Orientador: Maria Cecilia Calani Baranauskas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T02:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_LeoneloDellAnhol_D.pdf: 11626807 bytes, checksum: 5978aa922cfa3b0b88cc0934b09a92dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O potencial crescimento do acesso à Web nos mais diversos segmentos da população - sejam elas determinadas por aspectos sócio-econômicos, culturais, de letramento, deficiências físicas ou de habilidades com Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação - tem modificado significativamente a maneira como a Web é utilizada. Uma das principais mudanças é o propósito de uso, antes centrado no trabalho, que agora divide o foco com compartilhamento de informações, socialização e entretenimento. Além disso, a diversidade de público traz consigo diferentes necessidades que são influenciadas pelos aspectos supracitados, entre outros. Nesse contexto, um dos grandes desafios para a Ciência da Computação é o suporte à consciência dos interlocutores em situações colaborativas, que envolve o conhecimento das ações, objetos, presença, identidade e contexto, entre outros fatores. Na área de sistemas colaborativos essa consciência é chamada awareness. Awareness em sistemas colaborativos tem sido investigado desde o início da década de 90, por meio da proposição de frameworks e mecanismos de software. As abordagens existentes na literatura para o design de sistemas colaborativos não oferecem suporte ao conhecimento do público-alvo, e são geralmente voltadas somente à sintaxe e à semântica dos sistemas colaborativos. Esta tese propõe uma perspectiva sócio-técnica para abordar o tema de awareness em Sistemas Colaborativos Inclusivos (SCI) na Web. Por SCI entende-se o sistema computacional capaz de oferecer o acesso e a manutenção da interação e da comunicação pela maior diversidade de pessoas sem segregação e, na medida do possível, sem design especializado. Para tanto foi desenvolvido o framework FAware, para apoio ao design de mecanismos para suporte a awareness em SCI na Web. FAware promove o conhecimento do público-alvo, a reflexão sobre os aspectos a serem tratados sobre diversos tipos de mecanismos para suporte a awareness e provê ferramental para o design e a avaliação de SCI na Web. O referencial teórico-metodológico do trabalho envolveu as disciplinas de Interação Humano-Computador, Semiótica Organizacional e Sistemas Colaborativos. Para avaliar o FAware foram realizados dois estudos de caso que envolveram alunos de graduação e pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação, especialistas em acessibilidade e designers da interação. O primeiro estudo de caso tratou da avaliação de um website de governo eletrônico, enquanto que o segundo foi relacionado ao redesign de uma ferramenta de comunicação síncrona integrada a uma rede social inclusiva. Os resultados foram expressivos em relação ao módulo para avaliação de SCI na Web, no qual mesmo especialistas em acessibilidade foram capazes de identificar mais de 40% de problemas de acessibilidade, em adição aos encontrados utilizando ferramentas de avaliação semiautomática. Além disso, resultados indicam que participantes do segundo estudo de caso utilizariam o FAware também em outros contextos de uso e que eles consideram que o framework, além de orientar o redesign, promoveu o conhecimento deles sobre o tema / Abstract: The potential increase in the Web access by various sectors of the population - determined by socio-economic, cultural, literacy, physical or low skills in Information and Communication Technologies - has significantly changed the way in which the Web is used. One of the main changes is in the purpose of use, previously centered on work, now divides its focus with information sharing, socialization, and entertainment. Also, the audience diversity brings different needs influenced by the aforementioned aspects. In this context, one of the main challenges for the Computer Science is to provide support to awareness about the interlocutors in collaborative situations, which involves the knowledge of actions, objects, presence, identity, context, and other aspects. Awareness in collaborative systems is being investigated since the early 90s, with the proposition of frameworks and software mechanisms. Current approaches in literature to collaborative systems design do not offer support for characterizing the target audience, and usually are focused on syntax and semantics of collaborative systems. This thesis proposes a socio-technical perspective to approach awareness in web-based Inclusive Collaborative Systems (ICS). By ICS we mean computer systems that offer access and maintenance of interaction and communication to the greatest diversity of people without segregating them or making specialized design. For that we proposed the FAware framework to support the design of awareness mechanisms in web-based ICS. The FAware promotes the knowledge of target users, the thinking process about aspects to be taking into account in different types of mechanisms to support awareness, and provides tools for the design and evaluation of web-based ICS. The theoretical and methodological references of this work involved