Background¡G With the carrying on the step of the society and the changing of the health care insurance system, the medical behavior has changed. The health care organization should not only focus on professional field, but also looking for operating forever. Objective¡G 1.To understand the recent condition of health care organizational ethics in others counties by paper research. 2.To develop the questionary of health care organizational ethics. 3.To understand the recent condition of health care organizational ethics in Taiwan by questionary, and compare the importance and feasibility. Methods¡G The target of this questionary includes clinicians, nurses, the staff of medical laboratory and pharmacist, administrators and others. The location of the questionary includes medical center, territorial hospitals, regional hospitals and primary hospitals. The program SPSS 13.0 will be used for descriptive statistics, factor analysis¡Arelability test and t test in this research. Result and Conclusion¡G There was significant difference in the interviewee¡¦s consideration between importance and feasibility of health care organizational ethics survey, whatever in every aspect or item. Classify all interviewee by different level of hospital but same position, or same level of hospital but different positions, there was also significant difference in the interviewee¡¦s consideration of importance or feasibility by different level of hospital or positions, except nurses.

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there has not been a systematic effort to evaluate the problems of medical error and patient safety as critical issues in healthcare organizational ethics. This dissertation aims to pursue the impact of the original IOM report on this crucial topic by adopting what have been done in the American healthcare system in order to gain insight for the Saudi Arabian healthcare system. This dissertation examines the functions of continuous quality improvement in the healthcare environment of Saudi Arabia through the lens of the organization’s moral agency. This dissertation identifies several areas in Saudi healthcare organizations that are in need of improvement. As a result, this paper makes several recommendations that systematically address patient safety and medical error so that the system can be free from adverse events and medical errors. This dissertation argues that Saudi healthcare organizations have an ethical responsibility to continuously improve the system of healthcare in order to enhance patients’ safety and to reduce medical errors. This dissertation also recommends that Saudi health organizations foster a culture of safety as part of their ethical responsibility toward the customers they serve. Therefore, Saudi healthcare organizations should have an active, anonymous, and confidential reporting system; an open communication and collaboration between healthcare professionals; and create a non-punitive system. In addition, this dissertation argues in favor of patients’ involvement in the treatment process, and for having an ethics committee in Saudi healthcare organizations. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts; / Health Care Ethics / PhD; / Dissertation;

This dissertation seeks to advance the base of both whistleblowing and procedural justice literature. Building upon previous whistleblowing and procedural justice literature is accomplished through analysis of how organizational, demographic, and legislative factors contributing to whistleblowing shape employee perceptions of procedural justice. The act of whistleblowing has garnered considerable attention over the course of the past several decades. Employee disclosures of organizational wrongdoing have shaped influential research focusing on the characteristics of whistleblowers, organizational conditions contributing to whistleblowing, the motivations and intentions of whistleblowers, as well as both the personal and professional consequences of employees engaging in whistleblowing. These literary advancements have contributed to a robust base of scholarly knowledge concerning whistleblowing. However, previous research has neglected employee perceptions of procedural justice as it relates to the processing of whistleblowing disclosures. Utilizing data derived from regulatory agency employee responses to the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey, along with Office of Special Counsel Annual Reports to Congress, this research aims to fill a literary gap concerning both whistleblowing and procedural justice research. This research examines the role of organizational, demographic, and legislative factors as they influence employee perceptions of procedural justice within a whistleblowing context. The findings of this research suggest that while the annual proportion of whistleblower disclosures substantiated by agency review and the introduction of federal whistleblower legislation does not correlate with increased employee perceptions of procedural justice, organizational demographics such as supervisory status and employee intention to remain with their respective agency consistently contribute to higher annual perceptions of procedural justice.

Moral questions surrounding businesses’ labour practices and the ethical management of working conditions in developing countries are gaining increasing attention. This dissertation is an exploratory investigation on moral imagination amongst managers and union stewards involved in the management of working conditions in the Kenyan tea industry. Semi-structured interviews were used to generate information from participants on their thoughts and experiences as they managed potentially morally-laden issues related to working conditions of lower-tier workers. Thematic analysis was used to examine the accounts participants shared, in order to uncover the deliberative processes participants engaged in as they strived to make sense of these issues. The use of a qualitative approach facilitated a comprehensive examination of the context in which these organizational stakeholders are embedded. The moral imagination framework allows for an examination of how individuals attend to contextual cues as they deliberate on situations of moral import in the work environment. Overall, the findings of this research show that there are diverse patterns of analysis of moral situations among organizational stakeholders. The findings provide empirical support for Bartlett’s (2003) argument that there are many, yet unexplored, intervening processes between problem perception and action when it comes to moral deliberation and decision-making. Among the managers in the study, they were found to include processes of attribution of agency for observed harm, analysis of individual, organizational and social consequences, reflection on conflicts of interest and values, as well as creative imagination in envisioning and enacting actions that could address perceived problems. Among the stewards, they included reflections on principles of justice and human rights, reflection on opportunities for self-development, as well as creative imagination. In addition, the findings suggest role-related differences in the nature of individuals’ moral deliberations. Managers often appealed to an ethics of care in their deliberations on their employees’ working conditions. Union stewards appealed to both an ethics of care and an ethics of justice.

