Hydrophobic Surface modification of biofibers to reduce water/moisture absorption of the biofiber or biofiber-plastic composites has attracted many researchers. In order to reduce the moisture sensitivity of kraft and mechanical pulp fibers, organo-nanoclay particles were adsorbed on the biofiber surfaces. Surface hydrophobicity, in terms of moisture absorption, water uptake, water contact angle and surface energy of the modified fibers were tested. The treated fibers had nano-scale surface roughness and substantially lower surface energy. The thermal stability of the mechanical pulp fibers increased after the nanoclay modification. The organo-nanoclay treated kraft and mechanical pulp fibers were used to make biofiber reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. The organo-nanoclay treated kraft fibers had a more uniform dispersion in the HDPE matrix and the resulting composites had a higher Young’s modulus and thermal stability. Similar trend was observed for the mechanical pulp fiber-HDPE composites. The adhesion between the kraft fibers and matrix was greatly improved after adding maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) as a compatibilizer, therefore, improvements in tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and thermal stability of both treated and untreated fiber composites were observed. However, this improvement was more significant for the composites containing the treated fibers. In addition, water absorption was decreased by incorporating the organo-nanoclay treated mechanical pulp fibers in the HDPE composites. The treated kraft fiber-HDPE-MAPE composites also showed a decrease in water absorption. The crystallization behaviors of the organo-nanoclay treated and untreated kraft fiber-HDPE composites with and without MAPE compatibilizer were studied. It was found by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis that both organo-nanoclay treated and untreated kraft fibers could act as nucleating agents. All composites crystallized much faster than the neat HDPE, while their crystallinity levels were lower. The organo-nanoclay treatment of the kraft fibers increased the nucleation rate. However, both the crystallinity level and the nucleation rate of the treated kraft fiber composites were increased by the addition of the MAPE compatibilizer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveled that MAPE could also increase the d-spacing of the organo-nanoclay layers in the composites. When the fiber loading was 40 wt% in the composites, exfoliation of the nanoclays in the composites was observed.

Univ., Diss.--Zürich, 1996.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-10. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000863160.pdf: 2766481 bytes, checksum: c82e010be8ff17e9bea4e42451484ce0 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Vários experimentos têm comprovado que compostos naturais podem ter sua atividade biológica alterada devido à presença ou ausência de halogênios ligados. Os antibióticos glicopeptídicos, como a vancomicina e teicoplanina são produtos naturais halogenados que apresentam destacada importância. Halogenases são enzimas que catalizam a transferência de halogênios para um determinado substrato, porém são muito pouco estudadas, principalmente aquelas envolvidas na biossíntese de produtos naturais, como antibióticos glicopeptídicos, mesmo com o seu potencial de aplicação em biologia sintética. Cepas produtoras de glicopeptideos foram obtidas da coleção NRRL e crescidas em meio TSB. O DNA foi extraído e os genes de 3 diferentes halogenases (staI e staK de Streptomyces toyocaensis, composto 47934 and Orf8* de Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, Teicoplanina) foram clonados em pET28a e pET20a. Um gene sintético foi obtido para enzima ComH (biossíntese de complestatina) e clonado em pET28a. A expressão desses genes foi induzida por IPTG e a purificação se deu em colunas de afinidade e gel filtração. Foram realizados estudos biofísicos (CD e DLS da StaI), bem como modelagem molecular e ensaios de complementação para proteínas StaK e StaI. Três halogenases foram purificadas, StaI, StaK e ComH e apresentaram coloração amarela indicando a co-purificação com