the disciplines of Human-Computer Interaction, Organizational Semiotics, and Collaborative Systems. To evaluate FAware we conducted two case studies with undergraduate and postgraduate students in Computer Science, accessibility experts, and interaction designers. The first study consisted of evaluating a website for electronic government, while the second aimed at redesigning a synchronous communication tool integrated to an inclusive social network. The results were expressive in relation to the module for evaluation of webbased ICS (first case study), in which even the accessibility experts were able to identify 40% more problems beyond those found using semi-automatic evaluation tools. In addition, the participants of the second case study would adopt FAware also in other contexts of use, and the framework guided the redesign and also promoted their knowledge about the theme / Doutorado / Interação Humano-Computador / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Orientadores: Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas, Rodrigo Bonacin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_JulioCesardos_M.pdf: 2452219 bytes, checksum: cc419234ed0d505b4db824596a4a11c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As Redes Sociais Online (RSOs) podem representar uma oportunidade para as pessoas não letradas digitalmente efetivamente familiarizarem-se com tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Para isso, esses sistemas deveriam prover acesso inclusivo, criando situações nas quais a diversidade cultural dos usuários fosse respeitada, e suas dificuldades de acesso minimizadas. RSOs com recursos que promovam acesso a todos, incluindo aqueles às margens da cultura digital, podem ser definidas como Redes Sociais Inclusivas (RSIs). Nestas, as pessoas devem ter a possibilidade de facilmente recuperarem informações corretas, e principalmente que façam sentido a elas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a concepção de mecanismos de busca inclusivos, mais adequados ao conceito de RSI, que possam propiciar resultados de busca mais significativos e personalizados. Embora o uso de mecanismos de busca seja uma das principais alternativas para acessar informação na Web atualmente, esses mecanismos ainda são construídos principalmente através de processamento léxico-sintático da informação, resultando em barreiras para muitos usuários. O uso de técnicas de busca semântica impulsionado por tecnologias da Web Semântica (WS) apresenta novas possibilidades para o problema em destaque, mas estas ainda são fundamentadas em paradigmas e métodos limitados para a representação do conhecimento em redes sociais. Para desenvolver um mecanismo de busca inclusivo em RSI é preciso "interpretar" a semântica compartilhada pelas pessoas. Nesta direção é necessário utilizar abordagens e métodos que permitam capturar os aspectos sociais e culturais advindos da rede social, como a linguagem coloquial e as relações semânticas usadas. Desta maneira, o mecanismo de busca inclusivo proposto adota uma solução baseada em ontologias, que são construídas com base em uma nova abordagem para o design de ontologias Web. Esta abordagem é fundamentada em conceitos e métodos da Semiótica Organizacional (SO), combinados com tecnologias da WS. A concepção desta abordagem foi inspirada em resultados de um experimento com usuários reais sobre atividades de busca em um sistema de RSI. A solução proposta pode possibilitar novas estratégias de busca baseadas em ontologia, e conseqüentemente, gerar a possibilidade de promover o acesso participativo e universal ao conhecimento / Abstract: Social Network Services (SNSs) may represent an opportunity for not digitally literate people to effectively familiarize themselves with information and communication technologies. For that, these systems should provide inclusive access, creating situations where users' cultural diversity is respected and their difficulties minimized. SNSs with resources that promote access for all, including those in the margin of the digital culture can be defined as Inclusive Social Network Services (ISNs). In these networks, ordinary people must have the possibility of easily recovering correct information, which makes sense to them. In this context, the objective of this work is to investigate the conception of an inclusive search mechanism more adequate to the ISN concept, which may propitiate more meaningful and personalized search results. Although the use of search mechanisms has been the main alternative to access information in the Web, such mechanisms are still built mainly through lexic-syntactical processing of information, resulting in barriers for many users. The use of semantic search techniques driven by Semantic Web (SW) technologies presents new possibilities for the highlighted problem, but it is still grounded in limited paradigms and methods for the representation of the social knowledge. In order to develop an inclusive search mechanism in ISN it is necessary to "interpret" the meanings shared by people. Approaches and methods that allow capturing the social and cultural aspects from the social network, such as their colloquial language and semantic relations, are necessary