Self-etching primers (SEP) have recently simplified the orthodontic bonding process and questions have arisen regarding their reliability and efficiency. The goal of this study was to assess the importance of a pumice prophylaxis prior to bonding with SEP (Transbond Plus, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA) in reducing bond failures. Thirty orthodontic patients volunteered to participate in this split-mouth prospective clinical trial. A pumice prophylaxis experimental group and a non-pumice control group of teeth were randomly assigned in a contralateral quadrant pattern within each patient. A total of 508 teeth were bonded and monitored over 3 months for bond failures. There were 35 total failures (6.9%) with 6 (2.4%) in the pumice group and 29 (11.4%) in the non-pumice group. Bond failures were compared as a total number between groups and also as the number of patients who experienced bond failures with each method using Chi-square analysis. There were statistically significant differences both in the total number of bond failures (P < .001) and in the number of patients with bond failures between groups (P < .01). A significantly lower and clinically acceptable bond failure rate was demonstrated when using Transbond Plus SEP after pumice prophylaxis. This study produced strong evidence to suggest the need for pumice prophylaxis in orthodontic bonding when using SEP.

Following eruption of a tooth into the oral cavity, enamel is thought to continue to calcify. The continued calcification and maturation of enamel is described as "post-eruptive enamel maturation." It is believed that an observed decrease in enamel pore size and increase in the calcification of enamel matrix over time can be attributed to this process. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of adult patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Since orthodontic attachments are bonded directly to the etched enamel using composite resin, post-eruptive enamel maturation may affect the bonding process. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in bond strength between mature and newly erupted teeth when using both conventional and self-etching primer techniques for bonding orthodontic appliances. The nature of adhesive bond failure among the groups was also compared using an adhesive remnant index (ARI). Etched surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and representative photomicrographs were taken. Human premolars were collected and bonded randomly with either the conventional or self-etching technique. Brackets were debonded using an Instron testing machine in shear-testing mode. There were no statistically significant differences in the bond strengths between the self-etching primer and conventional etching groups. ARI scores showed differences between mature and newly erupted teeth. Mature teeth had more cohesive bond failures whereas newly erupted teeth had more adhesive failures at the enamel-composite resin interface. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of self-etched enamel revealed smooth areas of resin with filler particles. Conventionally etched enamel had rougher surfaces. There were no differences in etch pattern of new versus mature enamel. Further research may be needed as new bonding materials and techniques become available to determine the effects, if any, of post-eruptive enamel maturation on their success.

Orthodontic attachments must be able to bond to a wide range of tooth and prosthetic surfaces. Despite the high prevalence of fluorosis in many parts of South Africa (Louw A, Chikte U 1997), only limited information is available on the integrity of the bond between orthodontic brackets and fluorosed teeth. The objective of this study was to measure and compare Shear Bond Strengths (SBSs) of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets on fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth. One hundred and twenty (60 fluorosed and 60 non-fluorosed) extracted premolar teeth were divided into four groups A to D, consisting of 30 teeth in each group. BluGloo® was used as an orthodontic adhesive to bond brackets on the buccal surface of each tooth. The experimental groups consisted of Group A, in which Nu-Edge® metal brackets were used and Group B, in which InspireIce® ceramic brackets were bonded to fluorosed teeth. Group C and D consisted of Nu-Edge® metal brackets and InspireIce® ceramic respectively, bonded to non-fluorosed teeth. Bonding techniques were kept the same and standardised for all four groups. An Instron testing device was used to debond and measure the SBSs. SBSs were compared using ANOVA with posthoc analysis done using Dunnett’s C test for pairwise comparisons. Significance was set at P<0.05. The results showed that SBS of Group B>Group C>Group D>Group A. Ceramic brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth had the highest SBS with a mean of 15.78 (SD=9.07) Megapascals (MPa), while metal brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth produced the lowest SBS of 8.41 (SD=4.68) MPa. The SBSs of ceramic brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth was significantly higher than that of SBS of metal brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth, but not significantly different from SBSs obtained from either brackets bonded to non-flurosed teeth. The BluGloo adhesive if used to bond ceramic brackets to fluorosed teeth can produce adequate SBS for clinical use. The recommendation from this study is that ceramic brackets can be used efficiently to bond to fluorosed teeth. A follow up study should be carried out to assess the nature of enamel damage caused during debonding of flourosed teeth. This is a laboratory study and thus the clinical application should be interpreted with caution. / Dissertation (MChD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Orthodontics / MChD / Unrestricted

