A transferência de gases através da interface ar-água em escoamentos turbulentos é um processo importante para diferentes sistemas ambientais. Para avançar no entendimento dos princípios básicos envolvidos no fenômeno é necessária a utilização de técnicas e aparatos experimentais adequados. Neste estudo, foi realizada simulação numérica e experimentos em tanque de uma e duas grades oscilantes. Para a configuração de duas grades, dados experimentais foram comparados com soluções analíticas, obtendo-se boa concordância. Quatro quantidades foram analisadas: energia cinética turbulenta, taxa de dissipação de energia, viscosidade turbulenta e escala de comprimento. Na configuração de uma grade oscilante, foram realizadas medidas de concentração através da utilização de micro sonda de oxigênio. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas medidas concomitantes de velocidade e concentração, próximas à interface, utilizando, respectivamente, as técnicas particle image velocimetry (PIV) e laser induced fluorescence (LIF). O uso combinado das técnicas PIV e LIF permite a obtenção direta do fluxo de massa através da interface ar-água. Os resultados qualitativos e quantitativos devem servir de auxílio para direcionar futuros desenvolvimentos na área. / Gas transfer across the air-water interface in turbulent flows is an important process for many environmental systems. To improve the understanding of the basic principles involved in this phenomenon it is necessary to use suitable apparatus and experimental techniques. In this study, experiments and numerical simulation were conducted in a tank with one and two oscillating grids. In the two-grids configuration, experimental data were compared with analytical solutions, obtaining good agreement. Four quantities have been evaluated: turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate, eddy viscosity, and length scale. In the one-grid configuration, a microprobe has been used for measurements of oxygen concentration. In addition, the velocity and concentration fields near the interface were measured simultaneously using the combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) - laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. With the combined PIV-LIF technique, the total mass flux across the air-water interface could be obtained directly. The qualitative and quantitative results should help guide future work at the subject.

A partir da solução analítica obtida para o campo turbulento gerado por duas grades oscilantes em fluido em repouso, considerados os casos de viscosidade constante e viscosidade variável, foram estudados escoamentos turbulentos complexos. A partir de proposta de equação governante linear ainda não publicada de SCHULZ (2003a), foram obtidas soluções promissoras e exploradas possibilidades de generalização. As equações em questão baseiam-se no modelo &#954-&#949. A ferramenta de trabalho no estudo das soluções teóricas foi o programa Mathematica. Embora essa ferramenta simplifique o trabalho mecânico decorrente da busca de soluções viáveis, vale lembrar que a construção do problema depende da criatividade do estudioso. Os objetivos propostos foram atingidos: reproduzir e ampliar os resultados para grades oscilantes de SCHULZ (2001). Adicionalmente, os equacionamentos governantes lineares mostraram possuir soluções compatíveis com a observação. / From the analytical solution of turbulent field generated by two oscillating grids in fluid in rest, complex turbulent flows have been studied considering the cases of constant and variable viscosities. Promising solutions as well as some turbulence generalization possibilities were obtained considering SCHULZ\'s (2003) non-published proposal of linear governing equations. The solutions are based on the &#954-&#949 model. The Mathematica program was used as a tool in the study of the theoretical solutions. Although this tool simplifies the work derived from the search for viable solutions, it is important to remember that the construction of the problem depends on the researcher\'s skills. The aims of reproducing and extending SCHULZ\'s (2001) model for oscillating grids have been achieved. Additionally, the linear governing equations have shown to have compatible solutions with the observation.

