Mainz, Universiẗat, Diss., 2000.

Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--Dortmund. / Dateiformat: PDF.

University, Diss., 2000--Tübingen.

O uso do biodiesel está em expansão no mercado mundial. A presença de metais alcalinos é um dos parâmetros de qualidade que mais se destaca devido aos prejuízos que pode causar ao automóvel. Neste trabalho propôs-se um método alternativo para determinar íon sódio usando um sensor eletroquímico baseado em eletrodo quimicamente modificado (EQM) com filme de octafenilciclotetrasiloxano (OFCTS), o qual possui estrutura molecular sugestiva para uma coordenação com Na+. A caracterização do sensor foi realizada por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e Difração de Raios X (DRX). A interação metal:ligante foi estuda por cálculos teóricos, Espectrofotometria UV-Vis, Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE) e Voltametria Cíclica (VC). A imobilização do OFCTS no eletrodo de carbono vítreo foi alcançada por adsorção usando a técnica drop coating. O par redox [Ru(NH 3)5 Cl] 2+/3+foi empregado como íon sonda e a corrente de pico (Ip) foi monitorada por voltametria de pulso diferencial com varredura anódica. Adições sucessivas de Na+ à célula eletroquímica causaram a diminuição da Ip do íon sonda, devido à interação do íon sódio com o ligante imobilizado no eletrodo e consequente repulsão com o íon sonda. Empregando este efeito, a concentração de íons sódio pode ser indiretamente medida. Após a otimização dos principais parâmetros da eletroanálise, a curva analítica foi construída através da relação entre diferença de Ip (δIp) do [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e a quantidade de íons sódio adicionada, obtendo um coeficiente de correlação (r) de 0,998, LD e LQ iguais a 0,38 mg kg -1 e 1,29 mg kg-1 , respectivamente. As amostras de biodiesel foram preparadas por digestão ácida por via úmida com radiação de micro-ondas. As recuperações foram obtidas e os percentuais para a fortificação foi biodiesel 105% e para água mineral foi 81%. O método alternativo foi aplicado para amostra real e detectou 4,1 mg Kg-1 de sódio em biodiesel. / The use of biodiesel is expanding in the world market. The presence of alkali metals is one of its quality parameters that stand out, due to the damage that they can cause to vehicles. This study aimed to propose an alternative method to determine sodium ions using an electrochemical sensor based on chemically modified electrode (CME) with octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (OFCTS), which has suggestive molecular structure for coordination with Na+ ion. The characterization of the sensor was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The metal:ligand interaction was studied by theoretical calculations, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Immobilization of OPCTS on glassy carbon electrode was achieved by adsorption through drop coating technique. The [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e redox couple was used as ion probe, and its peak current (Ip) was monitored by stripping anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry . Successive additions of Na+ to the electrochemical cell promote the Ip decrease of the ion probe, due to interaction between the sodium ion and the immobilized ligand on the electrode and the subsequent repulsion with the ion probe. Using this effect, the sodium ions concentration could be indirectly measured. After the main parameters optimization of the electroanalysis, the analytical curve was constructed by plotting the Ip difference (δIp) of [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e against the amount of sodium ions added, obtaining a coefficient of correlation (r 2) of 0.99 and LOD and LOQ equal to 0,38 and 1,29 mg Kg-1, respectively. The biodiesel samples were pretreated by microwave assisted acid digestion. Recoveries were obtained and the percentages for the fortification for biodiesel was 105,5% and for mineral water was 81%. The alternative method was applied for real sample and detected 4 mg Kg -1 of the sodium in biodiesel.