A thesis submitted to the College of Dental Medicine of Nova Southeastern University of the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. Objectives: To determine the amount of initial fluoride release from four orthodontic bonding systems over a period of four weeks, and then to subject these materials to an external source of fluoride for recharge in order to measure the amount of fluoride re-release over another four-week interval. Additionally the surface morphology of these materials was analyzed under the scanning electron microscope in order to identify microscopic changes in the materials that may have occurred during the experiment. Methods: Four orthodontic adhesives: Fuji Ortho LC (GC America, Alsip, IL), Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA), Illuminate Light Cure (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA), and Opal Seal with Opal Bond MV (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT), n=120 (30/material) were tested for fluoride release at 1 hour, 24 hours, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks. Samples (10/subgroup/material) were then recharged with an external source of fluoride (toothpaste, foam, or varnish), and retested for fluoride re-release at 1 hour, 24 hours, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks. The scanning electron microscope was utilized in order to assess each material's surface morphology before testing and after completion of the experiment (n=16). Descriptive statistics, means and standard deviations were calculated for all four materials and their subgroups at each time interval. A mixed model two-way ANOVA was run, using a level of significance of 0.05. Bonferroni multiple comparison tests were conducted using if groups were found to be statistically significantly different. To determine significant differences between fluoride release and re-release for each recharge subgroup within each material group, paired t-tests were performed for the time intervals of 24 hours, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks. For the paired t-tests, the level of significance used was 0.02 to allow for Bonferroni correction. Results: During the initial 24 hours the fluoride measurements (in mg/L or ppm) were as follows: Fuji 9.78±0.65, Illuminate 7.83±1.49, Opal 0.05±0.02, and Transbond 0.01±0.0. At the initial four weeks time point, the readings were as follows: Fuji 6.68±0.79, Illuminate 3.82±1.84, Opal 0.06±0.01, and Transbond 0.01±0.01. The greatest fluoride release came from the varnish subgroups from each of the materials at 2 weeks post re-charge: Fuji 9.16±1.53, Illuminate 7.5±3.1 (tied with foam subgroup 7.5±4.4), Opal 5.3±2.45, and Transbond 3.75±1.67. The greatest fluoride measurement for each material at the final week post-recharge was: Fuji varnish subgroup 8.3±3.58, Illuminate foam subgroup 6.5±3.5, Opal varnish subgroup 2.50±1.1, and Transbond varnish subgroup 1.72±1.82. SEM results showed an observable difference between the materials pre-experiment and post-experiment at a magnification of 50X and 500X. The Fuji foam and paste subgroups displayed surface crackling patterns at both magnifications when compared to the control and varnish samples. The Illuminate control, foam, and paste specimens all had a roughened grainy appearance, while the varnish specimen seemed to be smoothed over by the varnish material. The Transbond samples appeared to have observable differences in surface morphology at 50X, but not at 500X. The Opal paste and foam specimens appeared to have a smoother surface than both the control and the varnish samples. Conclusions: There were significant differences in release and re-release of fluoride among all four adhesives at different time intervals over a period of eight weeks. Significant increase in fluoride re-release was seen for all three of the recharge subgroups for both Opal and Transbond at each time interval. A significant increase in fluoride re-release for the Illuminate group was mainly observed at the end of second and fourth week. Though no significant increase in fluoride re-release was observed, Fuji released highest amount of fluoride during release and re-release, at all different time intervals. Fluoride varnish was the superior recharge material, as it provided the greatest fluoride measurements, followed by foam and toothpaste. There were observable changes in the surface morphology of the materials pre-experiment and post-experiment at a magnification of 50X and 500X, which may have an affect on the fluoride releasing capabilities of the materials.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sindianara de Fatima.pdf: 661317 bytes, checksum: f3105a0fb63a1875c4e8df93076b6374 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the Vickers Hardness (HV), the shear bond strength (RA) and adhesive remnant index of orthodontic resins. A total of 60 premolars extracted for orthodontic indications were divided into tree groups, with 20 specimens (CP) for each group: COI – Concise Orthodontic (CO), TB – Transbond XT (TB), AQ – Aqualite (AQ). All specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours and were subjected to testing after mechanical shearing with occluso-gingival direction, in a universal testing machine SHIMADZU, with a crosshead speed of 0,5 mm/min. The results were evaluated by ANOVA, and showed RA mean 18.21 ± 6.21 MPa for GI (CO), 25.02 ± 9.29 MPa to the GII (TB) and 14.31± 8.25 MPa for GIII (AQ). The analysis of variance determined statistical difference between groups p<0,05 and statistical difference between groups p<0,05 AQ/TB, CO/TB and no statistically significant difference between AQ/CO. The results for HV test were performed by the D’Agostino Pearson and ANOVA with criterion or one-way ANOVA and Tuckey post-test results with p<0,05. For evaluation of IAR test was used nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s test results with p<0,05.The study showed statistically significant differences between groups of orthodontic resins investigated. / Este estudo in vitro foi conduzido para avaliar a Dureza Vickers (HV), a Resistência Adesiva (RA) e o Índice de Adesivo Remanescente de Resinas Ortodônticas. As resinas utilizadas foram divididas em 3 grupos: Concise Ortodôntico (CO), Transbond XT (TB) e Aqualite (AQ). Para a análise da Dureza Vickers (HV) foram confeccionados 30 corpos de prova em matrizes metálicas pré-fabricadas com diâmetro de 0,5 mm e 0,2 mm de espessura. Os valores de HV foram CO = 43,29 ± 1,66, TB = 43,69 ± 1.37 e AQ = 43,51 ± 1,30. Os resultados para HV, foram analisados pelo teste D’ Agostino e Pearson e teste ANOVA one-way e pós-teste de Tuckey, onde não foram encontradas diferença estatística siginificativa. Para a resistência adesiva foram utilizados 60 pré-molares e confeccionados corpos-deprova (CP), os quais foram divididos em 3 grupos (n= 20) para a colagem de braquetes metálicos com as resinas Concise Ortodôntico (CO), Transbond XT (TB) e Aqualite (AQ). Os corpos-de-prova (CP) foram submetidos aos ensaios mecânicos de cisalhamento, com direção ocluso-cervical, em máquina de ensaio universal SHIMADZU, com velocidade de carga de 0,5 mm/min. A avaliação dos resultados do cisalhamento foram analisados pelo teste de variância ANOVA, e mostraram resistências adesivas (RA) médias de 18,21 ± 6,21 MPa para (CO) – 25,02 ± 9,29 MPa, para (TB) – e 14,31 ± 8,25 MPa para (AQ). A Análise de Variância determinou haver diferença estatística entre os grupos de p<0,05 e diferença estatística intergrupos de p<0,05 entre AQ/TB, CO/TB e sem diferença estatística significante entre AQ/CO.. Para avaliação do IAR utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal- Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunn, com resultado de p<0,05. O estudo demonstrou não haver diferença estatística significante entre os grupos AQ/TB e CO/TB. Para a RA e o IAR não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significantes entre as resinas ortodônticas pesquisados.