FAD. Orf8* apresentou-se somente na fração insolúvel. Análises de CD indicam a presença de -hélices e folhas-β e foi possível observar o estado de oligomerização e polidispersividade em diferentes condições para halogenase StaI. Os modelos moleculares deram insights sobre uma possível diferença de padrão de halogenação catalizada pela StaI e StaK, devido à diferença de resíduos hidrofóbicos que formam os sulcos do sítio ativo. Tentativas de ensaios de cristalização para as enzimas StaI, StaK e ComH foram realizadas. No entanto, apenas a... / Various experiments have shown that natural compounds may have their biologic activity altered by presence or absence of halogens. Glycopeptide antibiotics, such as vancomycin and teicoplanin are halogenated natural products and they have substantial importance in the medicine. Halogenases, are enzymes that catalyses the attachment of halogens to a substrate, howerver they are not well understood mainly those ones in glycopeptide biosynthesis. Producing glycopeptides strains were obtained from NRRL collection, they were grown in liquid TSB medium and the DNA was extracted. Three different genes for halogenases [(staI and staK from Streptomyces toyocaensis (compound 47934) and Orf8* from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus (Teicoplanin)] were amplified and cloned into pET28a and pET20a. A synthetic gene for comH from the biosynthesis of complestatin was obtained and also cloned in the pET28a. The expression of these four genes was carried out with the induction by IPTG and the purification was performed by affinity and molecular exclusion. Samples of soluble and insoluble fractions and chromatographic peaks were analyzed on SDS-PAGE gel. Circular Dichroism (CD) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) studies were performed for StaI and ComH. We have also performed molecular modelling for StaI and StaK enzymes because attempts to crystallise all the soluble halogenases did not return any result (only StaI had a single crystal which showed not reproduzible). ComH, StaI and StaK were purified and they had an yellow colour indicating the co-purification with FAD.Orf8* was predominantly insoluble. SDS-PAGE gel showed that StaI had high purity already after the affinity purification and the molecular exclusion indicates that it had a tendency to aggregate. By the analysis of CD was possible to observe the structural integrity of StaI and ComH, which shows, as expected, the presence of -helixes and β-sheets. The DLS analysis shows the oligomerization ...

A técnica de difração de raios X por monocristais foi utilizada na resolução dos problemas resumidos a seguir. 1) Complexos de lantanóides: 1.1) Estrutura cristalina e molecular do complexo de coordenação {(Nd(NCS)3(HMPA)3]}{(Nd(NCS)3(HMPA)4]}, (HMPA = hexametilfosforotriamida). O composto cristaliza no sistema trigonal, grupo espacial R3. com a=b= 19.947(3); c= 20.106(3)Å V= 6928(4)޵ Mr= 1891.4; Z= 3; Dx= 1.360g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.4mm-1; F(000)= 2922; R= 0.035 para 2168 reflexões observadas (I &#62 3&#959) e 296 parâmetros refinados. Há dois íons Nd3+ independentes localizados sobre o eixo de ordem 3. A coordenação do poliedro em torno de um deles é a de um octaedro distorcido formado por três átomos de nitrogênio de três anions NCS- relacionados por simetria e três átomos de oxigênio de três grupos HMPA relacionados por simetria. Em torno do outro íon Nd3+ o poliedro de coordenação é um antiprisma trigonal encapuzado de simetria pontual C3v, formado por átomos de nitrogênio de três anions NCS- relacionados por simetria, três átomos de oxigênio de grupos HMPA relacionados por simetria e um átomo de oxigênio de um grupo HMPA localizado sobre o eixo de ordem 3. 