O uso do biodiesel está em expansão no mercado mundial. A presença de metais alcalinos é um dos parâmetros de qualidade que mais se destaca devido aos prejuízos que pode causar ao automóvel. Neste trabalho propôs-se um método alternativo para determinar íon sódio usando um sensor eletroquímico baseado em eletrodo quimicamente modificado (EQM) com filme de octafenilciclotetrasiloxano (OFCTS), o qual possui estrutura molecular sugestiva para uma coordenação com Na+. A caracterização do sensor foi realizada por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e Difração de Raios X (DRX). A interação metal:ligante foi estuda por cálculos teóricos, Espectrofotometria UV-Vis, Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE) e Voltametria Cíclica (VC). A imobilização do OFCTS no eletrodo de carbono vítreo foi alcançada por adsorção usando a técnica drop coating. O par redox [Ru(NH 3)5 Cl] 2+/3+foi empregado como íon sonda e a corrente de pico (Ip) foi monitorada por voltametria de pulso diferencial com varredura anódica. Adições sucessivas de Na+ à célula eletroquímica causaram a diminuição da Ip do íon sonda, devido à interação do íon sódio com o ligante imobilizado no eletrodo e consequente repulsão com o íon sonda. Empregando este efeito, a concentração de íons sódio pode ser indiretamente medida. Após a otimização dos principais parâmetros da eletroanálise, a curva analítica foi construída através da relação entre diferença de Ip (δIp) do [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e a quantidade de íons sódio adicionada, obtendo um coeficiente de correlação (r) de 0,998, LD e LQ iguais a 0,38 mg kg -1 e 1,29 mg kg-1 , respectivamente. As amostras de biodiesel foram preparadas por digestão ácida por via úmida com radiação de micro-ondas. As recuperações foram obtidas e os percentuais para a fortificação foi biodiesel 105% e para água mineral foi 81%. O método alternativo foi aplicado para amostra real e detectou 4,1 mg Kg-1 de sódio em biodiesel. / The use of biodiesel is expanding in the world market. The presence of alkali metals is one of its quality parameters that stand out, due to the damage that they can cause to vehicles. This study aimed to propose an alternative method to determine sodium ions using an electrochemical sensor based on chemically modified electrode (CME) with octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (OFCTS), which has suggestive molecular structure for coordination with Na+ ion. The characterization of the sensor was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The metal:ligand interaction was studied by theoretical calculations, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Immobilization of OPCTS on glassy carbon electrode was achieved by adsorption through drop coating technique. The [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e redox couple was used as ion probe, and its peak current (Ip) was monitored by stripping anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry . Successive additions of Na+ to the electrochemical cell promote the Ip decrease of the ion probe, due to interaction between the sodium ion and the immobilized ligand on the electrode and the subsequent repulsion with the ion probe. Using this effect, the sodium ions concentration could be indirectly measured. After the main parameters optimization of the electroanalysis, the analytical curve was constructed by plotting the Ip difference (δIp) of [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e against the amount of sodium ions added, obtaining a coefficient of correlation (r 2) of 0.99 and LOD and LOQ equal to 0,38 and 1,29 mg Kg-1, respectively. The biodiesel samples were pretreated by microwave assisted acid digestion. Recoveries were obtained and the percentages for the fortification for biodiesel was 105,5% and for mineral water was 81%. The alternative method was applied for real sample and detected 4 mg Kg -1 of the sodium in biodiesel.

Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--Dortmund. / Dateiformat: PDF.

<p>Optical beams that travel through a material without undergoing divergence are known as self-trapped beams. Self-trapping occurs when a beam induces a suitable index gradient in the medium that is capable of guiding the original beam. An incoherent light consists of femtosecond scale speckles, due to random phase fluctuations and were not thought to self-trap until recently. In 1997, Mitchell et al., showed that white light can self-trap, provided the medium cannot respond fast enough to form index gradients to these speckles individually. However, detailed studies have been hampered by a lack of suitable materials and strategies for enabling such a response. In 2006, our group showed that a photopolymer is suitable for incoherent self-trapping, since the index change is governed by an inherently slow rate of polymerization (of the order of milliseconds). This has enabled further studies of various phenomena with white light self-trapping.</p> <p>The studies here show (i) the first direct experimental evidence of interactions of two incoherent white light self-trapped beams, as well as fission, fusion and repulsion. Existence of dark self-trapping beams with incoherent white light was also shown, counter intuitively in a positive nonlinear medium. (iii) Lattices were formed with multiple ordered bright as well as dark self-trapping filaments using optochemical self-organization. (iv) Woodpile-like 3D lattices with bright and dark beams were also demonstrated and simulations showed theoretical band gaps. (v) Self-trapping of a co-axial beam of incoherent white light was also shown experimentally and through simulations.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The reaction of di­chloro­dimethyl­silane with a polydentate Schiff base ligand derived from pyridoxal and 2-ethano­lamine yielded the macrocyclic silicon compound (8E,22E)-4,4,12,18,18,26-hexa­methyl-3,5,17,19-tetra­oxa-8,13,22,27-tetra­aza-4,18-disilatri­cyclo­[22.4.0.010,15]octa­cosa-1(24),8,10,12,14,22,25,27-octa­ene-11,25-diol, C24H36N4O6Si2. The asymmetric unit contains the half macrocycle with an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond between the imine nitro­gen atom and a neighbouring oxygen atom. The crystal structure is dominated by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions, which form a high ordered mol­ecular network.