Virtuous organizations are those displaying behaviors and works consistent with social norms, organizational core values, and mission. Through relationships and behaviors, organizations formulate character for which they are known. This dissertation has proposed three secular components essential to the character of a virtuous organization: agency, social responsibility and ethical environment. When Catholic mission is the impetus to organizational purpose, the secular components of the virtuous organization are deepened from that faith perspective's mission related religious teachings. A discussion of the secular and religious discourse pairs agency with sanctity of human person, social responsibility with common good, and ethical environment with discipleship to exemplify how Catholic mission inspires that tradition's faith-based virtuous organizations. Catholic mission inspired health care, education or any of the social ministries is ethically significant because it offers an unparalleled context within which moral issues can be considered. The dissertation proposes that the ethical significance of the virtuous organization inspired by Catholic mission is threefold. First is its enduring witness to the sanctity of human life as a gift from God. Second, is Catholic mission's challenge to the broader community to attend to the common good and to a preferential concern for the poor and disenfranchised. Third, Catholic mission is a witnesses to something greater than the organization itself, its witnesses to the call to and response of Christian discipleship. Catholic health care organizations where organizational character reflects these three dimensions are virtuous, are ethically significant and are needed in today's society. <br>From a practical position the dissertation considers three dimensions of health care in order to explore the ethical significance of the Catholic mission and its themes. From a clinical perspective, medically assisted nutrition and hydration at the end of life is considered in light of agency and sanctity. From a governance perspective, health care access is considered in light of social responsibility and common good. From a leadership perspective, governance is considered in light of ethical environment and discipleship. The application of the paired secular components and religious themes emphasizes the ethical significance of Catholic mission and encourages its continued presence in the health care / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts / Health Care Ethics / PhD / Dissertation

Due to an increased importance for organisations to act according to ethical leadership, we identified the need to extend the perspective of how ethical leadership practices are developed, enhanced and spread among leaders horizontally. Since previous literature has focused on ethical leadership from a top management perspective, it is of interest to examine how ethical leadership is discussed and practised among middle managers as they encounter ethical dilemmas to a greater extent. By conducting a qualitative content analysis of interviews and documents, we declare a case study on middle managers in a tech company. Suggesting social learning as a proper lens to investigate our issue, we found that middle managers learn ethical conduct prominently via identification and knowledge sharing including feedback and reflection. By identifying important elements of ethical leadership, we could further interpret what practices were spread and reinforced among mid-level managers. These were the ability to be transparent, authentic, available and to value diversity, inclusion, and risk-taking for the sake of employees. However, it was evident that the horizontal learning of ethical conduct occurs in a reactive manner, triggered by events in a complex web of social learning. Therefore, in order for ethical leadership to regularly be learnt between the middle managers, a formal structure and the ethical culture can reinforce the way in which ethical leadership practices are spread horizontally.

We examine the moderating role of the situational and organizational contexts in determining unethical managerial behavior, applying the case-survey methodology. On the basis of a holistic, multiple-antecedent perspective, we hypothesize that two key constructs, moral intensity and situational strength, help explain contextual moderating effects on relationships between managers'; individual characteristics and unethical behavior. Based on a quantitative analysis of 52 case studies describing occurrences of real-life unethical conduct, we find empirical support for the hypothesized contextual moderating effects of moral intensity and situational strength. By examining these complex contextual moderators, we aim to contribute to organizational ethics research as we shed light on the critical role that context may play in influencing unethical managerial behavior.