1.2) Estrutura cristalina e molecular do complexo de coordenação La(NCS)3(HMPA)4. O composto cristaliza no sistema ortorrômbico, grupo espacial Cmc21 (n&#186 36) com a= 18.212(5); b= 13.862(4); c= 20.848(3)Å V= 5263.2(3)޵ Mr= 1029.9; Z= 4; Dx= 1.300g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.09mm-1; F(000)= 1454; R= 0.09 para 1304 reflexões observadas (I &#62 3&#959) e 135 parâmetros refinados. O íon La3+ coordena-se a três átomos de nitrogênio de grupos NCS- e a quatro oxigênios de grupos HMPA. Há dois grupos NCS- independentes cristalograficamente. Um deles encontra-se em posição especial sobre um plano de reflexão e o outro em posição geral. Quanto aos grupos HMPA, três deles ocupam posições sobre planos de reflexão e um grupo está em posição geral. O número de coordenação é sete e o poliedro é um prisma trigonal monoencapuzado de simetria aproximada C2v. 1.3) Estrutura cristalina e molecular do complexo de coordenação {Nd(CF3SO3)(DMF) 3(H2O) 6}, (DMF = dimetilformamida). Este composto cristaliza no sistema trigonal, grupo espacial R3m (n&#186 160), com a=b= 18.788(2); c= 8.589(4)Å V= 2625.6(1)޵ Mr= 918.8; Z= 3; Dx= 1.700g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.7mm-1; F(000)= 1368; R= 0.060 para 1119 reflexões observadas (I &#62 3&#959) e 83 parâmetros refinados. O cátion Nd3+ está localizado numa posicão especial (0,0,0), sobre o eixo de ordem 3. O poliedro de coordenação em torno do íon é um prisma trigonal triencapuzado com número de coordenação nove e simetria pontual D3h. O poliedro é formado por 6 átomos de oxigênio de moléculas de água relacionados por simetria ocupando os vértices do prisma, e 3 átomos de oxigênio de grupos DMF também relacionados por simetria, que formam os três capuzes. 2) Composto natural (precoceno) e 4 análogos sintéticos sulfurados. 2.1) Estrutura cristalina e molecular e estudo da conformação do produto natural 6,7-dimetoxi-2,2-dimetil-cromeno, um composto com atividade anti-hormônio juvenil em insetos. Mr= 220.0, ortorrômbico, Pca21 (n&#186 29), a= 14.358(2); b= 9.297(1); c= 9.011(1)Å V= 1202.9(4)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.216g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 0.5mm-1; R= 0.044 para 866 reflexões observadas (I &#62 3&#959) e 146 parâmetros refinados. Dos dois anéis que compõem a molécula, o anel benzênico apresenta um comportamento planar normal e o heterocic1o que contém o átomo de oxigênio é distorcido com uma forma aproximada de meio bote. 2.2) Estruturas cristalinas e moleculares e estereoquímica dos compostos análogos dos precocenos: 1) 2,2,6-trimetil-2H-1-benzotiopirano-1,1-dióxido, Mr == 222.3, ortorrômbico, P212121, a= 7.357(2); b= 10.186(3); c= 15.253(2)Å V= 1143.0(8)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.292g.cm-3; R= 0.050; 2) 6,7-dimetoxi-2,2-dimetil-3,4-dihidro-3,4-epoxi-2H-1-benzotiopirano-1,1-dióxido, Mr= 284.33, monoclínico, P21/n, a= 12.180(5); b= 6.535(2); c= 16.183(7)Å &#946=91.27(4)° V= 1344.3(9)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.405g.cm-3; R= 0.053; 3) 6-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-benzotiopirano-1,1-dióxido, Mr=238.31, monoclínico, P21/n, a= 6.629(2); b= 17.233(3); c= 10.494(3)Å &#946= 92.45(3)° V= 1197.7(9)޵ Dx= 1.321g.cm-3; R= 0.043; 4) 7-etoxi-6-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1,1-dióxido, Mr= 282.36, monoclínico, P21/c, a= 11.372(1); b= 10.544(3); c=12.122(3)Å &#946= 106.23(2)° V= 1396(1)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.344g.cm-3; R= 0.042. Os anéis benzênicos dos 4 compostos apresentam -se planares. Os heterociclos são distorcidos e os átomos de enxofre estão numa configuração tetraédrica, com ângulos diédricos entre planos C-S-C e O-S-O que variam de 89.1(1) a 90.3(2)&#197. As distâncias de ligações S-C(SP2) variam entre 1.751(8) e 1.763(2)&#197 e as distâncias S-C(SP3) variam entre 1.766(2) e 1.838(6)&#197. 3) Estudos estruturais de complexos de coordenação envolvendo cobre(II). 3.1) [Cu(NCO)2(diMeen)]2: Mr = 471.08, monoclínico, P21/c (n&#186 14), a= 12.216(2); b= 10.662(1); c= 14.997(4)Å &#946= 96.09(3)° V= 1942.29(9)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.610g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 2.14mm-1; R= 0.043 para 2172 reflexões observadas (I &#62 3&#959) e 237 parâmetros refinados. O complexo é dimérico, onde cada átomo de cobre está ligado a 5 átomos de nitrogênio pertencentes a dois grupos cianatos que fazem pontes, um cianato terminal, e os nitrogênios restantes de dois ligantes diMeen. A geometria de coordenação para cada metal é aproximadamente a de uma pirâmide de base quadrada, com os nitrogênios pontes ocupando a posição apical em ambos os casos. 