Synchronization of an ensemble of oscillators is a phenomenon present in systems of different fields, ranging from social and physical to biological and technological systems. The most successful approach to describe how synchrony emerges in these systems is given by the Kuramoto model. This model as it stands, however, assumes oscillators of fixed natural frequencies and a homogeneous all-to-all coupling strength. The Kuramoto model has been analytically discussed to address the synchronization phenomena of coupled oscillators in the thermodynamic limit (N --> ∞). However, there needs to be a modi cation to address the inevitable in uence of external fields on the pattern of various real life synchronization phenomena which, in general; involves a finite number of oscillators. This research introduces a time dependent coupling strength K(t) which is from the modulation of external elds in the form of, for example, a periodic impulse, in the nite oscillators assembly. A sinusoidal function with some arbitrary values of amplitude and frequency is added to the fixed coupling strength as a perturbation of external elds. Temporal evolution of order parameter r(t) and phase θ(t), both of which measure the degree of synchronization of an assembly of oscillators simultaneously, are compared between uniform and time dependent cases. Graphical comparison are made using a 2 oscillator system, a building block of any finite oscillators case. Also, similar comparisons are performed for a system of 32 oscillators which are chosen randomly as a representative of a nite number of oscillators (2 < N < ∞). A temporal variation of the relative phase angle θ(t) = θ2(t) - θ1(t) in 2 and 32 oscillators systems using uniform and time dependent cases is also a part of this research. This work also introduces a time-dependent coupling strength in the form of a step function. The main objective of using such a function is to keep the synchronized behavior of the oscillators persistently. This behavior can be achieved with the perception that occasional boosting with higher coupling strength K(t) should be enough to sustain synchronous behavior of oscillators which, in general, are tuned with lower K(t). / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Um regime ou fluxo turbulento pode ser definido simplificadamente como uma forma de escoamento no qual o movimento de um fluido ocorre de forma aparentemente aleatória. A natureza caótica desse tipo de regime não possibilita que o problema seja abordado de modo determinístico, consequentemente, não pode ser descrito através de expressões analíticas para descrever seu campo de velocidades. Apesar de ser impossível estudar o movimento de cada partícula, pode-se visualizar o problema de forma macroscópica. Utilizando-se de simplificações e generalizações pode-se fazer uso de estudos numéricos em uma tentativa de encontrar uma face determinística do fenômeno, como por exemplo, verificação da isotropia e homogeneidade. A turbulência com estas características é um regime em que as componentes da velocidade no espaço e as velocidades em diferentes pontos do escoamento apresentam parâmetros estatísticos semelhantes. Tais condições não existem na prática, mas pode-se construir equipamentos que produzem escoamentos que se aproximam desta condição. Este trabalho consistiu na verificação das condições de turbulência isotrópica e homogênea em um tanque de grade oscilante. Foi utilizado o método de trilhagem de partículas por fotografia estereoscópica, PIV (particle imaging velocimeter), para observar e quantificar a turbulência gerada. Observou-se a turbulência gerada por 8 velocidades diferentes de oscilação da grade. Os resultados mostraram que o tanque em estudo aproximou-se de condições homogêneas, porém sua isotropia não pôde ser afirmada. O tanque com grade oscilante foi eficiente na geração de turbulência, reproduzindo o fenômeno real e colaborando para o seu estudo. Também foi realizado uma análise sobre a eficácia do método de velocimetria com o uso de PIV, que mostrou ser adequado para a observação de campos de velocidades de um escoamento, com limitações quanto à região periférica da área alvo. / Turbulence or turbulent flow can be defined in a simplified way as a flow with random moviment. The chaotic behavior of this regime does not allow a deterministic approach, therefore, it can not be described by analytical formulas for the velocity field. Although it is impossible to study the movement of each particle, the problem can be studied in a macroscopic way. Simplifications and generalizations can be used in numerical studies in an attempt to find a deterministic view of the phenomenon, for example, checking the isotropy and homogeneity. The turbulence with these characteristics is a regime in which the components of velocity in space and velocity at different points of the flow have similar statistical parameters. Such conditions do not exist in practice, but equipment can be built in order to produces flow approaching the condition. This work consisted of verify the conditions of homogeneous isotropic turbulence in a tank with oscillating grid. It was used the method of particule tracking by stereoscopic photography, PIV (particle imaging velocimetry), to observe and quantifying the generated turbulence. It was observed turbulence generated by 8 different speeds of oscillation of the grid. The results showed that the tank approached homogeneous conditions, but its isotropy can not be affirmed. The tank with an oscillating grid was efficient in the generation of turbulence, reproducing a real phenomenon and contribute to its study. Analysis was also conducted on the effectiveness of velocimetry method using PIV, shown to be suitable for observation of a flow velocity field with limitations on the peripheral region of the target area.

A turbulência gerada em equipamentos de grade oscilante presta-se a uma série grande de comprovações experimentais de proposições teóricas. Isto ocorre tanto para a turbulência propriamente dita, como para os fenômenos de transporte a ela associados. Usualmente não se considera a presença de correntes preferenciais nas constatações experimentais conduzidas nesses equipamentos. Entretanto, para que as previsões teóricas possam ser definitivamente corroboradas, é preciso quantificar as correntes preferenciais e a sua forma, de modo que se possa inferir a sua influência nos fenômenos medidos. No presente estudo apresentam-se resultados da quantificação das correntes preferenciais em escoamentos gerados por grades oscilantes. / Turbulence generated by oscillating grids is used in a series of experimental procedures to support or to test theoretical proposals. This way to conduct the studies is usual for turbulence itself and also for associated transport phenomena. Usually the preferential currents are not taken into account during the experiments conducted in oscillating grids equipments. However, to definitively corroborate theoretical predictions, it is necessary to quantify the preferential currents and to determine the shape of the flow, in a way that permits to infer the effects on the measured phenomena. In the present study, results related to preferential currents generated in a stirred grid equipment are presented.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Robert Bradlee Campbell. / Ph.D.

