Um regime ou fluxo turbulento pode ser definido simplificadamente como uma forma de escoamento no qual o movimento de um fluido ocorre de forma aparentemente aleatória. A natureza caótica desse tipo de regime não possibilita que o problema seja abordado de modo determinístico, consequentemente, não pode ser descrito através de expressões analíticas para descrever seu campo de velocidades. Apesar de ser impossível estudar o movimento de cada partícula, pode-se visualizar o problema de forma macroscópica. Utilizando-se de simplificações e generalizações pode-se fazer uso de estudos numéricos em uma tentativa de encontrar uma face determinística do fenômeno, como por exemplo, verificação da isotropia e homogeneidade. A turbulência com estas características é um regime em que as componentes da velocidade no espaço e as velocidades em diferentes pontos do escoamento apresentam parâmetros estatísticos semelhantes. Tais condições não existem na prática, mas pode-se construir equipamentos que produzem escoamentos que se aproximam desta condição. Este trabalho consistiu na verificação das condições de turbulência isotrópica e homogênea em um tanque de grade oscilante. Foi utilizado o método de trilhagem de partículas por fotografia estereoscópica, PIV (particle imaging velocimeter), para observar e quantificar a turbulência gerada. Observou-se a turbulência gerada por 8 velocidades diferentes de oscilação da grade. Os resultados mostraram que o tanque em estudo aproximou-se de condições homogêneas, porém sua isotropia não pôde ser afirmada. O tanque com grade oscilante foi eficiente na geração de turbulência, reproduzindo o fenômeno real e colaborando para o seu estudo. Também foi realizado uma análise sobre a eficácia do método de velocimetria com o uso de PIV, que mostrou ser adequado para a observação de campos de velocidades de um escoamento, com limitações quanto à região periférica da área alvo. / Turbulence or turbulent flow can be defined in a simplified way as a flow with random moviment. The chaotic behavior of this regime does not allow a deterministic approach, therefore, it can not be described by analytical formulas for the velocity field. Although it is impossible to study the movement of each particle, the problem can be studied in a macroscopic way. Simplifications and generalizations can be used in numerical studies in an attempt to find a deterministic view of the phenomenon, for example, checking the isotropy and homogeneity. The turbulence with these characteristics is a regime in which the components of velocity in space and velocity at different points of the flow have similar statistical parameters. Such conditions do not exist in practice, but equipment can be built in order to produces flow approaching the condition. This work consisted of verify the conditions of homogeneous isotropic turbulence in a tank with oscillating grid. It was used the method of particule tracking by stereoscopic photography, PIV (particle imaging velocimetry), to observe and quantifying the generated turbulence. It was observed turbulence generated by 8 different speeds of oscillation of the grid. The results showed that the tank approached homogeneous conditions, but its isotropy can not be affirmed. The tank with an oscillating grid was efficient in the generation of turbulence, reproducing a real phenomenon and contribute to its study. Analysis was also conducted on the effectiveness of velocimetry method using PIV, shown to be suitable for observation of a flow velocity field with limitations on the peripheral region of the target area.

We explore the capability of lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) method for complex fluid flows involving turbulence, mixing, and reaction. In the first study, LBE schemes for binary scalar mixing and multi-component reacting flow with reactions are developed. Simulations of initially non-premixed mixtures yield scalar probability distribution functions that are in good agreement with numerical data obtained from Navier-Stokes (NS) equation based computation. One-dimensional chemically-reacting flow simulation of a premixed mixture yields a flame speed that is consistent with experimentally determined value. The second study involves direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) of decaying homogenous isotropic turbulence (HIT) with and without frame rotation. Three categories of simulations are performed: (i) LBE-DNS in both inertial and rotating frames; (ii) LBE-LES in inertial frame; (iii) Comparison of the LBE-LES vs. NS-LES. The LBE-DNS results of the decay exponents for kinetic energy k and dissipation rate ε, and the low wave-number scaling of the energy spectrum agree well with established classical results. The LBE-DNS also captures rotating turbulence physics. The LBE-LES accurately captures low-wave number scaling, energy decay and large scale structures. The comparisons indicate that the LBE-LES simulations preserve flow structures somewhat more accurately than the NS-LES counterpart. In the third study, we numerically investigate the near-field mixing features in low aspect-ratio (AR) rectangular turbulent jets (RTJ) using the LBE method. We use D3Q19 multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) LBE incorporating a subgrid Smagorinsky model for LES. Simulations of four jets which characterized by AR, exit velocity, and Reynolds number are performed. The investigated near-field behaviors include: (1) Decay of mean streamwise velocity (MSV) and inverse MSV; (2) Spanwise and lateral profiles of MSV; (3) Half-velocity width development and MSV contours; and (4) Streamwise turbulence intensity distribution and spanwise profiles of streamwise turbulence intensity. The computations are compared against experimental data and the agreement is good. We capture both unique features of RTJ: the saddle-back spanwise profile of MSV and axis-switching of long axis from spanwise to lateral direction. Overall, this work serves to establish the feasibility of the LBE method as a viable tool for computing mixing, combustion, and turbulence.