Instituto Federal do Cearà / A Ãtica à um tema de grande importÃncia, pois à ela que guia a vida em sociedade. Ela à influenciada pelo tempo, pela histÃria e pela cultura na qual està inserida. Nas organizaÃÃes, a Ãtica influencia diretamente os lucros e resultados, por isso hà um grande nÃmero de estudos e discussÃes em torno do tema, fruto da Ãtica individual dos funcionÃrios. Em relaÃÃo à Ãtica organizacional no serviÃo pÃblico, as crÃticas sÃo muitas, entre elas o fato de os servidores pÃblicos nÃo possuÃrem comportamentos Ãticos, o serviÃo pÃblico nÃo funcionar adequadamente e haver valorizaÃÃo dos interesses pessoais em detrimento dos interesses coletivos nesses locais. No entanto, à fato que nÃo existem muitos estudos analisando essa vertente do tema. Com esta pesquisa busca-se identificar qual à o entendimento que os servidores (docentes e tÃcnico-administrativos) do Instituto Federal do Cearà campus do Crato tÃm sobre o conceito de Ãtica e como se dà o comportamento moral dos mesmos no exercÃcio da profissÃo. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada por meio eletrÃnico, com 44 servidores desta instituiÃÃo. A mesma baseou-se nas teorias de Bardin para analisar o conceito de Ãtica desses servidores, manifestado atravÃs do Teste de associaÃÃo de palavras, e no Instrumento para avaliar comportamentos morais nas organizaÃÃes, desenvolvido por LIcht, baseado na teoria de Petrick e Wagley. Os principais resultados encontrados dizem respeito à discrepÃncia entre a teoria e a prÃtica desses servidores, pois eles, individualmente, manifestaram noÃÃes do que seria Ãtica, com um conceito consistente com o que à preconizado pelo CÃdigo de Ãtica do Servidor pÃblico, mas, no entanto, a organizaÃÃo como um todo foi classificada no nÃvel de desenvolvimento organizacional prÃ-moral ou prÃ-convencional. Isso nos leva a concluir que nem sempre o indivÃduo manifesta em sua conduta os fundamentos Ãticos que prega, pois as coletividades exercem grande influÃncia no comportamento de seus integrantes. / Ethics is a very important theme since it guides social life. It is influenced by time, history and culture in which it is inserted. In organizartions, ethics straight influences profits and results. For this, there is a great number of studies and discussions on this subject as a result of employeesâ personal ethics. In relation to public organizational ethics there are several critics. Among them, the fact public servants do not have ethical behavior, public service do not work appropriately, the value of personal interests contrasting corporate ones in these places. Nevertheless, there are not many studies analysing this point. Within this research, it aims at identifying what Cearà Federal Unstitute-at campus Crato-faculty and technical administrative servants understanding are about ethical concepts and how these moral behaviors are made throughout their labor practice. For this, it was developed a descriptive research carried by eletronic device, with 44 servants in this institution. It was based on Badinâs theories to analyse the ethics concept of these servants extracted by the Word Association Test and the Instrument to analyse the moral behavior under organizations, developed by Llcht, based on Patrick and Wagleyâs theory. The main founded results speak about divergence between servantsâ theory and labor practice, since they individually demonstrate notions on what ethics would be, with a solid concept according to Public Servant Ethical Code. Otherwise, the whole organization was classified in the level of organizational development as pre-moral or pre-convencional. This leads us to conclude that not always the person express in his/her behavior the ethical basis he/she preaches since collectivities exert a great influence on the behavior of the components.