Neural representations of odors get associated with other stimuli through experience. Are action potentials the neural representation that directly gets associated with reinforcement during conditioning? In Manduca , I found that odor presentations elicited only one or two spikes at odor onset (and sometimes offset) in each of a small portion of Kenyon cells, a population of neurons known to be crucial for olfactory associative learning. By using a series of odor-taste associative conditioning paradigms with various sucrose presentation timings, I carefully controlled the temporal overlap between Kenyon cell spiking and sucrose reinforcement timing. I found that in paradigms that led to learning, spiking in Kenyon cells ended well before the reinforcement was given. Further, increasing the temporal overlap between Kenyon cell spiking and sucrose reinforcement actually reduced learning efficacy. Therefore, spikes in Kenyon cells are not the neural representation that gets directly reinforced, and Hebbian spike timing--dependent plasticity in Kenyon cells alone cannot underlie this learning. / Two important focuses in neuroscience are to study how animals process sensory stimuli, and how such stimuli get associated with other sensory modalities through experience. Often, sensory stimuli elicit the oscillatory synchronization of neurons in different parts of the brain, and thus may constitute an important stage in sensory processing. Odor-evoked oscillatory synchronization has been observed in a wide variety of animals, including mammals and insects. Despite differences in details of anatomical structure, animals from widely different phyla appear to use similar strategies to encode odors. Here, using the moth Manduca sexta, I examined the factors that cause odor-evoked oscillatory synchronization of olfactory neurons and that determine the frequency of these oscillations. I found that frequency of oscillations decreased from &sim;40 Hz to &sim;20 Hz during the course of a lengthy odor pulse. This decrease in oscillatory frequency appeared in parallel with a decrease in net olfactory receptor output, suggesting that the intensity of olfactory receptor neuron input to the antennal lobe, the first olfactory relay center, may determine oscillatory frequency. However, I found that changing odor concentration had little effect on oscillatory frequency. Combining the results of recordings made in vivo and computational models, I found that increasing odor concentration recruited additional, but less well-tuned olfactory receptor neurons to respond to the odor. Firing rates of these neurons were tightly constrained by adaptation and saturation. My work established that, in the periphery, odor concentration is mainly encoded by the size of the olfactory receptor neuron population that responded to the odor, whereas oscillatory frequency is determined by the adaptation and saturation of this response. / Ong, Chik Ying Rose. / Advisers: Siu Kai Kong; Mark Stopfer. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-147). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for future exploitation. This thesis focuses on thermodynamic effects within Oscillating Water Column (OWC) devices equipped withWells turbines, particularly humidity effects. Previous theoretical studies of the operation of OWCs have resulted in expressions for the oscillation of the water surface in the chamber of an OWC based on linear wave theory, and the air expansion{compression cycle inside the air chamber based on ideal gas theory. Although in practice high humidity levels occur in OWC devices open to the sea, the influence of atmospheric conditions such as temperature and moisture on the performance of Wells turbines has not yet been studied in the field of ocean energy. Researchers have reported substantial differences between predicted and measured power output, and performance rates of OWCs presently coming into operation. The effect of moisture in the air chamber of the OWC causes variations on the atmospheric conditions near the turbine, modifying its performance and efficiency. Discrepancies in available power to the turbine are believed to be due to the humid air conditions, which had not been modelled previously. This thesis presents a study of the influence of humid air on the performance of an idealised Wells turbine in the chamber of an OWC using a real gas model. A new formulation is presented, including a modified adiabatic index, and subsequent modified thermodynamic state variables such as enthalpy, entropy and specific heat. The formulation is validated against experimental data, and found to exhibit better agreement than the ideal approach. The analysis indicates that the real gas behaviour can be explained by a non{dimensional number which depends on the local pressure and temperature in the OWC chamber. A first approach to the OWC formulation through the calculation of real air flow in the OWC is given, which predicts a 6% decrease in efficiency with respect to the ideal case when it is tested with a hypothetical pulse of pressure. This is important because accurate prediction of efficiency is essential for the optimal design and management of OWC converters. A numerical model has also been developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the OWC characteristics in open sea. The performance of an OWC turbine is studied through the implementation of an actuator disk model in Fluent®. A set of different regular wave tests is developed in a 2D numerical wave flume. The model is tested using information obtained from experimental tests on a Wells{type turbine located in a wind tunnel. Linear response is achieved in terms of pressure drop and air flow in all cases, proving effectively the applicability of the actuator disk model to OWC devices. The numerical model is applied first to an OWC chamber containing dry air, and then to an OWC chamber containing humid air. Results from both cases are compared, and it is found that the results are sensitive to the degree of humidity of the air. Power decreases when humidity increases. Finally, results from the analytical real gas and numerical ideal gas models are compared. Very satisfactory agreement is obtained between the analytical and the numerical models when humidity is inserted in the gaseous phase. Both analytical and numerical models with humid air show considerable differences with the numerical model when dry air is considered. However, at the resonance frequency, results are independent of the gas model used. At every other frequency analysed, the real gas model predicts reduced values of power that can fall to 50% of the ideal power value when coupled to the radiation-diffraction model for regular waves. It is recommended that real gas should be considered in future analyses of Wells turbines in order to calculate accurately the efficiency and expected power of OWC devices.