for that. Therefore, the inclusive search mechanism proposed in this work adopts an ontology-based solution that is based on a novel approach for the design of Web ontologies. Such approach is grounded on Organizational Semiotics (OS) concepts and methods, combined with SW technologies. The conception of this solution was inspired in experimental results with real users on search activities in an ISN system. This may enable novel ontology-based search strategies, and consequently generates the possibility of promoting the participatory and universal access to knowledge / Mestrado / Metodologia e Tecnicas da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:24:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Piccolo_LaraSchibelskyGodoy_D.pdf: 12553498 bytes, checksum: 5ee94e1c70ca11d1475031685986a445 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Conectando pessoas e presente em todos os aspectos da vida, quando projetadas para este fim, as tecnologias têm potencial de influenciar a forma com que pessoas em um grupo social percebem e se relacionam com as coisas no ambiente. Este estudo de doutorado em Interação Humano-Computador (IHC) investiga como elementos motivacionais da Psicologia podem ser aplicados para informar o design, explo- rando esse potencial da tecnologia em promover mudanças sociais. O estudo é instanciado no domínio de consumo de energia elétrica, lidando com o desafio contemporâneo de cons- cientizar a sociedade dos limites naturais do planeta no que diz respeito ao uso de recursos naturais. Informar o design com aspectos motivacionais é uma abordagem recente em IHC. Quando encontrada na literatura, comumente tem foco em aspectos individuais e intrín- secos da motivação. Contudo, como argumentado nessa pesquisa, o contexto sociocultural evidencia a importância de considerar também os fatores externos que motivam as pessoas a se engajarem com uma tecnologia e com uma determinada questão social. Por considerar tanto fontes intrínsecas quanto extrínsecas de motivação, a Teoria da Autodeterminação é então considerada o principal referencial teórico da Psicologia nessa investigação, e a Semiótica Organizacional é a base metodológica para analisar os elemen- tos socioculturais que influenciam a motivação extrínseca. A análise situada dos dados socioculturais por uma perspectiva motivacional levou ao design da Tecnologia Socialmente Informada para Eco-Feedback de Energia (sigla SEET, em inglês), uma arquitetura que tem por objetivo estabelecer um novo padrão de com- portamento, ou uma nova maneira de perceber o consumo de energia coletivamente. O SEET é composto por um sistema interativo que promove colaboração, e pela Árvore da Energia, um dispositivo de feedback tangível para locais onde há encontro de pessoas. O SEET é avaliado em dois cenários complementares: uma Escola de Ensino Funda- mental no Brasil, onde os dados socioculturais foram coletados, analisados e aplicados para informar o design; e no contexto de um departamento de uma universidade no Reino Unido. Aspectos motivacionais da arquitetura do SEET são então analisadas, assim como o impacto dessa tecnologia ao desencadear as esperadas mudanças sociais / Abstract: By connecting people and being present in almost all aspects of life, when properly de- signed for that, technology can potentially influence the way people in a social group perceive and relate with things in their environment. This PhD study in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field investigates how motivational elements from Psychology can be applied to inform the design aiming at exploring this potential of technology for promoting a social change. The study is in- stantiated in the energy consumption domain, coping with the contemporary challenge of raising awareness among the society of the planet¿s natural resources usage and limits. Informing the design with motivational aspects is a recent approach in HCI. When found in literature, it is mostly focused on individual and intrinsic aspects of motivation. However, as argued in this research, the sociocultural context evidences the importance of considering also the external factors that motivate people to be engaged with technology and the social issue. By taking into account both intrinsic and extrinsic sources of motivation, the Self- Determination Theory is then considered the main theoretical background from Psychol- ogy in this investigation, and the Organisational Semiotics the methodological basis to analyse sociocultural elements that influence extrinsic motivation. The situated analysis of sociocultural data with motivational lenses has led to the de- sign of a Socially-informed Energy Eco-feedback Technology (SEET), an architecture that aims at establishing a "new pattern of behaviour", or a new way of perceiving collective energy consumption. The SEET is composed by an interactive system that promotes collaboration and The Energy Tree, a tangible and public feedback device for gathering places. The SEET is evaluated in two complementary scenarios: an elementary school in Brazil, where the sociocultural data was collected, analysed and applied to inform design; and in the context of an university department in the United Kingdom. Motivational as- pects of the SEET architecture are then analysed, as well as the impact of this technology to trigger the desired social change / Doutorado / Ciência da Computação / Doutora em Ciência da Computação

