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Research misconduct has been generally considered a limited issue, occurring in a small percentage of research studies. Studies of the number of article retractions use retraction percentages to perpetuate the idea that research misconduct is not a common event, and use information in the retraction notice to quantify types of research misconduct and types or research error. However, retractions appear to be the wrong variable with which to assess misconduct rates and characteristics. Using final misconduct findings in hard science research from the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) for investigations closed from 1993 through 2013, the number of publications and subsequent retractions or corrections per final ORI finding was analyzed. Out of 167 subjects who received ORI sanctions, 84 (50.3%) had no publications associated with their misconduct. Of the remaining 83 subjects, only 72 had at least one retraction associated with their misconduct, i.e., only 43.1% of the all study subjects sanctioned for misconduct had at least one retraction from misconduct. Of the 231 retractions and corrections arising from the sanctioned misconduct, only 94 notices (40.6%) gave research misconduct as a cause for the retraction or correction. Thus, the study demonstrates that research misconduct occurs at a greater rate than retractions for misconduct are published, and retraction and correction notices cannot be relied upon to convey the presence of fraudulent data within the publication.

First settlements in Southeast Anatolia begun to appear as early as 10000 BC. Among all the unanswered questions about this early period, cult-related activities and cult buildings are widely studied due to their nature, which has strong connections with the social organization and early symbolism. During the last decade, Southeast Anatolia has provided new evidence for this early stage of development in human history. This study aims to examine cult buildings that have common characteristics / how they were treated and distributed. The settlement of Nevali &Ccedil / ori and its cult building is taken as an example and studied in detail. Other cult buildings with the same or similar architectural features are included in this study in order to discuss the roots, the distribution and the continuity of this Aceramic Neolithic tradition.

abstract: Origami is an art transforming a flat sheet of paper into a sculpture. Among various types of origami, the focus is on a particular class called the `Rigid Origami' ("RO"). A Rigid Origami, unlike other forms, is not intended to be folded into fancy shapes. On the contrary, an RO has a simple and a geometrically well-defined crease pattern and does not have curved/smudged faces. The folds can be carried out by a continuous motion in which, at each step, each face of the origami is completely flat. As a result, these planar faces experience very minimal strain due to loading. This property allows it to be used to fold surfaces made of rigid materials. Tapping into the geometrical properties of RO will open a new field of research with great practical utility. Analyzing each new RO pattern will require generating numerous prototypes; this is practically impossible to do, as it consumes a lot of time and material. The advantages of Finite Element Analysis/numerical modeling become very clear in this scenario. A new design concept may be modeled to determine its real world behavior under various load environments and may, therefore, be refined prior to the creation of drawings, when changes are inexpensive. Since an RO undergoes a non-local deformation when subjected to a disturbance, the usage of conventional FEA will not produce accurate results. A non-local element model was developed which can be used in conjunction with the finite element package ABAQUS, via its user-defined element (UEL). This model was tested on two RO patterns, namely Miura-Ori and Ron Resch, by carrying out basic simulations. There are many other interesting origami patterns, exhibiting different meta-material properties, yet to be explored. This Finite Element Approach equips researchers with necessary tools to study those options in great detail. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2014

Elastic absorption of kinetic energy and distribution of impact forces are required in many applications. This may be achieved through the use of compliant corrugations. An innovative padding concept is investigated for such applications. Also, recent attention given to the potential for using origami in engineering applications may provide new corrugation configurations that are advantageous for energy absorption and force distribution. This work explores three areas related to these concepts.First, the parameters of a compliant, corrugated padding concept are investigated using Finite Element Analyses (FEA) and physical testing. The shape of the corrugation cross section is explored as well as the wavelength and amplitude by employing a full factorial design of experiments. FEA results are used to choose designs for prototyping and physical testing. The results of the physical testing were consistent with the FEA predictions although the FEA tended to underestimate the peak pressure compared to the physical tests. A performance metric is proposed to compare different padding configurations. The concept shows promise for sports padding applications. It may allow for designs which are smaller, more lightweight, and move better with an athlete than current technologies yet still provide the necessary protective functions.Second, the elastic energy absorbing properties of a particular origami folding pattern, the Miura-ori, is investigated. Analytical models for the kinematics and force-deflection of a unit cell based on two different modes of elastic energy absorption are derived. The models are used to explore the effects of the key geometrical parameters of the tessellation. Physical prototypes are compared to the analytical models.Third, a three-stage strategy is presented for selecting materials for origami-inspired corrugations that can deform to achieve a desired motion without yielding, absorb elastic strain energy, and be light weight or cost effective. Two material indices are derived to meet these requirements based on compliant mechanism theory. Using Finite element analysis, it is shown that the properties of Miura-ori pattern has advantages for energy absorption and force distribution when compared to a triangular wave corrugation. While the focus of these studies is the Miura-ori tessellation, the methods developed can be applied to other tessellated patterns used in energy absorbing or force distribution applications.