Um regime ou fluxo turbulento pode ser definido simplificadamente como uma forma de escoamento no qual o movimento de um fluido ocorre de forma aparentemente aleatória. A natureza caótica desse tipo de regime não possibilita que o problema seja abordado de modo determinístico, consequentemente, não pode ser descrito através de expressões analíticas para descrever seu campo de velocidades. Apesar de ser impossível estudar o movimento de cada partícula, pode-se visualizar o problema de forma macroscópica. Utilizando-se de simplificações e generalizações pode-se fazer uso de estudos numéricos em uma tentativa de encontrar uma face determinística do fenômeno, como por exemplo, verificação da isotropia e homogeneidade. A turbulência com estas características é um regime em que as componentes da velocidade no espaço e as velocidades em diferentes pontos do escoamento apresentam parâmetros estatísticos semelhantes. Tais condições não existem na prática, mas pode-se construir equipamentos que produzem escoamentos que se aproximam desta condição. Este trabalho consistiu na verificação das condições de turbulência isotrópica e homogênea em um tanque de grade oscilante. Foi utilizado o método de trilhagem de partículas por fotografia estereoscópica, PIV (particle imaging velocimeter), para observar e quantificar a turbulência gerada. Observou-se a turbulência gerada por 8 velocidades diferentes de oscilação da grade. Os resultados mostraram que o tanque em estudo aproximou-se de condições homogêneas, porém sua isotropia não pôde ser afirmada. O tanque com grade oscilante foi eficiente na geração de turbulência, reproduzindo o fenômeno real e colaborando para o seu estudo. Também foi realizado uma análise sobre a eficácia do método de velocimetria com o uso de PIV, que mostrou ser adequado para a observação de campos de velocidades de um escoamento, com limitações quanto à região periférica da área alvo. / Turbulence or turbulent flow can be defined in a simplified way as a flow with random moviment. The chaotic behavior of this regime does not allow a deterministic approach, therefore, it can not be described by analytical formulas for the velocity field. Although it is impossible to study the movement of each particle, the problem can be studied in a macroscopic way. Simplifications and generalizations can be used in numerical studies in an attempt to find a deterministic view of the phenomenon, for example, checking the isotropy and homogeneity. The turbulence with these characteristics is a regime in which the components of velocity in space and velocity at different points of the flow have similar statistical parameters. Such conditions do not exist in practice, but equipment can be built in order to produces flow approaching the condition. This work consisted of verify the conditions of homogeneous isotropic turbulence in a tank with oscillating grid. It was used the method of particule tracking by stereoscopic photography, PIV (particle imaging velocimetry), to observe and quantifying the generated turbulence. It was observed turbulence generated by 8 different speeds of oscillation of the grid. The results showed that the tank approached homogeneous conditions, but its isotropy can not be affirmed. The tank with an oscillating grid was efficient in the generation of turbulence, reproducing a real phenomenon and contribute to its study. Analysis was also conducted on the effectiveness of velocimetry method using PIV, shown to be suitable for observation of a flow velocity field with limitations on the peripheral region of the target area.

Laboratory experiments on components of complex systems such as gas turbines require many conditions to be met. Requirements to be met in order to simulate real world conditions include inlet flow conditions such as velocity profile, Reynold's number, and temperature. The methodology to be introduced designs a velocity profile generating screen to match real world conditions through the use of perforated plates. The velocity profile generating screen is an array of jets arranged in a manner to produce sections of different solidities, a ratio of area that obstructs fluid flow compared to that of the total area. In an effort to better understand the interaction between perforated plate sections of different solidities, a collection of experimental data sets is presented to characterize the plates. This includes identification of fluid flow regions with characterization of the flow dynamics, though the analysis of velocity and turbulence decay. The aim of this characterization is to determine how the perforated plate's solidity affects the velocity development downstream and the location at which the velocity profile being produced can be considered complete.