3.2) [Cu(N3) (NCO) (diEten)]: Mr = 261.54, monoclínico, P21/n, a= 8.336(1); b= 17.405(3); c= 8.376(1)Å &#946= 109.73(2)° V= 1143.97(5)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.520g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.8mm-1; R= 0.09 para 1481 reflexões observadas (I &#62 3&#959) e 138 parâmetros refinados. Através das operações de simetria as moléculas formam dímeros, com as metades relacionadas por um centro de inversão. O átomo de cobre está ligado a 5 nitrogênios pertencentes a um grupo azido (N3) que forma ponte entre os cobres simétricos, um grupo cianato, e os nitrogênios restantes do grupo diEten. A geometria de coordenação é aproximadamente a de uma pirâmide de base quadrada, com o nitrogênio ponte ocupando a posição apical. / The technique of X-ray diffraction was applied to the solution of the problems summarized below: 1) Lanthanides complexes: 1.1) Crystal and molecular structure of coordination complex {(Nd(NCS)3(HMPA)3]}{(Nd(NCS)3(HMPA)4]}, (HMPA = hexamethylphosphorotriamide). The compound crystallizes in the trigonal system, space group R3, with a=b= 19.947(3); c= 20.106(3)Å V= 6928(4)޵ Mr= 1891.4; Z= 3; Dx= 1.360g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.4mm-1; F(000)= 2922; R= 0.035 for 2168 observed reflections (I &#62 3&#959) e 296 refined parameters. There are two independent Nd3+ íons located on the three-fold axis. The coordination polyhedron around one of them is a slightly distorted octahedron formed by three nitrogen atoms of three symmetry related NCS- anions and three oxygen atoms of three symmetry related HMPA groups. Around the other Nd3+ íon the coordination polyhedron is a capped trigonal antiprism, of crystallographic point symmetry C3v, formed by the nitrogen atoms of three symmetry related NCS- anions, three oxygen atoms of three symmetry related HMPA groups and na oxygen atom of a HMPA group located on three-fold axis. 1.2) Crystal and molecular structure of coordination complex La(NCS)3(HMPA)4. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Cmc21 (n&#186 36) with a= 18.212(5); b= 13.862(4); c= 20.848(3)Å V= 5263.2(3)޵ Mr= 1029.9; Z= 4; Dx= 1.300g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.09mm-1; F(000)= 1454; R= 0.09 for 1304 reflections with (I &#62 3&#959) e 135 refined parameters. The La3+ íons coordinated to the three nitrogen atoms of NCS- groups and to the four oxygens of HMPA groups. There are two independent crystallographic NCS- groups. One of them is located on a special position on the reflection plane and the other in general position. Three HMPA groups are located on the reflection planes and one HMPA group is in general position. The coordination number is seven and the coordination polyhedron is a capped trigonal prism of crystallographic point symmetry C2v. 1.3) Crystal and molecular structure of coordination complex {Nd(CF3SO3)(DMF) 3(H2O) 6}, (DMF = dimethylformamide). The compound crystallizes in the trigonal system, space group R3m, with a=b= 18.788(2); c= 8.589(4)Å V= 2625.6(1)޵ Mr= 918.8; Z= 3; Dx= 1.700g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.7mm-1; F(000)= 1368; R= 0.060 for 1119 observed reflections (I &#62 3&#959) and 83 refined parameters. The Nd3+ cátion is located in the special position (0,0,0), on the three-fold axis. The coordination polyhedron around the ion is a tricapped trigonal prism with coordination number nine and point symmetry D3h. The polyhedron is formed by six oxygen atoms of symmetry related H2O molecules located on the vertices of the prism, and three oxygen atoms of symmetry related DMF groups which form the three caps. 2) Natural compound (precocenes) and four sulfured synthetic analogues. 