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SarahGS_DISSERT.pdf: 3588433 bytes, checksum: 0666242cc7f5f91a2c02c4cfdac4a80f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Com o desenvolvimento tecnol?gico ocorrido nas ?ltimas d?cadas, o ambiente residencial vem incorporando a cada dia novos equipamentos eletroeletr?nicos de consumo dom?stico a fim de facilitar as atividades do cotidiano e promover uma melhor qualidade de vida dos moradores-usu?rios. Controlar esse ambiente no mundo contempor?neo demanda intera??o com diferentes interfaces de controle, tornando essa tarefa, relativamente, complexa. Torna-se necess?rio, portanto, prover interfaces de usu?rio mais adequadas para controlar esses equipamentos. Os dispositivos m?veis surgem como uma plataforma vi?vel para realizar esse controle, trazendo comodidade, flexibilidade e diferentes mecanismos de intera??o com os equipamentos desse ambiente. Por?m, ao se projetar novas solu??es para esse contexto de uso ? necess?rio considerar a diversidade de usu?rios e a riqueza de situa??es de uso desse ambiente. O estudo realizado nesta pesquisa visa compreender aspectos da intera??o desse contexto espec?fico considerando a rela??o entre os usu?rios, a tecnologia e o ambiente. Como resultados, apresentamos um abrangente levantamento de aplica??es, a identifica??o de desafios desse dom?nio sob a perspectiva da diversidade e o levantamento de requisitos para aplica??es desse contexto baseado no referencial te?rico-metodol?gico da Semi?tica Organizacional e no uso de aplicativos. Ainda, ser?o apresentados os passos da concep??o de um aplicativo que apoia o controle de recursos do ambiente residencial via dispositivo m?vel juntamente com os resultados de um experimento realizado com potenciais usu?rios da solu??o computacional implementada

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCCC_DISSERT.pdf: 3071027 bytes, checksum: f4371a8fcded80257054fb3d4384fea0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Control and automation of residential environments domotics is emerging area of computing application. The development of computational systems for domotics is complex, due to the diversity of potential users, and because it is immerse in a context of emotional relationships and familiar construction. Currently, the focus of the development of this kind of system is directed, mainly, to physical and technological aspects. Due to the fact, gestural interaction in the present research is investigated under the view of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). First, we approach the subject through the construction of a conceptual framework for discussion of challenges from the area, integrated to the dimensions: people, interaction mode and domotics. A further analysis of the domain is accomplished using the theoretical-methodological referential of Organizational Semiotics. After, we define recommendations to the diversity that base/inspire the inclusive design, guided by physical, perceptual and cognitive abilities, which aim to better represent the concerned diversity. Although developers have the support of gestural recognition technologies that help a faster development, these professionals face another difficulty by not restricting the gestural commands of the application to the standard gestures provided by development frameworks. Therefore, an abstraction of the gestural interaction was idealized through a formalization, described syntactically by construction blocks that originates a grammar of the gestural interaction and, semantically, approached under the view of the residential system. So, we define a set of metrics grounded in the recommendations that are described with information from the preestablished grammar, and still, we conceive and implement in Java, under the foundation of this grammar, a residential system based on gestural interaction for usage with Microsoft Kinect. Lastly, we accomplish an experiment with potential end users of the system, aiming to better analyze the research results / O controle e automa??o de ambientes residenciais dom?tica ? uma ?rea emergente de aplica??o da computa??o. O desenvolvimento de sistemas computacionais para dom?tica ? complexo, devido ? diversidade de potenciais usu?rios e por imergir em um contexto de uso de rela??es emocionais e de constru??o familiar. Atualmente, o foco do desenvolvimento desse tipo de sistema est? direcionado, sobretudo, aos aspectos tecnol?gicos e f?sicos. Em virtude deste fato, a intera??o gestual nesta pesquisa ? investigada sob a ?tica da ?rea de Intera??o Humano-Computador (IHC). Inicialmente, abordamos a tem?tica atrav?s da constru??o de um framework conceitual para discuss?o de desafios da ?rea, de forma integrada as dimens?es: pessoas, modo de intera??o e dom?tica. Uma an?lise mais aprofundada do dom?nio ? realizada empregando o referencial te?rico-metodol?gico da Semi?tica Organizacional. Posteriormente, s?o definidas recomenda??es para a diversidade que embasam/inspiram o