This thesis addresses the design difficulties encountered when designing deployable origami-based arrays. Specific considerations regarding thickness accommodation, deployment, and parameter modifications are discussed. Patterns such as the Miura-ori, flasher, and hexagon are investigated, with emphasis placed on pattern modification from zero-thickness to finite-thickness. Applying origami principles to form engineering solutions is a complicated task. Competing requirements may create confusion around which pattern is most favorable for the space array application. Implementing origami into a finite-thickness, engineered system poses challenges that are not manifest in a zero-thickness model. As such, it is important to understand and address the limitations of the pattern before implementing it into an engineered system. A preliminary set of approaches to address and mitigate design difficulties is provided. This thesis seeks to improve understanding of design parameters, objectives, and trade offs of origami pattern configurations. Emphasis is placed on finite-thickness models suitable for engineering applications. As a result, engineers and designers should be better prepared to integrate origami principles into space system design.

Trends in the aerospace industry are driving payloads to be smaller and less expensive while yet delivering comparatively large antennas. Deployable reflectarray antennas (RA) are the object of much research to meet these demands because they operate in a flat plane and are easier to stow than parabolic reflector antennas. Because they operate in flat plane, deployable RAs are well-suited to thickness-accommodated origami-inspired mechanisms. This work addresses pattern selection and modification, thickness accommodation, actuation, and stabilization of origami-inspired mechanisms intended to be used as RAs. First, a modified Miura-ori pattern termed volume-efficient Miura-ori (VEMO) is introduced, selected for its ability to fold into a rectangular profile and easily adapt to different aspect ratios. An optimization algorithm seeking to maximize surface area subject to the constraints of an allotted cuboid volume and a deployed aspect ratio of one is introduced. Second, a set of five genres of magnetic hinge concepts are presented to serve as actuation and stabilization mechanisms. Particular focus is given to hinges composed of a single pair of cuboid magnets. Two such self-actuating and self-stabilizing hinges are presented and characterized. Third, the behavior of such hinges is explored. We demonstrate the existence of bistability in select configurations and characterize their equilibrium positions. Potential energy, axial force data, angular position of unstable equilibria, and transition values from bistability to monostability are also modeled. Results are verified through experimental torque and stability data for selected configurations. Fourth, the union of magnetic hinges and surrogate folds is explored. The lamina-emergent torsion (LET) array is selected with justification. Novel stress considerations are presented for LET arrays with thin torsion elements and various magnetic hinges demonstrate viability for actuation and stabilization. Finally, current methods for accommodating thickness in flashers are presented and issues associated with those methods are discussed. Two methods for accommodating thickness in flashers such that panels are constant thickness are proposed.

We report on both high-precision photometry from the Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars (MOST) space telescope and ground-based spectroscopy of the triple system δ Ori A, consisting of a binary O9.5II+early-B(Aa1 and Aa2) with P=5.7 days, and a more distant tertiary(O9 IV P 400 years). This data was collected in concert with X-ray spectroscopy from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Thanks to continuous coverage for three weeks, the MOST light curve reveals clear eclipses between Aa1 and Aa2 for the first time in non-phased data. From the spectroscopy, we have a well-constrained radial velocity (RV)curve of Aa1. While we are unable to recover RV variations of the secondary star, we are able to constrain several fundamental parameters of this system and determine an approximate mass of the primary using apsidal motion. We also detected second order modulations at 12 separate frequencies with spacings indicative of tidally influenced oscillations. These spacings have never been seen in a massive binary, making this system one of only a handful of such binaries that show evidence for tidally induced pulsations.

