This paper is mainly based on Brown and Levinson’s negative politeness strategies and Mona Baker’s translation strategies to analyze how the translators of the Chinese novel, Honglou meng, employ these strategies to render honorifics and self-deprecatory expressions in Honglou meng from Chinese into English. It compares the two English translations and observes the translators’ tendencies in both translations. The findings suggest that David Hawkes’ translation is esthetically crafted language and more target-oriented, whereas Yang Hsien-yi and Glays Yang’s translation is not such natural-sounding English and more source-oriented. This paper also states that a comprehensive theoretical frame in this area is yet to be established.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between employees' perceptions of their immediate supervisors' relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors and different types of organizational commitment. Bass & Avolio's (1995) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) was used to measure relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors. Meyer & Allen's (1997) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) was used to measure organizational commitment. Participants in the research included 361 employees who worked for the city of Charlottesville, Virginia. These employees were located in eight departments that varied in the area of technical functioning, size, and academic levels. Factor analyses, with principal component extraction and varimax rotation, were performed to determine how the MLQ Form 5X items would load onto a 2-factor model of relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors. The task-oriented items of contingent reward loaded with the relations-oriented items, and the non-leadership items of laissez-faire loaded with the task-oriented items. These findings resulted in an arrangement of relations-oriented and task-oriented subscales that was different than the arrangement proposed by Bass & Avolio (1995). Correlations for the MLQ Form 5X revealed multicollinearity among all the relations-oriented subscales and two of the task-oriented subscales, preventing any interpretations about the amount of variance that any particular type of relations-oriented or task-oriented leadership behavior might explain in organizational commitment. Factor scores were used to perform regressions and investigate the amount of variance relations-oriented leadership behaviors and task-oriented leadership behaviors explained in organizational commitment. Relations-oriented leadership behaviors explained the greatest amount of variance in affective commitment, somewhat less variance in normative commitment, and no variance in continuance commitment. The results for task-oriented leadership behaviors revealed the same pattern of relationships with the different types of organizational commitment, only weaker. / Ph. D.

An emerging IT delivery model, Cloud Computing, can significantly reduce IT costs and complexities while improving workload optimisation and service delivery. More and more organisations are planning to migrate their existing systems into this internet-driven computing environment. This investigation is proposed for this purpose and will be undertaken with two main aims. The first aim is to establish a general framework and method to assist with the evolution of legacy systems into and within the Cloud environment. The second aim is to evaluate the proposed approach and demonstrate that such an approach can be more effective than developing Cloud services from scratch. The underlying research procedure of this thesis consists of observation, proposition, test and conclusion. This thesis contributes a novel evolution approach in Cloud computing. A technical solution framework is proposed through a three-dimensional software evolution paradigm, which can cover the relationships of software models, software functions and software qualities in different Cloud paradigms. Finally, the evolved service will be run in the Cloud environments. The approach framework is implemented by three phases: 1) legacy system analysis and extraction, which proposes an analysis approach to decide the legacy system in the Cloud environment and to adopt the techniques of program slicing with improved algorithm and software clustering for extracting legacy components. 2) Cloud-oriented service migration including evolving software into and within Cloud. The process of evolving software 'INTO' Cloud can be viewed mainly as changing software qualities on software models. The process of evolving software 'WITHIN' Cloud can be viewed mainly as changing software functions on software models, the techniques of program and model transformation and software architecture engineering are applied. 3) Cloud service integration, which integrates and deploys the service in the Cloud environment. The proposed approach is proved to be flexible and practical by the selected case study. Conclusions based on analysis and future research are discussed at the end of the thesis.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / To model the "black boxes" in a command and telemetry simulation, it is important to preserve the abstraction of a one-to-one match between the real-world interfaces and the simulated interfaces. Everywhere a physical interface exists on the box, there needs to be a simulated interface. Preserving this abstraction allows the model to evolve more naturally with real-world design changes. In most command and telemetry systems, many different types of commands and telemetry can be sent over a single interface. This creates a problem in preserving the interface abstraction if the Ada language is used for implementation. Due to the fact that Ada is a "strongly typed" language, a different or overloaded operation needs to exist for each type of command or telemetry. However, by using a "discriminated variant record" to represent the commands and telemetry streams, a single operation can be used in the Ada specification. This not only preserves the abstraction but makes the software more maintainable by allowing the data list to change during the design of the "black box" without changing the Ada specification. As a result, "loose coupling" is achieved, a common set of commands and telemetry formats can be "inherited" to promote reuse, and overall system development and maintenance costs are reduced.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / The Space Station Verification and Training Facility is using an object-oriented design methodology for software design, a rate monotonic scheduling and message passing system to support the highly distributed environment, and the Ada language to implement most of the software. One of the subsystems within the Space Station and Training Facility is the Space Network Simulator. Space Network simulators are used to provide training of ground controllers and flight crews, providing a model of real-world formats and protocols. This gives the controller the appearance of a real-world network, providing valuable training. To develop a simulation of the space network within this distributed environment, software objects are under development to dynamically simulate the existence of the space vehicle(s) and their communication components. Communication components include the on-board antennas, transponders, communication systems, and corresponding communication ground control facilities. Telemetry systems are used in the simulation to provide the control of actual data manipulation, as a function of the state of the simulated Space Network. The telemetry system automatically formats appropriate telemetry characteristics through mode and control commands. A software model is under development to provide a transparent interface between the software objects and the telemetry system, allowing the objects to execute without knowledge of the particular telemetry system in use. A transparent interface between the software and hardware, within this object-oriented methodology, reduces the propagation of change to software models as the interface requirements change.

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