design inclusivo, norteado pelas habilidades f?sicas, perceptivas e cognitivas, que visam melhor representar a diversidade em quest?o. Embora os desenvolvedores tenham o apoio de tecnologias de reconhecimento gestual que auxiliam o desenvolvimento mais r?pido , esses profissionais enfrentam outra dificuldade em n?o restringir os comandos gestuais da aplica??o aos gestos padr?es fornecidos por frameworks de desenvolvimento. Portanto, uma abstra??o da intera??o gestual foi idealizada por meio de uma formaliza??o, descrita de forma sint?tica atrav?s de blocos de constru??o que origina uma gram?tica da intera??o gestual e, de forma sem?ntica, abordada sob o ponto de vista do sistema residencial. Assim, definimos um conjunto de m?tricas fundamentadas nas recomenda??es que s?o descritas com informa??es oriundas da gram?tica preestabelecida e, ainda, concebemos e implementamos em Java, sob o alicerce dessa gram?tica, um sistema residencial baseada em intera??o gestual para uso com o Microsoft Kinect. Por fim, realizamos experimento com potenciais usu?rios finais do sistema com o intuito de melhor analisar os resultados da pesquisa

Orientador: Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T23:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_LeonardoCunhade_D.pdf: 4387805 bytes, checksum: b138e75ab0fe002567c99b3af4fd3a50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A digitalização da transmissão da televisão terrestre no Brasil e, consequentemente, a possibilidade de oferta de interatividade na televisão estabelece um novo paradigma de interação do telespectador com essa mídia com extremo potencial de impacto social, especialmente para a população brasileira. Entretanto, a existência de artefatos digitais comumente utilizados para a interação com o sistema de televisão hoje praticado não garante que esses dispositivos sejam os mais adequados aos avanços propostos com a Televisão Digital Interativa (TVDI). Além disso, a convivência de um número cada vez maior de equipamentos que fazem uso de controle remoto leva a interfaces mais complexas considerando os problemas existentes com o controle remoto já discutido na literatura por vários autores. O foco desta pesquisa de doutorado foi, portanto, investigar o design da interação nessa nova mídia com o objetivo de propor, desenvolver e validar novas formas de interação entre os usuários e a TVDI. Com base no entendimento de que uma interação mais direta com a TVDI passa pela necessidade de fazer com que o foco da interação se dirija mais à interface das aplicações interativas do que ao artefato físico de interação, chegamos a alguns resultados desta pesquisa. A tecnologia resultante desta pesquisa de doutorado saiu do plano das ideias, passando pelo seu projeto conceitual, de forma participativa, até sua implementação e validação junto a representantes do público-alvo. Podemos destacar algumas contribuições decorrentes da realização desta pesquisa no contexto dos artefatos físicos de interação com a TVDI: i) taxonomia para os artefatos físicos de interação; ii) recomendações de uso dos artefatos físicos de interação conhecidos na literatura; iii) análise sócio-técnica do domínio/contexto de novos artefatos físicos de interação; iv) diretrizes para novos artefatos físicos de interação; v) modelo de interação baseado em gestos via artefato físico de interação; vi) guidelines de design para novos artefatos físicos de interação; vii) especificações do design do produto e da linguagem de interação de um novo artefato digital para a TVDI; viii) implementações de protótipos de hardware e software do novo artefato digital para a TVDI; e ix) validação das especificações e dos protótipos do novo artefato digital para a TVDI junto ao público-alvo. / Abstract: The digitalization of terrestrial television broadcasting in Brazil and consequently the possibility of offering interactivity on television establish a new paradigm of interaction for the spectator with the media that has great potential to make a social impact, especially for the Brazilian population. However, the existence of digital artifacts commonly used to interact with current television system does not guarantee that those devices are adequate to the developments with the Interactive Digital Television (iDTV). Moreover, the coexistence of an increasing number of devices that make use of the remote control could result in more complex interfaces, considering the problems with remote control already discussed in the literature by several authors. The objective of this Ph.D. research was to investigate the interaction design in the iDTV with the purpose of proposing, developing and validating new ways of interaction with this new media. The research results are grounded in the understanding that a more direct interaction with iDTV involves making the focus of the interaction more on the interface of the interactive applications than on the physical artifact of interaction itself. The technology resulting from this research involved since its conceptual design, with a participatory approach, to its implementation and validation with real users from the target audience. Some contributions of this research in the context of physical artifacts of interaction