Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T11:53:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Juscelino Antonio Tomas.pdf: 1491888 bytes, checksum: 156c0092a6cef34e4fd7ddc47bb578d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-08T13:20:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Juscelino Antonio Tomas.pdf: 1491888 bytes, checksum: 156c0092a6cef34e4fd7ddc47bb578d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T13:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Juscelino Antonio Tomas.pdf: 1491888 bytes, checksum: 156c0092a6cef34e4fd7ddc47bb578d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-19 / FAPEMAT / Para produzir etanol a partir da cana-de-açúcar, gera-se grande quantidade de resíduos, dentre os quais se destaca: a vinhaça, que apesar de ser excelente fonte de nutrientes para as plantas é considerado um problema para o setor sucroalcoleiro devido ao grande volume gerado. A aplicação desse subproduto de forma indiscriminada nas lavouras, pode contaminar o solo e as águas superficiais e subsuperificais. Dessa forma, objetiva-se com o presente trabalho o avaliar a distribuição de K, P, Ca+Mg, Ntotal, Ctotal no perfil de solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar submetidos a aplicação de vinhaça. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de solo em sete profundidades (0 – 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 40, 40 - 60, 60 - 80 e 80 - 100 cm em seis talhões comerciais da usina Pantanal, localizada no município de Jaciara-MT. Os talhões selecionados contemplam os seguintes tratamentos: solos de três classes texturais (arenosa-media, média-argilosa e argilosa) e, três condições de aplicação de vinhaça (sem aplicação de vinhaça, dois anos de aplicação e quinze anos de aplicação de vinhaça). Nessas amostras foram determinados teores de Ca, Mg, K, P, Ntotal e, Ctotal. Observou-se, que a aplicação de vinhaça é feita de forma heterogênea, chegando a aplicar em 16% da área argilosa e 40% da média-argilosa mais vinhaça que o recomendado pelas normas técnicas. A distribuição dos atributos estudados no perfil do solo é afetada pela aplicação de vinhaça, especialmente no solo com menor teor de argila. Aplicação da vinhaça por 15 anos consecutivos em comparação com as áreas que não tiveram aplicações, aumentam estoques de K e, P em profundidade independente da textura de solo estudado. Para as condições edafoclimáticas estudadas os estoques de Ctotal e Ntotal não sofrem alterações com aplicação consecutivas de vinhaça por 15 anos independente das texturas de solo estudadas. O manejo de vinhaça (dose e frequência de aplicação) deve ser diferenciado em função do teor de argila do solo, especialmente para aplicações consecutivas de longa duração. / To produce ethanol from sugar cane, it generates large amounts of waste, among which stands out the vinasse, which despite being excellent source of nutrients for plants, is considered a problem for the sugar and alcohol sector due to large volume generated. Applying this byproduct indiscriminately in crops may contaminate the soil, surface water and subsuperificais. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of K, P, Ca + Mg, total N, Ctotal in the cultivated soil profile with cane sugar undergoing application of vinasse. For this purpose, soil samples were collected at seven depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm in six commercial plots of the plant Pantanal, located in municipality of Jaciara-MT. Selected plots include the following treatments: three soil textural classes (sandy-medium, medium-loamy and clay) and three conditions for the application of vinasse (without application of vinasse, two years of implementation, and fifteen years of application of vinasse). These samples Ca, Mg, K, P, and total N, Ctotal were determined. It was observed that the application of vinasse is made of heterogeneous, coming to be applied in 16% of clay area and 40% of the average-clay vinasse more than recommended by the technical standards. The distribution of the attributes studied in the soil profile is affected by the application of vinasse, especially in soil with lower clay content. Application of vinasse for the fifteen consecutive years in compared to the areas that had no applications, increase the K and P stocks independent texture depth of the soil studied. In the edafoclimatic conditions studied the Ctotal and Ntotal stocks are unchanged with consecutive application of vinasse for the fifteen years independent of soil textures studied. The tillage management of vinasse (dose and frequency) should be differentiated according to soil clay content, especially for consecutive long-term applications.

Der Beitrag der arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilze zur Nährstoffaufnahme und zum Wachstum von Pflanzen ist vom Genotyp des Pilzes und der Pflanze abhängig, sowie von den Umweltbedingungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Mykorrhizapilze unterschiedlicher Herkunft verwendet. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stand die Untersuchung der Rolle der Mykorrhiza bei der Reaktion der Pflanze auf räumlich unterschiedliches Nährstoffangebot im Boden. Als Versuchspflanzen wurden Süßkartoffel und Tagetes verwendet. Für die Arbeit wurden verschiedene Modellexperimente durchgeführt. In speziell für diese Arbeit konstruierten Gefäßen wurden nicht-mykorrhizierte und mykorrhizierte Süßkartoffelpflanzen mit organischer Substanz versorgt, die entweder gleichmäßig oder heterogen im Substrat verteilt war. In weiteren Experimenten wurde mit Hilfe von "split-root" Systemen die Wirkung arbuskulärer Mykorrhizapilze auf ein lokales Angebot von mineralischem Phosphor und Stickstoff im Boden untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurde in Versuchen Kompost räumlich konzentriert im Substrat angeboten. Die Messungen umfassten den Mykorrhizierungsgrad der Wurzel, die Entwicklung des extraradikalen Myzels, die Trockenmasse der Pflanze sowie die Konzentrationen an Phosphor und Stickstoff in der Pflanze. Eine Besiedlung der Wurzeln mit arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen führte in den meisten Versuchsansätzenzu einer erhöhten Nährstoffaufnahme der Pflanze und zu einem verbesserten Wachstum. Ein besonders starkes Hyphenwachstum in Bodenzonen mit viel organischer Substanz wurde jedoch nicht beobachtet. Zugabe von Kompost führte teilweise zu einem Rückgang des Mykorrhizierungsgrades. Die Verwendung von organischem Material oder Kompost im Gartenbau kann sinnvoll sein und zur Verminderung von Mineraldüngung beitragen. Optimales Pflanzenwachstum und Mykorrhizawirkung erfordern jedoch eine gute Balance zwischen Art und Menge des organischen Stoffes bzw. Komposts, den Substrateigenschaften und den Pflanzen- und Pilzgenotypen. / The actual contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant nutrient uptake depends on the fungal and plant genomes, and on environmental conditions. In the present study, AM fungi of different origin, for example isolated from plots with different long-term fertilizer application history, were used to quantify their contribution to plant nutrient uptake under situations of spatially heterogeneous soil nutrient distribution. Test plants for this study were sweet potato and marigold. Several model experiments were carried out. In specifically constructed growth containers, non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal sweet potato plants were supplied with organic matter either homogeneously or heterogeneously distributed in the substrate. Bacteria from a long-term organically fertilized soil were also added as a treatment. In other experiments using a split-root approach, the influence of AM fungi on the plant response to localized mineral phosphorus and nitrogen supply was studied. In a further experiment, the effects of localized compost supply on marigold plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae were investigated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased nutrient uptake and growth of plants under most conditions, also when nutrients were heterogeneously distributed in soil. However, there was no indication of increased hyphal proliferation or activity in soil spots with high organic matter. Plant phosphorus status regulated the extent of AM root colonization. The extent of AM root colonization was partly decreased by application of organic matter and of compost to the substrate. Application of organic matter and/or compost can be beneficial in horticulture and can replace mineral fertilizer use. However, optimum plant growth and mycorrhizal function require a good balance between type and amount of organic matter or compost, growth substrate properties and plant and AM fungal genotype.