The undercutting of toneholes has been practised for centuries with the aim of improving the tuning and playability of woodwind instruments. The influence of undercutting on tuning can be understood in terms of linear acoustic theory. Its effect on other playing characteristics is thought to lie in its reduction of local non-linear flow phenomena (boundary layer separation and the formation of jets and vortices) at the tonehole. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to examine the oscillating airflow around a model woodwind tonehole. Velocity and vorticity information is obtained and compared for a square-edged tonehole and an undercut tonehole at a variety of sound levels. The upstream, internal edge of the tonehole is found to be the location of the most significant local non-linear flow behaviour. Undercutting is found to reduce the strength of local non-linear flow phenomena at a given sound level. Microphone measurements carried out in a reverberation chamber show that undercutting the tonehole also reduces the harmonic distortion introduced to the radiated pressure signal by the non-linear flow. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is then applied to PIV data of oscillating flow at the end of a tube. It is used to approximately separate the acoustic field from the induced local non-linear flow phenomena. The POD results are then used to approximate the percentage of kinetic energy present in the non-linear flow. POD analysis is applied to the case of flow around the two toneholes. It shows a smaller transfer of kinetic energy to non-linear flow effects around the undercut tonehole at a given sound level. The dependence of the local non-linear flow kinetic energy on Strouhal number is considered.

La récupération d'énergie est un procédé très fréquent qui peut être observé sous de nombreuses formes dans la nature. Des espèces de poissons ou d'oiseaux sont par exemple connues pour exploiter leurs environnements afin d'accomplir une propulsion à moindre effort. L'objectif de ces travaux est de concevoir un concept d'hydro-éolienne oscillante basé sur des dynamiques similaires. La notion d'interaction fluide-structure est présentée pour expliquer le moyen d'alimentation utilisé dans le transfert énergétique de ce concept. Un mécanisme d'aile oscillante est spécialement modélisé théoriquement et numériquement pour analyser la dynamique de l'hydro-éolienne. L'asymétrie des oscillations, propre aux couplages multi-physiques, est particulièrement considérée pour maximiser le rendement du récupérateur d'énergie oscillant. On remarque que l'intégration de cette caractéristique des oscillations est présente dans la théorie de Couchet qui complète le modèle instationnaire de Theodorsen pour estimer les efforts aérodynamiques d'un profil d'aile oscillant non-symétriquement par rapport au sens de l'écoulement. L'analyse énergétique de l'oscillateur révèle de tellement bons rendements que la proximité avec la limite de Betz provoque un doute sur la définition de l'efficacité pour quantifier le transfert énergétique. En effet, l'optimisation d'un récupérateur d'énergie hydro-aéro-élastique est réalisée soit en maximisant la puissance dissipée par l'oscillateur soit au diminuant artificiellement la puissance disponible dans le fluide en adaptant la section de balayage de l'aile. Une autre définition de l'efficacité énergétique est développée sur la base de la théorie de Couchet pour lever cette incertitude. L'analyse de cet indicateur met en valeur l'importance du rôle du sillage du déplacement asymétrique de l'aile dans la récupération d'énergie. / Energy harvesting is a common process presents in so many ways in nature. Fishes and birds use for example their surroundings in order to produce propulsion without any effort. The focus of this thesis is to design a hydro-aéro-elastic harvester based on these dynamics. The fluid-structure interaction is introduced to explain the energy supply of the concept. An oscillating-wing-mechanism is theoretically and numerically developed in the aim to investigate the behavior of the marine-wind turbine. The energetic efficiency is then maximized by the asymmetric oscillations relative to the fluid-structure coupling. Note that the non-symmetric characteristic of the oscillation is included in the theory of Couchet which completes the unsteady aerodynamic theory of Theodorsen. Unusual high performances of the oscillating harvester suggest some apprehensions reading the efficiency’s definition. Indeed, the hydro-aéro-elastic harvester optimization can be achieved ether by increasing the power output or by decreasing the power available in the fluid artificially modified by the sweep section of the foil. These uncertainties are resolved by considering another definition of the energetic efficiency which is developed according to the theory of Couchet. The performance analysis of the new factor presents the contribution of the wake induced by the asymmetric oscillation of the foil on the energy harvesting quantities.