2.1) Crystal and molecular structure and conformation study of natural product 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-cromane , one compound with insect antijuvenile hormone activity. Mr= 220.0, orthorrombic, Pca21 (n&#186 29), a= 14.358(2); b= 9.297(1); c= 9.011(1)Å V= 1202.9(4)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.216g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 0.5mm-1; R= 0.044 for 866 reflections with (I &#62 3&#959) and 146 refined parameters. There are two rings in the molecule. The benzene ring is not distorted, but the heterocyclic which contains the oxygen atom is distorted with the approximated middle boat form. 2.2) Crystal and molecular structure and stereochemistry of analogues compounds of precocenes: 1) 2,2,6-trimethyl-2H-1-benzothiopyran-1,1-dioxide, Mr = 222.3, orthorrombic, P212121, a= 7.357(2); b= 10.186(3); c= 15.253(2)Å V= 1143.0(8)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.292g.cm-3; R= 0.050; 2) 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-3,4-epoxy-2H-1-benzothiopyran-1,1-dioxide, Mr= 284.33, monoclinic, P21/n, a= 12.180(5); b= 6.535(2); c= 16.183(7)Å &#946=91.27(4)° V= 1344.3(9)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.405g.cm-3; R= 0.053; 3) 6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzothiopyran-1,1-dioxide, Mr=238.31, monoclinic, P21/n, a= 6.629(2); b= 17.233(3); c= 10.494(3)Å &#946= 92.45(3)° V= 1197.7(9)޵ Dx= 1.321g.cm-3; R= 0.043; 4) 7-etoxy-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1,1-dioxide, Mr= 282.36, monoclinic, P21/c, a= 11.372(1); b= 10.544(3); c=12.122(3)Å &#946= 106.23(2)° V= 1396(1)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.344g.cm-3; R= 0.042. The benzene rings of the four compounds are not distorted. The heterocyclics are distorted and the sulfur atom is in tetrahedral configuration with dihedral angle between planes C-S-C and O-S-O varying from 89.1(1) to 90.3(2)&#197. The bond distances S-C(SP2) are between 1.751(8) and 1.763(2)&#197 and the distances S-C(SP3) vary from 1.766(2) to 1.838(6)&#197. 3) Structural study of coordination complexes with copper(II). 3.1) [Cu(NCO)2(diMeen)]2: Mr = 471.08, monoclinic, P21/c (n&#186 14), a= 12.216(2); b= 10.662(1); c= 14.997(4)Å &#946= 96.09(3)° V= 1942.29(9)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.610g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 2.14mm-1; R= 0.043 for 2172 observed reflections (I &#62 3&#959) and 237 refined parameters. The complex is dimeric, each copper atom surrounded by five nitrogen atoms belonging to two bridging cyanato groups, one terminal cyanato, and the remaining nitrogen from the two diMeen ligands. The coordination geometry for each metal is that of an approximate square-based pyramid, with the bridging cyanato´s nitrogen occupying the apical positions in both cases. 3.2) [Cu(N3) (NCO) (diEten)]: Mr = 261.54, monoclinic, P21/n, a= 8.336(1); b= 17.405(3); c= 8.376(1)Å &#946= 109.73(2)° V= 1143.97(5)޵ Z= 4; Dx= 1.520g.cm-3; &#955(M&#959K&#945)= 0.71073Å &#956= 1.8mm-1; R= 0.09 for 1481 reflections with (I &#62 3&#959) and 138 refined parameters. The molecules from dimmers through the symmetry operation, with the two halves of the dimmers related by an inversion Center of symmetry. The copper atom is surrounded by five nitrogen atoms belonging to an azide (N3) group bridging two symmetric coppers, one cyanato group, and the remaining nitrogen from the diEten ligands. The coordination geometry is that of an approximate square-based pyramid, with the bridging azide nitrogen occupying the apical positions.

Molekulárne systémy predstavujú jeden zo smerov súčasného výskumu nových nanoelektronických zariadení. Organické molekuly nachádzajú uplatnenie v rôznych aplikáciách, ako sú napríklad solárne články, displeje alebo kvantové počítače. Rast vysokokvalitných molekulárnych vrstiev s požadovanými vlastnosťami často vyžaduje využitie samousporiadavaných štruktúr, hlboké pochopenie rozhrania kovu a organických molekúl a tiež dynamiky rastu molekulárnych vrstiev. Predkladaná práca sa zaoberá predovšetkým samousporadanými štruktúrami bifenyl-dikarboxylovej kyseliny (BDA) na Cu (1 0 0) a Ag (1 0 0), ktoré boli skúmané v UHV s využitím STM, XPS a LEEM. V prípade BDA-Ag je podrobne opísaných niekoľko chemicky a štrukturálne odlišných molekulárnych fáz. Ďalej boli BDA a TCNQ molekuly skúmané na grafene pripravenom na Ir (1 1 1). Okrem toho sa organo-kovové systémy syntetizovali depozíciou atómov Ni a Fe s molekulami TCNQ a BDA. Záverečná časť tejto práce popisuje povrchovú syntézu grafénových nanoribonov (7-AGNR) na špecicky štrukturovanom substráte Au (16 14 15) z prekurzorových molekúl DBBA. Rekonštrukcia povrchu po raste bola analyzovaná pomocou STM a elektronické vlastnosti 7-AGNRs pomocou ARPES.

