No description available.

No description available.

This study examined the differences in individual self-esteem, collective self-esteem and the need to belong between group members and non-group members of Greek organizations, religious groups and ethnic/cultural organizations. Participants were freshman and sophomore students from a large southeastern university. Participants were given Rosenberg's (1965) self-esteem scale, Lutanen and Cracker's (1992) collective self-esteem scale and the Need to Belong scale by Leary et al., (2005), as well as asked about their various group affiliations. It was found that participants who reported belonging to a Greek organization scored significantly higher on the Need to Belong scale than their counterparts. Also, participants who reported a religious affiliation scored significantly higher on the public collective self-esteem subscale than those who reported no religious affiliation. Participants who reported belonging to an ethnic/cultural organization showed similar scores on the three scales to those who did not report such an affiliation. Further research should expand this study to an older more mature population because there are likely to be differences on these scales for those who report a religious affiliation and those who do not.

Organizations, for-profit or not-for-profit, continually assess demands from their internal and external stakeholders and adjust their operations and strategies for long term sustainability. Building on the classical contingency theory of organization, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the differences of operational values and principles between private and public broadcasting organizations; an additional goal was to examine how these organizations use their operating choices to adapt to their environment. In a comparative study design between for-profit and not-for-profit broadcasting organizations as independent variables, the focus of the study was to compare 3 groups of dependent variables regarding operational values, principles, and the external environment. Using convenience sampling, the survey sample of 70 respondents included males and females over the age 18 selected for each of the research sites at Ghana Television, GH One, and Accra Metropolis. The key variables of operational values and external environments were measured by 6-point Likert scales, which were developed for the study. The measures were examined for their content validity and face validity, and they were empirically tested for their reliability and validity with collected data before testing the proposed claims. A series of t tests supported the claims that the 2 organizations operate with different principles and values. For-profit organizations focus on operational efficiency while not-for-profit organizations commit more to human development issues. The results of this study offer insights to broadcasting organizations about how to maximize their resources and bring about positive social change in community development by offering better programming options to stakeholders.