with the iDTV can be highlighted: i) taxonomy for the physical artifacts of interaction; ii) use recommendations of physical artifacts of interaction known in the literature; iii) socio-technical analysis of the domain/context of new physical artifacts of interaction; iv) guidelines for new physical artifacts of interaction; v) gesture based interaction model via physical artifact of interaction; vi) design guidelines for new physical artifacts of interaction; vii) product design and interaction language specifications for new digital artifact for iDTV; viii) implementations of hardware and software prototypes for the new digital artifact for iDTV; and ix) validation of the specifications and prototypes of the new digital artifact for iDTV with the target audience. / Doutorado / Interação Humano-Computador / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Notre recherche a pour but de déterminer comment les genres textuels peuvent être exploités dans le design des environnements numériques de travail afin de faciliter l’accomplissement des pratiques textuelles de cadres et de secrétaires dans une municipalité et une administration fédérale canadiennes. À cet effet, le premier objectif consiste à évaluer l’aptitude des environnements numériques de travail à supporter les pratiques textuelles (lecture, écriture et manipulation des textes) de ces employés. Le deuxième objectif est de décrire les rôles des genres textuels au cours des pratiques textuelles. Avec l’exemple du courriel, le troisième objectif vise à examiner comment le genre peut être exploité dans une perspective d’assistance à la réalisation des pratiques textuelles dans les environnements numériques de travail. Cette recherche de nature qualitative comporte une méthodologie en deux étapes. La première étape consiste en un examen minutieux des pratiques textuelles, des difficultés rencontrées au cours de celles-ci, du rôle du genre dans les environnements numériques de travail, ainsi que des indices sollicités au cours de la gestion du courriel. Trois modes de collecte des données qualitatives sont utilisés auprès de 17 cadres et de 17 secrétaires issus de deux administrations publiques : l’entrevue semi-dirigée, le journal de bord et l’enquête cognitive. Les résultats sont examinés à l’aide de stratégies d’analyse de contenu qualitative. La deuxième phase comprend la mise au point d’une chaîne de traitement du courriel, visant à étayer notre réflexion sur le genre textuel et son exploitation dans la conception des environnements numériques de travail. Un corpus de 1703 messages est élaboré à partir d’un échantillon remis par deux cadres gouvernementaux. Les résultats permettent d’abord de dresser un portrait général des pratiques de lecture, d’écriture et de manipulation des textes communes et spécifiques aux cadres et aux secrétaires. L’importance du courriel, qui constitue environ 40% des systèmes notés dans les journaux de bord, est soulignée. Les difficultés rencontrées dans les environnements numériques de travail sont également décrites. Dans un deuxième temps, les rôles du genre au cours des pratiques textuelles sont examinés en fonction d’une matrice tenant à la fois compte de ses dimensions individuelles et collectives, ainsi que de ses trois principales facettes ; la forme, le contenu et la fonction. Ensuite, nous présentons un cadre d’analyse des indices affectant la gestion du courriel qui synthétise le processus d’interprétation des messages par le destinataire. Une typologie des patrons de catégorisation des cadres est également définie, puis employée dans une expérimentation statistique visant la description et la catégorisation automatique du courriel. Au terme de ce processus, on observe des comportements linguistiques marqués en fonction des catégories du courriel. Il s’avère également que la catégorisation automatique basée sur le lexique des messages est beaucoup plus performante que la catégorisation non lexicale. À l’issue de cette recherche, nous suggérons d’enrichir le paradigme traditionnel relevant de l’interaction humain-ordinateur par une sémiotique du genre dans les environnements numériques de travail. L’étude propose également une réflexion sur l’appartenance du courriel à un genre, en ayant recours aux concepts théoriques d’hypergenre, de genre et de sous-genre. Le succès de la catégorisation automatique du courriel en fonction de facettes tributaires du genre (le contenu, la forme et la fonction) offre des perspectives intéressantes sur l’application de ce concept au design des environnements numériques de travail en vue de faciliter l’accomplissement des pratiques textuelles par les employés. / This research reveals how textual genres can be exploited in digital work environments to improve the textual practices of managers and secretaries in the context of a municipality and the Canadian federal government. The first objective of this research assesses the suitability of digital work environments to support the textual practices of managers and secretaries in their reading, writing and manipulation of texts. The second objective describes the various roles of textual genre during the managerial and secretarial textual practices. Using email as a focal