable crops and grassland to SRC willow and Miscanthus demonstrated no overall net effect on SOC stocks. Soil texture and climate data were measured for each site and multivariable models were created to assess the influence of different environmental conditions on SOC trajectory. In most cases the addition of these explanatory variables improved the model fit, and the models provide some preliminary estimates of more region-specific changes in SOC following LUC. Since LUC to biomass crops often causes a loss of SOC, at least in the short term, the potential for pyrogenic carbon (PyC) to ameliorate this effect was investigated. Studies indicate that PyC can interact with and stabilise native SOC, a process termed negative priming, although the potential for PyC to reduce LUC-induced losses of SOC by negative priming has not yet been assessed. Although negative priming has been observed in many studies, most of these are long term incubation experiments which do not account for the impact of environmental weathering of PyC on interactions with native SOC. Here the aim was to assess the impact of environmentally weathered PyC on native SOC mineralisation at different points in LUC from arable crops to SRC willow. Soil was sampled to a 5 cm depth from multiple recently established SRC willow plantations approximately 2 years after amendment with PyC. Cumulative CO2 flux was measured weekly from incubated soil and soil-surface CO2 flux was also measured in the field. The results demonstrate a PyC-induced increase in CO2 flux for the surface 5 cm of soil. However, no net effect on soil-surface CO2 flux was observed in the field. Although the mechanisms for these contrasting effects remain unclear, they do not suggest that PyC can reduce LUC-induced SOC losses through negative priming.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T11:53:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Juscelino Antonio Tomas.pdf: 1491888 bytes, checksum: 156c0092a6cef34e4fd7ddc47bb578d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-08T13:20:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Juscelino Antonio Tomas.pdf: 1491888 bytes, checksum: 156c0092a6cef34e4fd7ddc47bb578d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T13:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Juscelino Antonio Tomas.pdf: 1491888 bytes, checksum: 156c0092a6cef34e4fd7ddc47bb578d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-19 / FAPEMAT / Para produzir etanol a partir da cana-de-açúcar, gera-se grande quantidade de resíduos, dentre os quais se destaca: a vinhaça, que apesar de ser excelente fonte de nutrientes para as plantas é considerado um problema para o setor sucroalcoleiro devido ao grande volume gerado. A aplicação desse subproduto de forma indiscriminada nas lavouras, pode contaminar o solo e as águas superficiais e subsuperificais. Dessa forma, objetiva-se com o presente trabalho o avaliar a distribuição de K, P, Ca+Mg, Ntotal, Ctotal no perfil de solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar submetidos a aplicação de vinhaça. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de solo em sete profundidades (0 – 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 40, 40 - 60, 60 - 80 e 80 - 100 cm em seis talhões comerciais da usina Pantanal, localizada no município de Jaciara-MT. Os talhões selecionados contemplam os seguintes tratamentos: solos de três classes texturais (arenosa-media, média-argilosa e argilosa) e, três condições de aplicação de vinhaça (sem aplicação de vinhaça, dois anos de aplicação e quinze anos de aplicação de vinhaça). Nessas amostras foram determinados teores de Ca, Mg, K, P, Ntotal e, Ctotal. Observou-se, que a aplicação de vinhaça é feita de forma heterogênea, chegando a aplicar em 16% da área argilosa e 40% da média-argilosa mais vinhaça que o recomendado pelas normas técnicas. A distribuição dos atributos estudados no perfil do solo é afetada pela aplicação de vinhaça, especialmente no solo com menor teor de argila. Aplicação da vinhaça por 15 anos consecutivos em comparação com as áreas que não tiveram aplicações, aumentam estoques de K e, P em profundidade independente da textura de solo estudado. Para as condições edafoclimáticas estudadas os estoques de Ctotal e Ntotal não sofrem alterações com aplicação consecutivas de vinhaça por 15 anos independente das texturas de solo estudadas. O manejo de vinhaça (dose e frequência de aplicação) deve ser diferenciado em função do teor de argila do solo, especialmente para aplicações consecutivas de longa duração. / To produce ethanol from sugar cane, it generates large amounts of waste, among which stands out the vinasse, which despite being excellent source of nutrients for plants, is considered a problem for the sugar and alcohol sector due to large volume generated. Applying this byproduct indiscriminately in crops may contaminate the soil, surface water and subsuperificais. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of K, P, Ca + Mg, total N, Ctotal in the cultivated soil profile with cane sugar undergoing application of vinasse. For this purpose, soil samples were collected at seven depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm in six commercial plots of the plant Pantanal, located in municipality of Jaciara-MT. Selected plots include the following treatments: three soil textural classes (sandy-medium, medium-loamy and clay) and three conditions for the application of vinasse (without application of vinasse, two years of implementation, and fifteen years of application of vinasse). These samples Ca, Mg, K, P, and total N, Ctotal were determined. It was observed that the application of vinasse is made of heterogeneous, coming to be applied in 16% of clay area and 40% of the average-clay vinasse more than recommended by the technical standards. The distribution of the attributes studied in the soil profile is affected by the application of vinasse, especially in soil with lower clay content. Application of vinasse for the fifteen consecutive years in compared to the areas that had no applications, increase the K and P stocks independent texture depth of the soil studied. In the edafoclimatic conditions studied the Ctotal and Ntotal stocks are unchanged with consecutive application of vinasse for the fifteen years independent of soil textures studied. The tillage management of vinasse (dose and frequency) should be differentiated according to soil clay content, especially for consecutive long-term applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS15DA024.pdf: 1709565 bytes, checksum: 102e8c7963b170e39ba16b5decf01861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Upper montane ecosystems have been highlighted by environmental functionality, supplying ecosystem services due to its high capacity of water and carbon storage besides the endemism of species. From the edaphic perspective, these regions stand out for lower decomposition rate of organic material and the predominance of less developed and acid soils with high capacity of carbon storage. Its soil variability and properties related to the upper layer as carbon and nutrients cycling and water dynamics are related to the slope. Associated with these characteristics, according to the steep slope, upper montane ecosystems show lower resilience and fragility to unplanned human interventions. The objectives of this research was: to characterize slope and morphology of the soil related to drainage and total organic carbon content; to describe physical and chemical properties of the soil according to slope gradient and contents and fractions of soil organic carbon, in a fragment of upper montane mixed-rain forest, in Urupema SC. This research is presented in three chapters; firstly, presents relationship between slope, soil morphology and organic carbon contents; secondly, characterizes soil physical and chemical properties; and finally, analyzes contents and fractions of soil organic carbon in slope gradient under native forest areas. Soil was sampled into four transects across the slope, subdivided in plots of 10 m x 20 m, amounting 55 plots. The evaluated attributes werealtitude, slope, drainage, depth, stoniness and soil color, in surface horizon. For the chemical analysis were determined pH in CaCl2, extracting acidity (Al+3 e H+), exchangeable cations (Ca&#8314;², Mg&#8314;² and K&#8314;), available phosphorus and total organic carbon (TOC). The sum of exchangeable bases (SB) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were calculated. The particulate fraction of carbon (POC) was determined and the fraction associated to minerals (COAM), was calculated by the difference between TOC and COP. Physical analysis were macro, micro and total porosity and soil resistance to penetration. The analysis of humin fractions (H), humic acid (HA), fulvic acids (FA) was performed in the layer 0 to 10 cm. It was calculated the relation among humin fractions, C humic acid and C fulvic acid (FAH-C/ C-FAF) and, the C alkaline extract (AE-C = C+C fulvic acid humic acid) with C from humin fraction (C-EA/ C-HUM). To evaluate the litterfall, composed litter samples from each plot of the four transect were collected. Relations among variables were determined through principal compounds analysis (PCA). The studied soils mainly occurred under steep slope areas, and that condition justifies the occurrence of rocky and shallow soils. Thinner soils were classified as Humic Lithic Dystrudept. Soils from higher altitudes with lower slope and better drainage showed higher TOC values, being classified as Humic Dystrupept. Soils from higher areas, with lower slope have lower acidity level and fertility when compared with soils under steep slope condition, lower altitude and moderately deep soil profile. The Humic Dystrupept are more fertile, showed high organic carbon content and had more litter quantity. They presented predominance of humin, indicating greater organic material humification, so reflecting the influence of weather conditions, altitude, slope and vegetation on total organic carbon dynamics / Ecossistemas alto-montanos têm sido destacados pela funcionalidade ambiental, podendo suprir serviços ecossistêmicos, devido à elevada capacidade de armazenamento de água e carbono, além do endemismo de espécies. Do ponto de vista edáfico, essas regiões se destacam pela menor taxa de decomposição da matéria orgânica e predomínio de solos pouco desenvolvidos e ácidos, com alta capacidade de estoques de carbono. Nestes, a variabilidade de solo e atributos relacionados à camada superficial, como ciclagem de carbono e nutrientes e dinâmica da água é condicionada pelo relevo. Associado a essas características, em função do relevo ondulado, os ecossistemas alto-montanos apresentam baixa resiliência e fragilidade as intervenções antrópicas não planejadas. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: caracterizar relevo e morfologia do solo, relacionados à drenagem e ao teor de carbono orgânico total; caracterizar os atributos físicos e químicos do solo em função do gradiente de declividade e caracterizar os teores e frações do carbono orgânico do solo em fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana, no município de Urupema SC. Este trabalho e foi apresentado em três capítulos, sendo o primeiro abordando relações entre relevo, morfologia e teores de carbono orgânico do solo, o segundo caracterizando atributos físicos e químicos do solo e o terceiro analisando teores e frações do carbono orgânico do solo em gradiente de relevo em áreas de floresta nativa. Os solos foram amostrados em quatro transectos, subdividos em parcelas de 10 m x 20 m, totalizando 55 parcelas. Para as análises químicas e físicas o solo foi coletado nas profundidades de 0 a 10, 10 a 30 e 30 a 50 cm. Os atributos avaliados foram altitude, declividade, drenagem, profundidade, pedregosidade e cor do solo, no horizonte superficial. As análises químicas foram pH em CaCl2, acidez extraível (Al+3 e H+), cátions trocáveis (Ca&#8314;², Mg&#8314;² e K&#8314;), fósforo disponível e carbono orgânico total (COT). A soma de bases trocáveis (S) e capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) foram calculadas. Foi determinada a fração do carbono particulado (COP) e a fração associada aos minerais (COAM), calculada pela diferença entre o COT e o COP. As análises físicas foram macro e microporosidade, porosidade total e resistência à penetração do solo. As frações huminas (H), ácidos húmicos (AH), ácidos fúlvicos (AF) foram analisadas apenas na camada de 0 a 10 cm. Foram calculadas as relações C ácido húmico e C ácido fúlvico (C-AH/C-AF) e, C do extrato alcalino (C-EA= C ácido fúlvico + C ácido húmico) com o C da fração humina (C-EA/CH). Para estimar a serapilheira foram coletadas amostras compostas em cada parcela. As relações entre as variáveis foram determinadas pela análise de componentes principais (ACP). Os solos estudados ocorrem predominantemente em relevo ondulado. Essa condição justifica a ocorrência de solos rasos, com afloramentos de rocha. Os solos mais rasos foram enquadrados como Neossolos Litólicos Distróficos. Os solos nas cotas mais elevadas, menos declivosas e com boa drenagem apresentaram mais COT e foram classificados como Cambissolos Húmicos Distróficos. Os solos das áreas de maior altitude, em topografia mais plana são menos ácidos e tem baixa fertilidade, quando comparados com os solos localizados em topografia mais inclinada, com menor altitude e maior profundidade. Os Cambissolos são mais férteis apresentam maior teor de COT e serapilheira. Além disso, apresentaram predomínio de humina, indicando maior humificação da matéria orgânica, o que denota a influencia das condições climáticas, altitude, topografia e vegetação na dinâmica do carbono orgânico total

Abstract Peatland drainage affects about half the peatland area in Finland. Drainage changes natural peatland hydrology and affects water quality through effects on peat decomposition, mineralization, and enhanced mobilization. Runoff water from degraded peatlands transports metals and nutrients and impairs downstream water quality. Peatland restoration through drain blocking can reverse or minimize the negative effects and return degraded peatlands to their natural state over time. In this thesis, a before-after-control-impact study was applied at national scale to 44 boreal peatlands representative of a south-north boreal climate gradient, to study peatland watertable and pore water quality responses to drainage and restoration. Runoff dynamics, watertable levels, and associated characteristics were studied after peatland forestry drainage and subsequent restoration at seven sites. Analysis of watertable-related hydrological responses of 24 drained and restored sites and 19 undisturbed control sites revealed that restoration generally returned watertable levels and fluctuations at restored sites to near-undisturbed levels. This created favorable high-watertable conditions under which peatland species typically flourish. Examination of drainage/restoration effects on local geochemical conditions by studying pore water quality at the same sites revealed that, compared with undisturbed sites, forestry drainage increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total phosphorus (Ptot), and total nitrogen (Ntot). Nutrient concentrations continued to increase in the first year after restoration because of significant peatland disturbance, but DOC and nutrient concentrations declined to near-undisturbed levels over time. Watertable level, soil and air temperature, peatland class, and trophic level influenced pore water quality. An investigation of catchment-scale runoff processes in response to drainage and restoration revealed the complexity of runoff dynamics in peatlands. The amount of event runoff water varied between sites, but disturbed sites had higher mean runoff efficiency than undisturbed sites. Raising the watertable increased mean runoff efficiency compared with drained and undisturbed control sites, as shown by higher mean event runoff coefficient. In periods of no rainfall, low flow in all treatment conditions (disturbed, restored, undisturbed) was similar. During rainfall, the drainage networks at disturbed sites created short flow paths and water reached the outlets faster. Watertable-related storage (i.e., specific yield) at disturbed sites was significantly smaller than at other sites, but restoration raised the watertable to near-undisturbed levels into the layer of less decomposed and significantly higher specific yield. Comparing the success of restoration against peatland ecological functions revealed some improvements to restoration techniques that could improve restoration efficiency. However, better hydrological indicators of peatland disturbance are needed. / Tiivistelmä Suomessa on ojitettu iso pinta-ala turvemaita. Ojituksen seurauksena turvemaiden hydrologia on muuttunut ja valumavesien laatu heikentynyt orgaanisen aineksen hajoamisen, mineralisaation ja ravinteiden liikkeellelähdön seurauksena. Valumavedet sisältävät usein metalleja ja ravinteita, jotka heikentävät alapuolisten vesistöjen laatua ja ekologista tilaa. Turvemaiden ennallistaminen ojia tukkimalla tai patoamalla voi vähentää näitä haitallisia vaikutuksia ja palauttaa suoekosysteemin luonnollisen toiminnan ajan saatossa. Tässä väitöstyössä hyödynnettiin kansallista soiden ennallistamisen monitorointiverkostoa, jossa on vedenlaadusta, valunnasta ja vesipintojen korkeudesta aineistoa ennen ja jälkeen soiden ennallistamisen sekä vastaavaa aineistoa luonnontilaisilta vertailualueilta. Tämä aineisto mahdollisti ojituksen ja ennallistamisen hydrologisten vaikutusten tutkimisen ”Ennen-Jälkeen-Kontrolli” – asetelmalla. Tutkimuksessa oli 44 tutkimuskohdetta, jotka edustivat kattavasti Suomen eri ilmastovyöhykkeitä. Näistä seitsemällä kohteella tutkittiin myös valunnan muodostumisen dynamiikkaa turvemetsätalousmailla, ennallistetuilla soilla sekä luonnontilaisilla soilla. Tutkimuksen havaittiin, että ennallistamisen seurauksena vesipintojen taso ja vaihtelu palautui (24 kohdetta) lähelle luonnon tilaa (19 kohdetta). Tulos osoittaa, että kunnostus mahdollistaa suoekosysteemille tyypillisten kasvien palautumisen. Vedenlaatuun liittyvät selvitykset sen sijaan osoittivat, että ojituilla alueilla liuennut orgaaninen hiili (DOC), kokonaisfosfori (Ptot) ja kokonaistyppi (Ntot) pitoisuudet olivat korkeita huokosvesissä. Ravinnepitoisuudet kohosivat edelleen ensimmäisenä vuotena ennallistamisen jälkeen, sillä varsinaiset ennallistamistoimet (puiden kaato, ojien tukkiminen) aiheuttivat häiriötä alueella. Tästä huolimatta DOC ja ravinnepitoisuudet laskivat lähemmäksi luonnontilaisia vertailualueita seuraavina vuosina. Aineiston perusteella, vesikorkeus, maaperän ja ilman lämpötila, suotyyppi ja suon ravinnetaso vaikuttivat veden laatuun. Valunnan vasteet valuma-alueella osoittivat monimutkaisia valunta-sadantaprosesseja turvemailla. Nuoren veden osuus valunnasta sateiden jälkeen vaihteli suuresti tutkimuskohteilla, mutta ojitetuilla/myöhemmin ennallistetuilla kohteilla oli keskimääräistä suurempi valunnan osuus