Ce travail de thèse visait à développer des procédés d'élimination des sulfates permettant la réduction des teneurs en sulfates des DC et des sols gypsifères afin d'améliorer la qualité des déchets et des sols à des fins agricoles ou des applications de recyclage. Le concept de traitement des DC par lixiviation à l'eau a été étudié (colonne de lixiviation). Les sulfates contenus dans les lixiviats sont ensuite éliminés à l'aide d'un traitement chimique ou biologique. L'approche biologique mise en oeuvre dans ce travail a consisté à mettre en oeuvre la réduction biologique des sulfates au sein de bioréacteurs de conception différente (i.e. réacteur UASB, réacteur à lit fluidisé inverse (IFB) ou d'un réacteur anaérobie gas lift). L'efficacité d'élimination des sulfates la plus élevée atteinte par ces trois systèmes varie de 75 à 95%. L'eau traitée provenant du bioréacteur peut alors ensuite être réutilisé dans la colonne de lixiviation. Le traitement chimique des sulfates est une option alternative pour traiter les lixiviats. Plusieurs produits chimiques ont été testés, (chlorure de baryum, nitrate de plomb (II), le chlorure de calcium, le carbonate de calcium, l'oxyde de calcium, et du sable recouvert d'un mélange d'oxydes d'aluminium et de fer). Un rendement de 99,9% d'élimination des sulfates (par précipitation) a été atteint avec le chlorure de baryum et le nitrate de plomb (II).Pour le traitement des DMA et des sols gypseux, cinq types de substrat organique tel que les copeaux de bambou, les boues d'épuration des eaux usées municipales, de l'écorce de riz, de coques de noix de coco broyée et des boues d'épuration des eaux usées d'une ferme porcine ont été testés comme donneurs d'électrons pour la réduction biologique des sulfates. L'efficacité de la réduction des sulfates la plus élevé (84%) a été obtenue en utilisant un mélange d'écorce de riz, de coques de noix de coco broyée et des boues d'épuration des eaux usées d'une ferme porcine comme donneurs d'électrons. Ensuite, ce mélange organique a été utilisé pour le traitement des sols gypsifères. Le sol de la mine de gypse a été mélangé avec le mélange organique en différentes proportions (10, 20, 30 et 40% de sol). Le rendement le plus élevé de 59 % de réduction des sulfates a été atteint dans le mélange de sol qui contient 40 % de matière organique. L'élimination des sulfures présents dans l'effluent des procédés de réduction biologique des sulfates est nécessaire. En effet, les sulfures peuvent causer plusieurs impacts environnementaux ou être ré-oxydé en sulfate si ils sont directement rejetés dans l'environnement. Le traitement électrochimique des effluents est l'une des solutions alternatives pour la récupération du soufre élémentaire à partir des sulfures. Une électrode de graphite a été testée comme électrode permettant l'oxydation électrochimique des sulfures en soufre élémentaire. Une électrode en graphite de grande surface est nécessaire afin d'avoir une résistance électrique la plus faible possible. La vitesse d'oxydation des sulfures la plus élevée est atteinte lors de l'application d'une résistance de 30 Ω à une concentration en sulfure de 250 mg.L-1 / Solid wastes containing sulfate, such as construction and demolition debris (CDD), are an important source of pollution, which can create a lot of environmental problems. It is suggested that these wastes have to be separated from other wastes, especially organic waste, and place it in a specific area of the landfill. This results in the rapid rise of the disposal costs of these gypsum wastes. Although these wastes can be reused as soil amendment or to make building materials, a concern has been raised by regulators regarding the chemical characteristics of the material and the potential risks to human health and the environment due to CDD containing heavy metals and a high sulfate content. Soils containing gypsum, namely gypsiferous soils, also have several problems during agricultural development such as low water retention capacity, shallow depth to a hardpan and vertical crusting. In some mining areas, gypsiferous soil problems occur, coupled with acid mine drainage (AMD) problems which cause a significant environmental threat. Reduction of the sulfate content of these wastes and soils is an option to overcome the above mentioned problems. This study aimed to develop sulfate removal systems to reduce the sulfate content of CDD and gypsiferous soils in order to decrease the amount of solid wastes as well as to improve the quality of wastes and soils for recycling purposes or agricultural applications. The treatment concept leaches the gypsum contained in the CDD by water in a leaching step. The sulfate containing leachate is further treated in biotic or abiotic systems. Biological sulfate reduction systems used in this research were the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, Inverse Fluidized Bed (IFB) Reactor and Gas Lift Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (GL-AnMBR). The highest sulfate removal efficiency achieved from these three systems ranges from 75 to 95%. The treated water from the bioreactor can then be reused in the leaching column. Chemical sulfate removal (abiotic system) is an alternative option to treat the CDD leachate. Several chemicals were tested including barium chloride, lead(II) nitrate, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, aluminium oxide and iron oxide coated sand. A sulfate removal efficiency of 99.9% was achieved with barium chloride and lead(II) nitrate.For AMD and gypsiferous soils treatment, five types of organic substrate including bamboo chips (BC), municipal wastewater treatment sludge (MWTS), rice husk (RH), coconut husk chip (CHC) and pig farm wastewater treatment sludge (PWTS) were tested as electron donors for biological sulfate reduction treating AMD. The highest sulfate reduction efficiency (84%) was achieved when using the combination of PWTS, RH and CHC as electron donors. Then, this organic mixture was further used for treatment of the gypsiferous soils. The gypsum mine soil (overburden) was mixed with an organic mixture in different amounts including 10, 20, 30 and 40% of soil. The highest sulfate removal efficiency of 59% was achieved in the soil mixture which contained 40% organic material.The removal of sulfide from the effluent of the biological sulfate reduction process is required as sulfide can cause several environmental impacts or be re-oxidized to sulfate if directly discharged to the environment. Electrochemical treatment is one of the alternatives for sulfur recovery from aqueous sulfide. A non-catalyzed graphite electrode was tested as electrode for the electrochemical sulfide oxidation. A high surface area of the graphite electrode is required in order to have less internal resistance as much as possible. The highest sulfide oxidation rate was achieved when using the external resistance at 30 Ω at a sulfide concentration of 250 mg L-1

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1517562 bytes, checksum: b53601808a4fd1550697a44b90cc133b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of potassium doses (K) on diagnosis indices of the nitrogen state (N) of potato plants in two production systems: pots containing organic substrate and hydroponic system of three phases. Furthermore, this study aimed to determine the critical content of K in the dry matter of the reference leaf (fourth leaf) and quantify the optimal dose of K for the production of minitubercles of the basic seed in both production systems. The systems consisted of planting minitubercles from Ágata cultivar, basic category G0 and type VI in pots containing 3 dm3 of organic substrate BioPlant® Silver serie and minitubercle planting in pots with a capacity of 8.5 L containing washed sand over a layer of 5-7 cm of expanded clay, in hydroponic system. Each system was an experiment. The treatments in pot containing organic substrate consisted of 5 doses of KCl (0; 660; 1320; 1980 and 2640 mg dm-3) and in the hydroponic system the treatments were 5 doses of K (0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 mmol L-1). In the system where the organic substrate was used, 20% of N and K doses were applied in the pre-planting and the remaining 80% were divided in 15 equal parts and applied daily, by way of irrigation water from the emergency of plants. In the hydroponic system, the nutrient solution containing the treatments and other nutrients were provided daily since the emergence of plants and the sources utilized were KCl and KNO3. Both experiments were installed in a greenhouse. In the experiment in organic substrate, the determinations made in the fourth leaf at 21 days after the emergence (DAE), the dose of K influenced the nitrogen balance index (NBI), number of leaflets (NL), leaf area (LA), masses of fresh matter (FW) and dry matter (DM). In the experiment in hydroponic system, the indices in the fourth leaf influenced by dose of K were: SPAD, chlorophyll (CHL), NBI, NL, length (L), width (W), fresh mass (FW) and dry matter (DM) and N-NO3 content in petiole sap. In both experiments, at the determination performed in the fourth leaf at 21 DAE, the dose of K did not influence the N content in the dry matter. On this date, the optimal K content in the dry matter of the fourth leaf was 6.62 and 6.17 dag kg-1 for systems in pots with organic and hydroponic substrate, respectively. In both experiments, there was a dose effect of K on the number and mass of the matter of fresh tubercles. In the experiment in pot containing organic substrate, the maximum value of tubercles number was 15.95 and the mass of fresh tubercles per plant was 301.9 g, obtained with the dose 0 mg dm-3 KCl. In the hydroponic systems, the maximum yield per plant was 48.41 tubercles obtained with 6.15 mmol L-1 of K and maximum mass of fresh matter was 646.6 g/plant, obtained with 6.13 mmol L-1 of K. / O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar o efeito de doses de potássio (K) sobre índices de diagnóstico do estado de nitrogênio (N) de plantas de batata em dois sistemas de produção: vasos contendo substrato orgânico e sistema hidropônico de três fases. Adicionalmente, objetivou-se determinar o teor crítico de K na matéria seca da folha de referência (quarta folha) e quantificar a dose ótima de K para a produção de minitubérculos de batata semente-básica nos dois sistemas de produção. Os sistemas constituíram do plantio de minitubérculos da cultivar Ágata, categoria básica G0 e tipo VI, em vasos contendo 3 dm3 do substrato orgânico BioPlant®, série Prata e do plantio de minitubérculos em vasos com capacidade para 8,5L contendo areia lavada sobre uma camada de 5 - 7 cm de argila expandida, em sistema hidropônico. Cada sistema foi um experimento. Os tratamentos em vaso contendo substrato orgânico foram constituídos por 5 doses de KCl (0; 660; 1320; 1980 e 2640 mg dm-3) e no sistema hidropônico os tratamentos foram 5 doses de K (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0 mmol L-1). No sistema onde foi utilizado o substrato orgânico, 20% das doses de N e K foram aplicadas em pré-plantio e os 80% restante foram divididas em 15 partes iguais e aplicadas diariamente, via água de irrigação a partir da emergência das plantas. No sistema hidropônico, a solução nutritiva contendo os tratamentos e os demais nutrientes foi fornecida diariamente desde a emergência das plantas e as fontes utilizadas foram KCl e KNO3. Os dois experimentos foram instalados em casa de vegetação. No experimento em substrato orgânico, nas determinações efetuadas na quarta folha, aos 21 dias após a emergência (DAE), a dose de K influenciou o índice de balanço de nitrogênio (NBI), número de folíolos (NFo), área foliar (AF), massas das matérias fresca (MF) e seca (MS). No experimento em sistema hidropônico, os índices na quarta folha influenciados por dose de K foram: SPAD, clorofila (CHL), NBI, NFo, comprimento (C), largura (L), massa da matéria fresca (MF) e seca (MS) e o teor de N-NO3 na seiva do pecíolo. Em ambos os experimentos, na determinação efetuada na quarta folha, aos 21 DAE, a dose de K não influenciou o teor de N na matéria seca. Nesta data, o teor ótimo de K na matéria seca da quarta folha foi 6,62 e 6,17 dag kg-1 para os sistemas em vasos com substrato orgânico e hidropônico, respectivamente. Em ambos os experimentos, houve efeito de dose de K sobre o número e massa da matéria de tubérculos frescos. No experimento em vaso contendo substrato orgânico, o valor máximo do número de tubérculos foi 15,95 e da massa de tubérculos frescos por planta foi 301,9 g, obtidos com a dose 0 mg dm-3 de KCl. No sistema hidropônico, a máxima produtividade por planta foi 48,41 tubérculos obtida com 6,15 mmol L-1 de K e a máxima massa da matéria fresca de tubérculos foi 646,6 g/planta, obtida com 6,13 mmol L-1 de K.

Avec l’explosion du trafic de données mobiles, des débits supérieurs au Gb/s deviennent nécessaires pour l’utilisateur. Ainsi, le réseau de communication est en cour d’amélioration afin de promouvoir le déploiement de la 5G, notamment grâce au développement et à l’installation de systèmes sans fil d’onde millimétrique (mmW) à 10 Gb/s. Néanmoins, pour délivrer de tels débits, les liens fronthaul/backhaul sans fil connectés au cœur de réseau devront supporter des flux de données supérieurs à 40 Gb/s. Cet enjeu suscite un intérêt croissant pour les fréquences sub-mmW et THz (0.1 THz – 1 THz) autour desquelles des bandes passantes (BPs) de 100 GHz sont accessibles. Il serait en effet possible d’atteindre un débit de 100 Gb/s, tout en utilisant des formats de modulation simples et ainsi réduire la consommation d’énergie du système. Visant le marché de masse des applications haut-débits, la technologie Photonique sur Silicium est particulièrement attractive pour générer des BPs naturellement larges et pour sa capacité à forts niveaux d’intégration et faible cout de fabrication. Dans cette thèse, une technologie Photonique sur Silicium industrielle a donc été évaluée durant le développement d’un émetteur intégré THz fonctionnant sur la base d’une photodiode et pouvant délivrer 100 Gb/s. Le développement d’une antenne THz faible cout et compacte est également un aspect majeur de cette thèse afin de permettre la transmission point-à-point du signal THz. En effet, une antenne intégrée sur substrat organique faible cout et à faibles pertes et une lentille fabriquée par impression 3D ont été développées afin d’évaluer ces technologies de prototypage industriel au-delà de 200 GHz. / With the booming of mobile data traffic, the need for higher data-rates is clearly felt. To cope with this strong demand and support the 5G roll-out, the capacity of the mobile communication network is being improved every day with many solutions, among which the development and installation of millimeterwave (mmW) wireless systems operating at up to 10 Gb/s. However, in order to deliver such high speeds to the user, the fronthaul/backhaul network sending