point, the third objective examines how genre can be exploited to advance the benefits of textual practices in the digital work environments. This qualitative research entails a two-phase methodology. By the study of 17 secretaries and 17 managers, the first phase consists of a thorough examination of the current textual practices in the Canadian federal government and municipal contexts and the difficulties encountered during these practices. This phase also considers the various roles of genre in the digital work environments along with the salient clues sought during email management. This study deployed three data collection techniques: semi-structured interviews, diary journals and cognitive inquiries. The results are examined using several qualitative content analysis techniques. The second phase of this research consists of developing an email processing sequence to further expand our understanding of textual genre and its exploitation in the design of digital work environments. The data for this phase uses a corpus of 1703 messages developed from a sample of two governmental managers. The results provide an encompassing overview of practices relating to the reading, writing and manipulation of texts that are both common and specific to managers and secretaries. With over 40% of events recorded in the diary journal relating to email, the importance of this type of system in digital work environments is clearly emphasized. The difficulties encountered in the digital work environments are also described. The role of genre during textual practices is examined according to a matrix illustrating both the individual and collective dimensions of genre in addition to its three main facets: the form, the content and the purpose. We present next an analytic framework of the prominent cues affecting email management to summarize the process of interpreting messages by the recipient. A typology of the categorization patterns of managers is also developed and used in a statistical experiment aiming to automatically describe and categorize email. Resulting from this experiment, we observe specific linguistic behaviours that characterize each email category. It is also revealed that automatic categorization based on message lexicon is more efficient than non-lexical categorization. At the conclusion of this research, we suggest to enrich the traditional human-computer interaction paradigm with a semiotics of genre in the digital work environments. The study also offers a reflection regarding email membership to a specific genre using the theoretical concepts of hypergenre, genre and sub-genre. The success of the automatic categorization of email according to genre-related facets (the content, the form and the purpose) uncovers valuable insights and perspectives in designing digital work environments with the objective of facilitating the vital performance of textual practices by employees. / Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH), Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université de Montréal

Notre recherche a pour but de déterminer comment les genres textuels peuvent être exploités dans le design des environnements numériques de travail afin de faciliter l’accomplissement des pratiques textuelles de cadres et de secrétaires dans une municipalité et une administration fédérale canadiennes. À cet effet, le premier objectif consiste à évaluer l’aptitude des environnements numériques de travail à supporter les pratiques textuelles (lecture, écriture et manipulation des textes) de ces employés. Le deuxième objectif est de décrire les rôles des genres textuels au cours des pratiques textuelles. Avec l’exemple du courriel, le troisième objectif vise à examiner comment le genre peut être exploité dans une perspective d’assistance à la réalisation des pratiques textuelles dans les environnements numériques de travail. Cette recherche de nature qualitative comporte une méthodologie en deux étapes. La première étape consiste en un examen minutieux des pratiques textuelles, des difficultés rencontrées au cours de celles-ci, du rôle du genre dans les environnements numériques de travail, ainsi que des indices sollicités au cours de la gestion du courriel. Trois modes de collecte des données qualitatives sont utilisés auprès de 17 cadres et de 17 secrétaires issus de deux administrations publiques : l’entrevue semi-dirigée, le journal de bord et l’enquête cognitive. Les résultats sont examinés à l’aide de stratégies d’analyse de contenu qualitative. La deuxième phase comprend la mise au point d’une chaîne de traitement du courriel, visant à étayer notre réflexion sur le genre textuel et son exploitation dans la conception des environnements numériques de travail. Un corpus de 1703 messages est élaboré à partir d’un échantillon remis par deux cadres gouvernementaux. Les résultats permettent d’abord de dresser un portrait général des pratiques de lecture, d’écriture et de manipulation des textes communes et spécifiques aux cadres et aux secrétaires. L’importance du courriel, qui constitue environ 40% des systèmes notés dans les journaux de bord, est soulignée. Les difficultés rencontrées dans les environnements numériques de travail sont également