kuin luonnontilaisilla vertailualueilla. Vesikorkeuden nosto ennallistuksessa lisäsi valunnan määrää verrattuna ojitettuun tilanteeseen tai luonnontilaiseen tilanteeseen. Ajanjaksoilla, ilman sadantaa, valuntaprosessit olivat hyvin samankaltaiset ojitetuilla ja myöhemmin ennallistetuilla sekä luonnontilaisilla vertailualueilla. Sateiden jälkeen ojaverkosto muodosti lyhyitä virtausreittejä ja viipymää valuma-alueella. Vesivarastoa kuvaava ominaisantoisuus oli ojitetuilla aluilla merkittävästi heikompi kuin luonnontilaisilla kohteilla. Ennallistaminen vedenkorkeutta nostamalla sen sijaan näkyi merkittävästi korkeampana ominaisantoisuutena. Tätä selittää heikommin maatunut turvekerros suon pinnalla. Työn tulokset edistävät tietoa suokunnostuksen hydrologiasta. Tuloksia voidaan käyttää arvioimaan ja suunnittelemaan soiden ennallistamisen toimenpiteitä ja vaikutuksia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rufino_amm_me_botfca.pdf: 2747239 bytes, checksum: cdbcc49d429a0f7df7aba9d1fac59f81 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O sequestro de carbono nos ambientes terrestres, sendo feito de forma natural pelos vegetais através da fotossíntese, cujo processo permite fixar o carbono nos solos e, em forma de matéria lenhosa nas plantas, vem sendo apontado como uma alternativa mitigadora das mudanças climáticas, segundo acordos internacionais como o Protocolo de Kyoto. A retirada da floresta nativa provoca a diminuição significativa da biomassa microbiana e da fertilidade do solo. A reserva de carbono na matéria orgânica do solo é uma importante estratégia para atenuar a concentração de CO2 na atmosfera. Com o reflorestamento dessas áreas ocorre uma recuperação lenta e contínua da quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica. O eucalipto é a essência florestal mais plantada no Brasil e essas plantações florestais com eucalipto poderão cumprir o papel de aumentar as concentrações de carbono orgânico no solo, recuperando estruturas perdidas quando da exportação da madeira através da colheita, bem como, provocando mudanças ambientais associadas. Este trabalho objetivou quantificar a fixação de carbono no compartimento do solo de 0 a 60 cm de uma floresta nativa em comparação com plantios de eucalipto com 3 diferentes idades: 0 a 1 ano (área recém implantada); 3 a 4 anos (metade do ciclo) e 6 a 7 anos (época de corte). Foram escolhidos quatro diferentes sítios de amostragem com uma área amostral de 1 ha cada. Foram coletadas amostras de solo no inverno e no verão a diferentes profundidades para que se pudesse conhecer a quantidade de carbono orgânico fixado ao longo do perfil do solo considerando o fator da sazonalidade. Os resultados indicam que o manejo nas áreas interferiu no acúmulo de carbono no solo dos quatro sítios estudados, mostrando também que o fragmento de Cerrado estoca menos carbono que os plantios de eucalipto. Quanto à sazonalidade, houve diferença significativa... / The carbon sequestration in terrestrial environments, by plants through photosynthesis, allows carbon fixing as a woody matter in plants. This process has been identified as an alternative to mitigate climate change, according to Kyoto Protocol, an international environmental agreement. The removal of the native forest causes a significant decrease of microbial biomass and soil fertility. The storage of carbon in soil organic matter is an important strategy to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. With the reforestation of these areas, occurs a slow and continuous recovery of the quantity and quality of organic matter. The eucalyptus is the most planted species in Brazil for industrial supply. These eucalyptus reforestations may fulfill the role of increasing soil organic carbon concentration, recovering some structures lost by wood harvesting and causing associated environmental changes. This study aimed to quantify the carbon fixation within the soil compartment from 0 to 60 cm depth of a native forest formation in comparison with eucalyptus plantations with 3 different ages: 0 to 1 year (newly planted area); 3 to 4 years (half the harvesting cycle) and 6 to 7 years (harvesting time). Four different sites were chosen for sampling, with a sampling area of 1 ha each. Soil samples were collected in winter and summer time, at different depths, to quantify the organic carbon fixed throughout the soil profile, considering the seasonality factor. The results indicate that management in each area interfered in the accumulation of carbon in the soil in the four sites studied. The savanna fragment stored less carbon than the eucalyptus plantations. Regarding seasonality, a significant difference was found between the accumulation of carbon in winter and summer... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)