En 1963 Henri Ey renoue, en écrivant « La Conscience », avec une tradition philosophique oubliée : ramener la psychologie dans le giron de la philosophie. Le lien entre psychologie et philosophie s'explique par le fait qu'on ne peut pas rendre compte de la vie psychique sans mener de concert une réflexion sur le sens de l'être. Ce faisant Henri Ey allait à contre-courant de la vie intellectuelle de son époque. La pensée dominante de cette période suspectait la tradition philosophique qui prônait l'existence du Sujet. L'anthropologie se substituait à l'ontologie. Le Sujet était, dans la tradition spinoziste, une illusion. La mise en question du Sujet signifie la disparition de la psychiatrie. La maladie mentale n'existe qu'en affirmant l'impossible maîtrise d'un Sujet sur son monde. La maladie mentale raconte la déstructuration du champ d'une conscience. C'est la dissolution d'un Sujet dans un monde dont il n'est plus la clé de voûte qui caractérise la maladie mentale. Comment en est-on arrivé à l'idée que la folie pouvait signifier autre chose que le contre sens de l'homme ? C'est cette dérive dont rend compte l'oeuvre d'Henri Ey. Cette dérive n'est pas le fait d'interprétations erronées qui seraient liées à des paradigmes mentaux historiques. La dérive est plus sournoise, elle est le fait d'une attitude mentale naturelle. Elle provient de la manière dont l'homme pense. La pensée humaine naturellement organise ses objets dans un cadre logique qui est celui du principe de contradiction. La logique binaire divise, sépare, oppose. Elle autorise l'abstraction et surtout suppose que cette organisation logique est le calque de l'organisation de la vie. L'abstraction vers laquelle la logique de la dualité conduit la pensée est le fondement même de toute métaphysique. Pour Henri Ey, il était absolument nécessaire d'en terminer avec l'approche métaphysique qu'autorise la forme logique binaire quand il s'agit d'étudier la constitution de l'existence humaine. Il propose une nouvelle approche de la vie psychique en formulant cette vie selon une logique non binaire. C'est en termes de système ouvert et de devenir qu'il construit une nouvelle science humaine. Cette approche permet d'incarner l'homme dans le monde et d'en faire le véritable Sujet de son monde. C'est en termes de devenir qu'il faut penser le champ d'incarnation de l'homme ou champ de la conscience. La conscience est un devenir, elle ne se réduit pas au devenir actualisé. Henri Ey, en remettant en cause les présupposés logiques qui interdisent de comprendre la conscience, redonnait sa place au Sujet. Le devenir conscient permettait de lier l'ontologie (les conditions de la conscience) et l'anthropologie (l'actualisation de la conscience dans le monde) ? La vie psychique est l'actualisation momentanée de la conscience. / In 1963, the year he wrote « La Conscience », Henri Ey was reconciled with a forgotten philosophical tradition, bringing back psychology into the realm of philosophy. The link between philosophy and psychology is explained in that one cannot account for mental life without at the same time reflecting on the meaning of being. In doing this, Henri Ey was going against the mainstream of intellectual life at his time. Dominant thinking at the time was suspicious of the philosophical tradition which extolled the existence of a Subject. Anthropology replaced ontology. The Subject was, in the spinozistic tradition, an illusion. Questioning the Subject means the end of psychiatry. Mental illness only exists in asserting that it is impossible for a Subject to master his world. It tells of the destructuring of the field of consciousness. Mental illness is characterized by the dissolution of e Subject in a world he can no longer support. How did we reach the point where madness could mean something other than misconstruing man? Henri Ey's works reflect this drift. The drift is mot the deed of wrong interpretations which might be linked ti historical mental paradigms. It is more cunning, it is the deed of a natural mental attitude. It originates in the way man thinks. Human thinking naturally organizes its objects in a logical framework which is that the principle of contradiction. Binary logic divides, separates and opposes things. It allows abstractions and most of all presupposes that logical organization copy the organization of life. The abstraction towards which the logic of duality leads thinking is the foundation of all metaphysics. For Henri Ey, it was absolutely necessary to finish with the metaphysical approach allowed by binary logic when studying the constitution of human existence. He put forward a new approach to mental life describing mental life according a non-binary logic. He thus developed a new social science in terms of open system. This approach makes it possible to flesh out man in the world and make him the true Subject of his world. It is in terms of becoming that we need ti think the field where man can fleshed out his field of consciousness. Consciousness is becoming, it is not reduced to actualized becoming. Henri Ey, by challenging the logical assumptions which stop the understanding of consciousness, put the Subject back his place. "Becoming conscious" made it possible to link ontology (the condition of consciousness) and anthropology (the actualization of consciousness in the world). Mental life is the actualization of consciousness at a given time.