décrites. Dans un deuxième temps, les rôles du genre au cours des pratiques textuelles sont examinés en fonction d’une matrice tenant à la fois compte de ses dimensions individuelles et collectives, ainsi que de ses trois principales facettes ; la forme, le contenu et la fonction. Ensuite, nous présentons un cadre d’analyse des indices affectant la gestion du courriel qui synthétise le processus d’interprétation des messages par le destinataire. Une typologie des patrons de catégorisation des cadres est également définie, puis employée dans une expérimentation statistique visant la description et la catégorisation automatique du courriel. Au terme de ce processus, on observe des comportements linguistiques marqués en fonction des catégories du courriel. Il s’avère également que la catégorisation automatique basée sur le lexique des messages est beaucoup plus performante que la catégorisation non lexicale. À l’issue de cette recherche, nous suggérons d’enrichir le paradigme traditionnel relevant de l’interaction humain-ordinateur par une sémiotique du genre dans les environnements numériques de travail. L’étude propose également une réflexion sur l’appartenance du courriel à un genre, en ayant recours aux concepts théoriques d’hypergenre, de genre et de sous-genre. Le succès de la catégorisation automatique du courriel en fonction de facettes tributaires du genre (le contenu, la forme et la fonction) offre des perspectives intéressantes sur l’application de ce concept au design des environnements numériques de travail en vue de faciliter l’accomplissement des pratiques textuelles par les employés. / This research reveals how textual genres can be exploited in digital work environments to improve the textual practices of managers and secretaries in the context of a municipality and the Canadian federal government. The first objective of this research assesses the suitability of digital work environments to support the textual practices of managers and secretaries in their reading, writing and manipulation of texts. The second objective describes the various roles of textual genre during the managerial and secretarial textual practices. Using email as a focal point, the third objective examines how genre can be exploited to advance the benefits of textual practices in the digital work environments. This qualitative research entails a two-phase methodology. By the study of 17 secretaries and 17 managers, the first phase consists of a thorough examination of the current textual practices in the Canadian federal government and municipal contexts and the difficulties encountered during these practices. This phase also considers the various roles of genre in the digital work environments along with the salient clues sought during email management. This study deployed three data collection techniques: semi-structured interviews, diary journals and cognitive inquiries. The results are examined using several qualitative content analysis techniques. The second phase of this research consists of developing an email processing sequence to further expand our understanding of textual genre and its exploitation in the design of digital work environments. The data for this phase uses a corpus of 1703 messages developed from a sample of two governmental managers. The results provide an encompassing overview of practices relating to the reading, writing and manipulation of texts that are both common and specific to managers and secretaries. With over 40% of events recorded in the diary journal relating to email, the importance of this type of system in digital work environments is clearly emphasized. The difficulties encountered in the digital work environments are also described. The role of genre during textual practices is examined according to a matrix illustrating both the individual and collective dimensions of genre in addition to its three main facets: the form, the content and the purpose. We present next an analytic framework of the prominent cues affecting email management to summarize the process of interpreting messages by the recipient. A typology of the categorization patterns of managers is also developed and used in a statistical experiment aiming to automatically describe and categorize email. Resulting from this experiment, we observe specific linguistic behaviours that characterize each email category. It is also revealed that automatic categorization based on message lexicon is more efficient than non-lexical categorization. At the conclusion of this research, we suggest to enrich the traditional human-computer interaction paradigm with a semiotics of genre in the digital work environments. The study also offers a reflection regarding email membership to a specific genre using the theoretical concepts of hypergenre, genre and sub-genre. The success of the automatic categorization of email according to genre-related facets (the content, the form and the purpose) uncovers valuable insights and perspectives in designing digital work environments with the objective of facilitating the vital performance of textual practices by employees. / Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH), Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université de Montréal