During the last decade new attention has been paid to reading fluency. One reason might be that training studies often have failed to provide growth in reading rate in spite of the fact that the accuracy problem was remediated. Recent research has also indicated that, in languages with a consistent mapping between graphemes and phonemes, automatization of decoding processes are more difficult to reach than aquiring accurate decoding skills. Several studies have found that computer-based flashcard training seems to be a productive way to develop reading fluency. The aims of this thesis are partly to replicate some of the previous studies with time pressured exposure and partly to examine whether the condition with time pressure is more effective than the flashcard condition with fixed exposure duration. In the time pressure condition, the exposure duration was varied as a function of accuracy. This thesis reports one main study and two case studies. The participants in the main study were 17 males and 11 females between the ages of 11 and 17. All of them were poor readers, scoring below the 11th percentile on standardized reading test for their age group. The two participants of the first case study were the poorest readers of all. Their decoding strategies differed greatly. The younger of them, a slow reader in the fourth grade, can be seen as “a speller” with most impairment in the orthographic processing and the older, a quick reader in the fifth grade, can be seen as “a guesser” with most impairment in the phonological processing. The four participants in the second case study were moderately poor readers between the ages of 12 and 14. Each participant practiced the two different conditions of the computer-based flashcard training with spelling response in sessions about twenty minutes long twice to three times a week during three to four months. Teacher-controlled tuition was only given in some pre-sessions. According to the online results, all participants in both of the exposure conditions were capable of keeping the accuracy at a high level, i.e. fluent reading was expected to be developed. A battery of silent and oral reading tests and spelling-to-dictation tests was used in pre-, middle- and posttest. Both accuracy and rate were measured in reading. Except for “the speller” in the first case study, significant improvements were found on all tests for both conditions. The best progress was during the first training period independent of condition. Positive effects were found for both trained and untrained material and for words and pseudo-words. The reading progress has in general been better than the average student usually develops during the same time. The students reported the time pressured condition as being more effective and motivating but no significant difference was found between the two conditions in the pre- to posttests.

L’approche psycholinguistique suggère que la rétention à court terme verbale et le langage dépendent de mécanismes communs. Elle prédit que les caractéristiques linguistiques des items verbaux (e.g. phonologiques, lexicales, sémantiques) influencent le rappel immédiat (1) et que la contribution des niveaux de représentations linguistiques dépend du contexte de rappel, certaines conditions expérimentales (e.g. format des stimuli) favorisant l’utilisation de codes spécifiques (2). Ces prédictions sont évaluées par le biais de deux études empiriques réalisées auprès d’une patiente cérébrolésée qui présente une atteinte du traitement phonologique (I.R.) et de participants contrôles. Une première étude (Article 1) teste l’impact des modes de présentation et de rappel sur les effets de similarité phonologique et de catégorie sémantique de listes de mots. Une seconde étude (Article 2) évalue la contribution du code orthographique en mémoire à court terme (MCT) verbale en testant l’effet de la densité du voisinage orthographique des mots sur le rappel sériel immédiat de mots présentés visuellement. Compte tenu du rôle déterminant du code phonologique en MCT et du type d’atteinte de I.R., des effets linguistiques distincts étaient attendus chez elle et chez les contrôles. Selon le contexte de rappel, des effets sémantiques (Article 1) et orthographiques (Article 2) plus importants étaient prédits chez I.R. et des effets phonologiques plus marqués étaient attendus chez les participants contrôles. Chez I.R., le rappel est influencé par les caractéristiques sémantiques et orthographiques des mots, mais peu par leurs caractéristiques phonologiques et le contexte de rappel module l’utilisation de différents niveaux de représentations linguistiques. Chez les contrôles, une contribution relativement plus stable des représentations phonologiques est observée. Les données appuient une approche psycholinguistique qui postule que des mécanismes communs régissent la rétention à court terme verbale et le langage. Les implications théoriques et cliniques des résultats sont discutées en regard de modèles psycholinguistiques actuels. / The psycholinguistic view of verbal short-term retention suggests that verbal short-term retention and language processing rely on common mechanisms. It predicts that all linguistic characteristics of verbal items (e.g. phonological, lexical, semantic) influence their immediate recall (1). It also predicts that the relative contribution of the different linguistic representational levels is a function of the recall context (2). In this view, some experimental conditions (e.g. modes of presentation of stimuli) are thought to promote the use of specific coding. Two studies assess these predictions in a brain-damaged patient (I.R.) who shows a phonological deficit as well as in control participants. In a first article, the impact of presentation and recall modes on phonological and semantic similarity effects of words is tested. In a second article, the contribution of orthographic coding in verbal short-term memory (STM) is assessed by testing the effect of orthographic Neighborhood (N) density of words on immediate serial recall (ISR) of written words. Due to her phonological deficit and because phonological representations play a predominant role in STM, distinct linguistic effects were expected in I.R. and in controls. Overall, (and) depending on the recall context, larger semantic and orthographic effects were predicted in I.R. and larger phonological effects were predicted in controls. In I.R., the data indicate that recall is influenced by semantic and orthographic characteristics of items but less by their phonological properties. The results also indicate that the impact of representations depends of recall conditions. In controls, a different pattern of results is obtained, suggesting an overall predominant contribution of phonological representations. Results support the psycholinguistic view of verbal short-term retention and are discussed in regard to current interactive activation psycholinguistic models of verbal STM and language processing.