TRIGUEIRO, Emília Suitberta de Oliveira. Ética e comportamento moral dos servidores públicos – um estudo de caso no IFCE Campus do Crato. 87f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação Superior, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-06T17:29:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ESOTRIGUEIRO.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 87df96d4e21f7432ad4be73f0f6851fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-07T12:34:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ESOTRIGUEIRO.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 87df96d4e21f7432ad4be73f0f6851fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-07T12:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ESOTRIGUEIRO.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 87df96d4e21f7432ad4be73f0f6851fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Ethics is a very important theme since it guides social life. It is influenced by time, history and culture in which it is inserted. In organizartions, ethics straight influences profits and results. For this, there is a great number of studies and discussions on this subject as a result of employees’ personal ethics. In relation to public organizational ethics there are several critics. Among them, the fact public servants do not have ethical behavior, public service do not work appropriately, the value of personal interests contrasting corporate ones in these places. Nevertheless, there are not many studies analysing this point. Within this research, it aims at identifying what Ceará Federal Unstitute-at campus Crato-faculty and technical administrative servants understanding are about ethical concepts and how these moral behaviors are made throughout their labor practice. For this, it was developed a descriptive research carried by eletronic device, with 44 servants in this institution. It was based on Badin’s theories to analyse the ethics concept of these servants extracted by the Word Association Test and the Instrument to analyse the moral behavior under organizations, developed by Llcht, based on Patrick and Wagley’s theory. The main founded results speak about divergence between servants’ theory and labor practice, since they individually demonstrate notions on what ethics would be, with a solid concept according to Public Servant Ethical Code. Otherwise, the whole organization was classified in the level of organizational development as pre-moral or pre-convencional. This leads us to conclude that not always the person express in his/her behavior the ethical basis he/she preaches since collectivities exert a great influence on the behavior of the components. / A ética é um tema de grande importância, pois é ela que guia a vida em sociedade. Ela é influenciada pelo tempo, pela história e pela cultura na qual está inserida. Nas organizações, a ética influencia diretamente os lucros e resultados, por isso há um grande número de estudos e discussões em torno do tema, fruto da ética individual dos funcionários. Em relação à ética organizacional no serviço público, as críticas são muitas, entre elas o fato de os servidores públicos não possuírem comportamentos éticos, o serviço público não funcionar adequadamente e haver valorização dos interesses pessoais em detrimento dos interesses coletivos nesses locais. No entanto, é fato que não existem muitos estudos analisando essa vertente do tema. Com esta pesquisa busca-se identificar qual é o entendimento que os servidores (docentes e técnico-administrativos) do Instituto Federal do Ceará campus do Crato têm sobre o conceito de ética e como se dá o comportamento moral dos mesmos no exercício da profissão. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada por meio eletrônico, com 44 servidores desta instituição. A mesma baseou-se nas teorias de Bardin para analisar o conceito de ética desses servidores, manifestado através do Teste de associação de palavras, e no Instrumento para avaliar comportamentos morais nas organizações, desenvolvido por LIcht, baseado na teoria de Petrick e Wagley. Os principais resultados encontrados dizem respeito à discrepância entre a teoria e a prática desses servidores, pois eles, individualmente, manifestaram noções do que seria ética, com um conceito consistente com o que é preconizado pelo Código de Ética do Servidor público, mas, no entanto, a organização como um todo foi classificada no nível de desenvolvimento organizacional pré-moral ou pré-convencional. Isso nos leva a concluir que nem sempre o indivíduo manifesta em sua conduta os fundamentos éticos que prega, pois as coletividades exercem grande influência no comportamento de seus integrantes.

The interest in studies about organizational health started around the 1950s as a way to answer criticism about the organizational effectiveness construct; the purpose was to integrate attributes regarding the nature of the organizational system. The researchers who had proposed several theoretical models were not, however, concerned with testing them empirically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test one model which examined the impact not only of the perception of ethical and organizational behaviours but also of the employees trust in the organization in relation to their perception of organizational health. In order to do so, 150 employees of companies in the Brazilian region of Triângulo Mineiro answered a questionnaire containing valid and consistent measures of the constructs. The data underwent descriptive and stepwise multiple regression analysis. For the first organizational health perception factor, entitled people and team integration , the following predictors were identified: system management , ethical standards , norms related to employees dismissal , and financial organizational recognition which, as a whole, explained 50% of the criteria-variable variance. For the second factor, called external demand adaptability and flexibility , the predictors found were: system management , promoting employees growth , and financial organizational recognition ; being them responsible altogether for 46% of the explanation of the criteria-variable variance. These results were discussed in conformity with the theory regarding the constructs. The limitations of this study were also pointed out, as well as the proposal of a research agenda. / O interesse pelo estudo da saúde organizacional surgiu, por volta dos anos cinqüenta, como forma de responder às críticas ao construto efetividade organizacional e com o intuito de integrar atributos referentes à natureza do sistema organizacional. Os pesquisadores propuseram modelos teóricos para explicar a saúde organizacional sem, contudo, testá-los empiricamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar um modelo de impacto da percepção de comportamentos éticos organizacionais e da confiança do empregado na organização sobre a percepção de saúde organizacional. Para a investigação do objetivo proposto, 150 empregados de empresas do Triângulo Mineiro responderam ao questionário contendo as medidas válidas e consistentes dos construtos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises descritivas e de regressão múltipla stepwise, tendo como variável dependente a percepção de saúde organizacional. Para o primeiro fator de percepção de saúde organizacional integração de pessoas e equipes , os preditores identificados foram: gestão do sistema , padrões éticos , normas relativas à demissão de empregados e reconhecimento financeiro organizacional que, em conjunto, explicaram 50% da variância da variável-critério. Para o segundo fator adaptabilidade e flexibilidade a demandas externas , os preditores retidos foram: gestão do sistema , promoção do crescimento do empregado e reconhecimento financeiro organizacional , sendo responsáveis, em conjunto, por 46% da explicação da variância da variável-critério. Esses resultados foram discutidos com base na teoria relativa aos construtos, foram apontadas as limitações deste estudo e uma agenda de pesquisas foi proposta. / Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada