L'objectif de cette thèse est d'optimiser la couverture visuelle d'une zone vaste et complexe de façon à ce que ses images puissent composer une mosaïque à partir d'un drone.Pour trouver les meilleurs points de passage, deux méthodes ont été étudiées : l'optimisation par essaims particulaires (PSO) et les algorithmes génétiques (GA).Notre étude a prouvé que le GA est la méthode offrant de meilleures performances en raison de ses performances et de sa capacité d'adaptation.Après avoir réalisé des expériences pour comparer les algorithmes, une hybridation de GA et PSO a été réalisée et étudiée.La méthode proposée peut être appliquée sur de grandes surfaces de formes irrégulières, comme les terrains agricoles, et fournit un nombre réduit de points de passage qui doivent être survolés par un véhicule aérien de type drone (UAV).Des essais ont été réalisés pour simuler le vol d'un drone dans un environnement intérieur, les images générées pendant la simulation sont utilisées pour représenter une image de la totalité de l'environnement sous la forme d'une mosaïque.La méthode proposée est également appliquée dans de vastes zones extérieures. Des images satellitaires sont utilisées pour visualiser la couverture du trajet qui a été planifié.Les expériences valident l'efficacité de la méthode proposée pour trouver le nombre et la position des points de passage. / The goal of this paper is to optimize the coverage of a vast and complexarea such that its mosaic image can be created. To find the best waypoints, twomethods have been investigated: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and GeneticAlgorithms (GA). Our investigation proved that GA is a better method due toits performance and adaptability. After having performed experiments to compare the algorithms, a hybridization of GA and PSO is investigated.The proposed method can be applied on large areas with irregular shapes, such as agricultural fields, and it provides a minimized number of waypoints that must be flown over by the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The experiments were made to simulate the flight of the UAV in an indoor environment, and the images generated during the simulated flight have been used to show the final mosaic. The proposed method is also applied in the vast outdoor area using satellite images to visualize the final result of the coverage path planning. The experiments validate the efficiency of the proposed method for finding the number and the poses of the waypoints. The solution proposed to approach the problem of coverage path planning is rather different than the stateof the art by dividing the Coverage Path Planning on independent sub-problems to optimize and then using GA and later on GAPSO.

This study investigates the incorporation of Environmental Education as a phase organiser in learning programmes in the Foundation Phase by educators as recommended by Curriculum 2005. A literature review indicates the role which Environmental Education plays in society. It presents a feasible strategy for changing attitudes to the environment. It is interdisciplinary and holistic, relevant, practical and focuses on learners and learning. It can improve the quality of life of all by enabling people to utilise resources, make informed decisions, apply and transfer knowledge, thereby empowering others. An empirical investigation adopted a qualitative research approach. Participants in a case study from primary schools in the Malamulele area, Northern Province, as well as two specialists were purposefully selected. Multiple methods of data collection, such as observation. and in-depth Interviews based on questionnaires, were used. Photographs and relevant documents complemented the data gathering. Finally, recommendations based on the findings were made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Environmental Education)

This study investigates the incorporation of Environmental Education as a phase organiser in learning programmes in the Foundation Phase by educators as recommended by Curriculum 2005. A literature review indicates the role which Environmental Education plays in society. It presents a feasible strategy for changing attitudes to the environment. It is interdisciplinary and holistic, relevant, practical and focuses on learners and learning. It can improve the quality of life of all by enabling people to utilise resources, make informed decisions, apply and transfer knowledge, thereby empowering others. An empirical investigation adopted a qualitative research approach. Participants in a case study from primary schools in the Malamulele area, Northern Province, as well as two specialists were purposefully selected. Multiple methods of data collection, such as observation. and in-depth Interviews based on questionnaires, were used. Photographs and relevant documents complemented the data gathering. Finally, recommendations based on the findings were made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Environmental Education)

The aim of this research project was to determine and describe the challenges and advantages presented to artists taking part in student theatre festivals as well as the challenges and advantages presented to the organisers of such festivals. A further aim of the study was to determine, address and describe the functions of a student theatre festival within the community in which it takes place and then to describe how such a festival could be most effectively organised and planned. The study is original, since very little research has been done on this topic in the past. When collecting data for the project, no documents were found describing such study projects. The findings of this study are also important, since guidelines are given aiding festival organisers and future festival organisers in the effective planning and organising of such an event. The research was conducted using three research methodologies. These were a survey of scholarship, structured and semi-structured interviews and action research. The information gathered by the first two methodologies is described in chapter 2. Information gathered by the action research methodology is described in chapter 3, which is a case study of the 2001 and 2002 Krêkvars arts festivals. After the first festival had ended, it was evaluated in terms of which methods of planning were successful and which were not. The second festival was then planned, adapting the unsuccessful methods and emphasising the successful ones. Thereafter the festival was evaluated again, formulating suggestions for the effective planning and organisation of a student theatre festival. From this research project, it can be concluded that student theatre festivals present many advantages and challenges for those involved. It is therefore necessary for the organisers to be well prepared for the task at hand and to do sufficient planning in order to most effectively organise such an event. / Dissertation (MA (Drama))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Drama / unrestricted

L’organisateur sportif est investi en France d’une prérogative juridique singulière qui lui accorde une maîtrise souveraine de la commercialisation de ses événements sportifs. Organisée dans un premier temps autour d’un monopole de fait, cette réservation du spectacle sportif est aujourd’hui pleinement consacrée au sein de l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport. Pourtant, en raison de l’assignation d’un régime juridique laconique, la réception légale de la patrimonialisation du fait sportif laisse perplexe et impose, pour en saisir parfaitement le sens, de devoir s’interroger sur sa nature. Ne se satisfaisant ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit sui generis, ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit voisin, le droit de l’organisateur sportif doit être alors appréhendé comme un nouveau droit de propriété incorporelle. En effet, la subjectivation du spectacle sportif se veut être l’aboutissement de la transposition du concept général de droit de propriété à la problématique de l’appropriation de la compétition sportive. En d’autres termes, l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport institue un droit de propriété original qui, au-delà de l’incorporalité de son objet, fonde directement son régime à partir de ce qui est au cœur de la singularité de l’activité sportive compétitive, à savoir l’aléa sportif. Ainsi, au-delà des dispositions spécifiques du Code du sport, le droit « exclusif » de l’organisateur sportif doit-il directement s’inspirer des dispositions résiduelles du Code civil / The sports organiser has, in France, a singular legal prerogative that grants him a sovereign control over the marketing of its sports events. Organized initially around a de facto monopoly, this reservation of the sporting spectacle is now fully laid down in article L. 333-1 of the sport code. However, due to the assignment of a laconic legal regime, the legal reception of the patrimonialization of the sporting fact leaves perplexing and imposes, in order to seize perfectly its meaning, to have to determine its nature. Not being satisfied either with the doctrinal qualification of sui generis law, or with the doctrinal qualification of neighboring rights legislation, the right of the sports organiser must be then regarded as a new right of intangible property. Indeed, the subjectivation of the sporting spectacle is intended to be the culmination of the transposition of the general concept of property right to the issue of the appropriation of sporting competition. In other words, article L. 333-1 of the sport code establishes an original ownership right which, beyond the incorporation of its object, directly bases its regime on what is at the heart of the singularity of competitive sports activity, namely the sporting uncertainty. Thus, beyond the specific provisions of the sport code, the sports organiser’s “exclusive” right must be directly inspired by the residual provisions of the civil code