Yes / The synthesis of nanoparticles of conjugates of caffeic acid-modified chitosan with ruthenium arene complexes is described. The chemical structure and physical properties of the nanoparticles were characterised by electronic absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and circular dichroism (CD) analysis. The multi-spectral results revealed that caffeic acid is covalently bound to chitosan and chelates to {Ru(p-cymene)Cl}+. The DLS studies indicated that the Ru–caffeic acid modified chitosan nanoparticles are well-defined and of nanometre size. Such well-defined nanocomposites of chitosan and metal complexes might find a range of applications, for example in drug delivery. / We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 21571154), the Jiangsu Overseas Research & Training Program for University Prominent Young & Middle-aged Teachers and Presidents, Leverhulme Trust (Early Career Fellowship No. ECF-2013-414 to NPEB), the ERC (Grant No. 247450 to PJS), EPSRC (EP/F034210/1 to PJS) and Science City (AWM/ERDF) for support, and EU COST Action CM1105 for stimulating discussions.

Yes / Platinum drugs are widely used for cancer treatment. Other precious metals are promising, but their clinical progress depends on achieving different mechanisms of action to overcome Pt-resistance. Here, we evaluate 13 organo-Os complexes: 16-electron sulfonyl-diamine catalysts [(η6-arene)Os(N,N′)], and 18-electron phenylazopyridine complexes [(η6-arene)Os(N,N’)Cl/I]+ (arene = p-cymene, biphenyl, or terphenyl). Their antiproliferative activity does not depend on p21 or p53 status, unlike cisplatin, and their selective potency toward cancer cells involves the generation of reactive oxygen species. Evidence of such a mechanism of action has been found both in vitro and in vivo. This work appears to provide the first study of osmium complexes in the zebrafish model, which has been shown to closely model toxicity in humans. A fluorescent osmium complex, derived from a lead compound, was employed to confirm internalization of the complex, visualize in vivo distribution, and confirm colocalization with reactive oxygen species generated in zebrafish. / Wellcome Trust (grant no. 107691/Z/15/Z), ERC (grant nos. 247450, 324594), Science City (AWM and ERDF), WCPRS and Bruker Daltonics (Studentship for JPCC), Mike and Enfys Bagguley, and EPSRC (Studentship for HEB, and grant no. EP/F034210/1).

Un essai en serre a été effectué pour évaluer l’effet de sédiments provenant d’étangs épurateurs et régulateurs de l’eau, en l’absence et en présence d’une fumure minérale (N-P-K), sur la croissance, la production de biomasse aérienne sèche (BAS) et la teneur en certains éléments traces métalliques (ÉTM) de l’avoine (Avena sativa L.) cultivée dans un substrat minéral peu fertile. En général, le rendement en BAS a augmenté avec les doses croissantes de sédiments et d’engrais. Bien que le sédiment contenait des éléments nutritifs, sa valeur fertilisante était très faible. Les hauts rendements ont été obtenus avec la combinaison d’engrais minéraux et de sédiments. Les concentrations des ÉTM dans la BAS n’ont pas causées de problèmes de phytotoxicité et étaient en deçà des normes établies. Les prélèvements aériens d’ÉTM les plus élevés ont été obtenus dans le cas des échantillons de sol ayant produit les rendements aériens les plus élevés. / A greenhouse trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of sediments from scrubber and water ponds, in combination with inorganic fertilizers (NPK), on the growth, shoot biomass (SB) production and trace metal element (TME) concentration in SB of oat (Avena sativa L.) grown in a low fertile mineral substrate. In general, the shoot length and SB yield of the plant increased with increasing rates of sediment and inorganic fertilizer. Although the sediment contained nutrients, its fertilizer value was very low. The high SB yields were obtained with the combination of inorganic fertilizers and sediment. The concentrations of TME in SB were below typical phytotoxic levels. The uptake of the highest TME was obtained in the case of substrates that produced the highest yields of SB.