data back to the core network would require above 40 Gb/s data-rate wireless links. This challenge generates a growing interest for sub-mmW and THz frequencies (0.1 THz – 1 THz) at which up-to 100 GHz bandwidth (BW) is accessible. In such BW, it would be possible to achieve up to 100 Gb/s data-rates while using simple modulation schemes to reduce the wireless system’s power consumption. Targeting mass-market high data-rates applications, Silicon Photonics technology seems very promising as it benefits from wide intrinsic BW and powerefficient components, as well as high integration levels and low manufacturing costs. In this context, a main aspect of this PhD project is the evaluation of an industrial Silicon Photonics technology for the development of a THz system-on-chip transmitter capable of reaching up to 100 Gb/s using a photodiode. Since THz antennas are also a hot topic for THz point-to-point transmission, a second aspect of this PhD study is the design of a low-cost and compact THz antenna-system. Hence, a planar antenna using low-loss organic packaging technology and a 3D-printed plastic lens were developed in order to assess those industrial prototyping techniques above 200 GHz.

Solid wastes containing sulfate, such as construction and demolition debris (CDD), are an important source of pollution, which can create a lot of environmental problems. It is suggested that these wastes have to be separated from other wastes, especially organic waste, and place it in a specific area of the landfill. This results in the rapid rise of the disposal costs of these gypsum wastes. Although these wastes can be reused as soil amendment or to make building materials, a concern has been raised by regulators regarding the chemical characteristics of the material and the potential risks to human health and the environment due to CDD containing heavy metals and a high sulfate content. Soils containing gypsum, namely gypsiferous soils, also have several problems during agricultural development such as low water retention capacity, shallow depth to a hardpan and vertical crusting. In some mining areas, gypsiferous soil problems occur, coupled with acid mine drainage (AMD) problems which cause a significant environmental threat. Reduction of the sulfate content of these wastes and soils is an option to overcome the above mentioned problems. This study aimed to develop sulfate removal systems to reduce the sulfate content of CDD and gypsiferous soils in order to decrease the amount of solid wastes as well as to improve the quality of wastes and soils for recycling purposes or agricultural applications. The treatment concept leaches the gypsum contained in the CDD by water in a leaching step. The sulfate containing leachate is further treated in biotic or abiotic systems. Biological sulfate reduction systems used in this research were the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, Inverse Fluidized Bed (IFB) Reactor and Gas Lift Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (GL-AnMBR). The highest sulfate removal efficiency achieved from these three systems ranges from 75 to 95%. The treated water from the bioreactor can then be reused in the leaching column. Chemical sulfate removal (abiotic system) is an alternative option to treat the CDD leachate. Several chemicals were tested including barium chloride, lead(II) nitrate, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, aluminium oxide and iron oxide coated sand. A sulfate removal efficiency of 99.9% was achieved with barium chloride and lead(II) nitrate.For AMD and gypsiferous soils treatment, five types of organic substrate including bamboo chips (BC), municipal wastewater treatment sludge (MWTS), rice husk (RH), coconut husk chip (CHC) and pig farm wastewater treatment sludge (PWTS) were tested as electron donors for biological sulfate reduction treating AMD. The highest sulfate reduction efficiency (84%) was achieved when using the combination of PWTS, RH and CHC as electron donors. Then, this organic mixture was further used for treatment of the gypsiferous soils. The gypsum mine soil (overburden) was mixed with an organic mixture in different amounts including 10, 20, 30 and 40% of soil. The highest sulfate removal efficiency of 59% was achieved in the soil mixture which contained 40% organic material.The removal of sulfide from the effluent of the biological sulfate reduction process is required as sulfide can cause several environmental impacts or be re-oxidized to sulfate if directly discharged to the environment. Electrochemical treatment is one of the alternatives for sulfur recovery from aqueous sulfide. A non-catalyzed graphite electrode was tested as electrode for the electrochemical sulfide oxidation. A high surface area of the graphite electrode is required in order to have less internal resistance as much as possible. The highest sulfide oxidation rate was achieved when using the external resistance at 30 Ω at a sulfide concentration of 250 mg L-1