Syftet med denna undersökning var att bidra till en ökad kunskap kring ensamkommande flyktingbarns integrationsprocess i det svenska samhället. Vidare syftar studien till HVB-hemmets roll i denna process. Studiens val av metod är den kvalitativa metoden med åtta öppna intervjuer. Vi använde teorier som berör integrationsprocessen, vilket i detta fall var identitet, roll, socialt nätverk, socialt stöd, integration samt byråkrati för verksamhetens arbete. Studiens resultat tyder på att HVB-hemmets roll för denna process har varit omfattande med tanke på boendet har bidragit till att skapa ett tryggt hem, erbjudit socialt stöd, uppmuntrat till att delta i föreningslivet samt bidragit till sociala kunskaper. Även språket, skolan, nätverket och stödet från myndighetsutövare har bidragit till integrationsprocessen för barnen. Slutsatser som framkom är att de före detta ensamkommande asylsökande barnen är på ett objektivt och subjektiv plan integrerade i det svenska samhället. Lyckade integrationsprocesserna beror på kombinationen mellan barnens egna drivkrafter och samhället tillgängliga stödfunktioner. I och med flykten till ett främmande land kan en slutsats dras från denna studie att rollförändringar och identitetsbildningar har präglat de före detta ensamkommande barnen under deras integrationsprocess. Även inslag av rollförändringar och identitetsskapande finns hos personalen som arbetat med de ensamkommande barnen genom samspelet mellan grupperna. / The purpose of this study was to contribute to an increased knowledge of unaccompanied refugee children's process of integration into the Swedish society. Furthermore, the study aims to HVB-home role in this process. The study selection method is the qualitative method with eight open interviews. We used the theories related to the integration process, which in this case was the identity, role, social networks, social support and integration. Also bureaucracy was used to describe HVB-homes work. The study's results suggest that HVB-home role in this process has been extensive considering the accommodation has helped to create a safe home, offering social support, encouraged to participate in club activities and contributed to social skills. Even the language, school, network and the support of public power have contributed to the integration process for children. Conclusions that emerged is that the former unaccompanied asylum seeking children are in an objective and subjective planes integrated into the Swedish society. Successful integration processes depends on the combination of the children's own motivations and society accessible support functions. By fleeing to a foreign country, there is a role change and identity formation that characterized the former unaccompanied children during their integration process. Elements of the role and identity changes characterize the staff worked with this group through collaboration between the groups.

We present an overview of four deep phase-constrained Chandra HETGS X-ray observations of δ Ori A. Delta Ori A is actually a triple system that includes the nearest massive eclipsing spectroscopic binary, δ Ori Aa, the only such object that can be observed with little phase-smearing with the Chandra gratings. Since the fainter star, δ Ori Aa2, has a much lower X-ray luminosity than the brighter primary (δ Ori Aa1), δ Ori Aa provides a unique system with which to test the spatial distribution of the X-ray emitting gas around δ Ori Aa1 via occultation by the photosphere of, and wind cavity around, the X-ray dark secondary. Here we discuss the X-ray spectrum and X-ray line profiles for the combined observation, having an exposure time of nearly 500 ks and covering nearly the entire binary orbit. The companion papers discuss the X-ray variability seen in the Chandra spectra, present new space-based photometry and ground-based radial velocities obtained simultaneously with the X-ray data to better constrain the system parameters, and model the effects of X-rays on the optical and UV spectra. We find that the X-ray emission is dominated by embedded wind shock emission from star Aa1, with little contribution from the tertiary star Ab or the shocked gas produced by the collision of the wind of Aa1 against the surface of Aa2. We find a similar temperature distribution to previous X-ray spectrum analyses. We also show that the line half-widths are about 0.3−0.5 times the terminal velocity of the wind of star Aa1. We find a strong anti-correlation between line widths and the line excitation energy, which suggests that longer-wavelength, lower-temperature lines form farther out in the wind. Our analysis also indicates that the ratio of the intensities of the strong and weak lines of Fe XVII and Ne X are inconsistent with model predictions, which may be an effect of resonance scattering.