O desenvolvimento desta tese foi direcionado ao estudo da química iônica, em fase gasosa, de alguns compostos organo-metálicos, como: Ge(OEt)4, Ti(i-Pro)4, BU3SnOMe, GeE4, GeMe4, SiMe4 e Me6Si2NH. Foram abordados vários aspectos da química iônica destes compostos desde o estudo dos seus processos de fragmentação, a reatividade de cátions e ânions derivados destes compostos, a fotodisssociação de espécies hipervalentes formadas a partir de reações de adição, e por último foram obtidos dados sobre a afinidade protônica de ânions derivados de germânio. Além disto, foram promovidas outras investigações experimentais destinadas á obtenção de informações sobre a estrutura de espécies hipervalentes e a análise de substâncias químicas desconhecidas contendo átomos de Ge. Os resultados obtidos em algumas investigações são conclusivos, e por isto em alguns casos não foi criada uma seção voltada exclusivamente para as conclusões. Mesmo assim, algumas observações podem ser destacadas. De modo geral, os alcóxidos metálicos reagem com íon fluoreto através de reações de adição-eliminação formando complexos pentacoordenados, que no caso dos derivados de germânio e titânio, absorvem radiação infravermelha de um laser de CO2, e por absorção multifotônica promovem sucessivos processos de eliminação de espécies neutras simples. O mesmo comportamento não é observado nas alquilas metálicas. Os cátions derivados destes compostos são poderosos ácidos de Lewis, e sofrem reações de adição-eliminação com diversos substratos neutros, do tipo base de Lewis. O mais surpreendente foi à observação de reações de abstração de ligantes como CH3- por alguns destes cátions, e a subseqüente formação, em alguns casos, de espécies formadas através de reações de troca de ligantes. A afinidade protônica de alguns ânions formados através da fotodissociação de espécies hipervalentes, derivadas de germânio, foi obtida por meio de reações de abstração de prótons com substratos de afinidade protônica conhecida. Foi possível caracterizar a acidez dos ácidos conjugados destes ánions como sendo próxima a das mercaptanas. / The present thesis describes the study of the gas-phase ion chemistry of a number of organometallic compounds such as Ge(OEt)4, Ti(i-Pro)4, BU3SnOMe, GeE4, GeMe4, SiMe4 and Me6Si2NH. Several aspects of the ion chemistry of these compounds were investigated including fragmentation processes in their mass spectra, reactivity of cations and anions obtained from these compounds by electron ionization, photodissociation of hypervalent species formed by nucleophilic addition, and the proton affinity of a number of germanium-containing anions. Additional experimental investigations were carried out to characterize the structure of hypervalent studies and to explore analytical applications of unknown germanium-containing substrates. The results in several cases are sufficiently conclusive such that a general section of conclusions was considered unnecessary. For example, the metal alkoxides studied in this work react with fluoride ion in the gas-phase by an addition-elimination mechanism that initially results in the formation of a pentacoordinated species. The germanium and titanium pentacoordinated species absorb readily infrared radiation from a CO2 laser and undergo successive elimination of sim pie neturals by sequential mutiphoton absorption. This behavior is not observed for the metal alkyls. Cations derived from these compounds are powerful Lewis acids and are capable of promoting addition-elimination reactions with several neutral substrates that can act as Lewis bases. The most surprising reactions have been the abstraction of methide (formally a CH3- ion) by some of these cations followed, in the case of some Si- and Ge-containing ions, by a ligand exchange reaction. The proton affinity of Ge-containing anions obtained from the photodissociation of hypervalent precursors was established using the bracketing technique by studying the proton abstraction reaction with a number of substrates of well-known proton affinities. The absolute values derived for the proton affinities of these species, and the corresponding gas-phase acidities of the conjugate acids are close to the values of similar mercaptans.