L’approche psycholinguistique suggère que la rétention à court terme verbale et le langage dépendent de mécanismes communs. Elle prédit que les caractéristiques linguistiques des items verbaux (e.g. phonologiques, lexicales, sémantiques) influencent le rappel immédiat (1) et que la contribution des niveaux de représentations linguistiques dépend du contexte de rappel, certaines conditions expérimentales (e.g. format des stimuli) favorisant l’utilisation de codes spécifiques (2). Ces prédictions sont évaluées par le biais de deux études empiriques réalisées auprès d’une patiente cérébrolésée qui présente une atteinte du traitement phonologique (I.R.) et de participants contrôles. Une première étude (Article 1) teste l’impact des modes de présentation et de rappel sur les effets de similarité phonologique et de catégorie sémantique de listes de mots. Une seconde étude (Article 2) évalue la contribution du code orthographique en mémoire à court terme (MCT) verbale en testant l’effet de la densité du voisinage orthographique des mots sur le rappel sériel immédiat de mots présentés visuellement. Compte tenu du rôle déterminant du code phonologique en MCT et du type d’atteinte de I.R., des effets linguistiques distincts étaient attendus chez elle et chez les contrôles. Selon le contexte de rappel, des effets sémantiques (Article 1) et orthographiques (Article 2) plus importants étaient prédits chez I.R. et des effets phonologiques plus marqués étaient attendus chez les participants contrôles. Chez I.R., le rappel est influencé par les caractéristiques sémantiques et orthographiques des mots, mais peu par leurs caractéristiques phonologiques et le contexte de rappel module l’utilisation de différents niveaux de représentations linguistiques. Chez les contrôles, une contribution relativement plus stable des représentations phonologiques est observée. Les données appuient une approche psycholinguistique qui postule que des mécanismes communs régissent la rétention à court terme verbale et le langage. Les implications théoriques et cliniques des résultats sont discutées en regard de modèles psycholinguistiques actuels. / The psycholinguistic view of verbal short-term retention suggests that verbal short-term retention and language processing rely on common mechanisms. It predicts that all linguistic characteristics of verbal items (e.g. phonological, lexical, semantic) influence their immediate recall (1). It also predicts that the relative contribution of the different linguistic representational levels is a function of the recall context (2). In this view, some experimental conditions (e.g. modes of presentation of stimuli) are thought to promote the use of specific coding. Two studies assess these predictions in a brain-damaged patient (I.R.) who shows a phonological deficit as well as in control participants. In a first article, the impact of presentation and recall modes on phonological and semantic similarity effects of words is tested. In a second article, the contribution of orthographic coding in verbal short-term memory (STM) is assessed by testing the effect of orthographic Neighborhood (N) density of words on immediate serial recall (ISR) of written words. Due to her phonological deficit and because phonological representations play a predominant role in STM, distinct linguistic effects were expected in I.R. and in controls. Overall, (and) depending on the recall context, larger semantic and orthographic effects were predicted in I.R. and larger phonological effects were predicted in controls. In I.R., the data indicate that recall is influenced by semantic and orthographic characteristics of items but less by their phonological properties. The results also indicate that the impact of representations depends of recall conditions. In controls, a different pattern of results is obtained, suggesting an overall predominant contribution of phonological representations. Results support the psycholinguistic view of verbal short-term retention and are discussed in regard to current interactive activation psycholinguistic models of verbal STM and language processing.