Le moteur downsizé à allumage commandé constitue l’une des voies principales explorées par les constructeurs automobiles pour améliorer le rendement et réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone des motorisations essence. Il s’agit de combiner une réduction de la cylindrée avec une forte suralimentation afin d’améliorer le rendement du moteur, en particulier à faibles et moyennes charges. Leur mise au point est limitée par l’augmentation des combustions anormales, dont le contrôle par forte dilution peut également entraîner l'apparition de variabilités cycliques importantes. Actuellement, la compréhension des nombreux paramètres intervenant dans l'apparition de ces phénomènes et de leurs interactions, reste encore imparfaite. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de propagation des flammes turbulentes. Cette étude est réalisée dans une enceinte de combustion sphérique haute pression haute température, équipée de ventilateurs générant une turbulence homogène et isotrope. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’étude de la combustion prémélangée laminaire isooctane/air. Dans un deuxième temps, l’aérodynamique de l’écoulement dans l’enceinte est finement caractérisée par Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler et Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules. Enfin, la propagation des flammes turbulentes est étudiée en termes de vitesse à partir de visualisations par ombroscopie. Une loi unifiée, permettant de décrire la propagation des flammes turbulentes indépendamment des conditions thermodynamiques initiales, de l’intensité de la turbulence et de la nature du mélange réactif est notamment proposée. / Engine downsizing is a promising way explored for reducing carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions of spark ignition engines. Its principle is to reduce the engine size and to increase its specific power with the use of a turbocharger, especially at middle and high loads. Its development leads to the appearance of abnormal combustions, whose control by a high dilution rate can also lead to important cyclic variabilities. The understanding of the multiple parameters controlling these phenomena and their interactions, is still very limited. In this context, the present thesis addresses the issue related to the understanding of the mechanisms implied in turbulent flame propagation processes. This study is carried out in a fan-stirred high pressure high temperature spherical combustion vessel where turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic. The first part of this study concerns the study of laminar premixed flames of isooctane/air mixtures. Second, the turbulent flow in the vessel is accurately characterized using Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Particle Image Velocimetry measurements. Then, turbulent flame propagation is investigated in terms of flame velocity using shadowgraph visualizations. A unified scaling law for the turbulent propagation speed is especially proposed, regardless of the thermodynamic initial conditions, the intensity of the turbulence and the nature of the air/fuel mixture.

Une des problématiques majeures dans l’industrie des bioprocédés réside dans l’extrapolation des procédés biologiques à grande échelle. On observe généralement à l’échelle industrielle des écarts de rendement de croissance de la biomasse, ainsi que la formation de sous-produits comparativement à l’échelle du laboratoire. La formation de gradients de concentration à l’échelle des bioréacteurs est souvent évoquée. Dans ce travail, les interactions entre micromélange et assimilation du substrat sont abordées à l’échelle du microorganisme. Un modèle couplant transport et assimilation à l’échelle d’un microorganisme est proposé. L’existence de régimes physique et biologique, limitant l’assimilation du substrat est mise en lumière. Une approche basée sur le suivi Lagrangien de particules dans un champ de turbulence homogène isotrope est ensuite retenue. Les effets des hétérogénéités de concentration vues par les microorganismes, sont traduits à l’échelle de la population entière. Une loi analytique permettant de construire la distribution de flux reçus par les microorganismes à partir de la distribution de concentration en substrat dans le fluide, est proposée. Partant de cette distribution de concentrations vues, l’adjonction d’un modèle métabolique simplifié permet d’expliquer les baisses de vitesse spécifiques de croissance et la formation de sous-produits observées expérimentalement. Enfin, de premiers résultats sur le couplage inverse biologique sont présentés. L’effet des microorganismes sur le champ de concentration est caractérisé et une étude paramétrique sur les propriétés dynamiques et biologiques est réalisée. / The scale-up of biological process is a critical issue in the bioprocess industry. When passing from a laboratory to an industrial scale, the conversion yield of substrate into biomass is often overestimated and by-products are formed. Different existing works attempt to predict the effect of mixing on biomass growth and the emergence of substrate concentration gradients at the reactor scale are a first explanation of the degraded performances. In this work the interactions between micro-mixing and substrate assimilation are addressed at the microorganism scale. A coupled transport-assimilation model is proposed for an isolated microorganism. The emergence of physical and biological regimes limiting the substrate assimilation is enlightened. An approach based on the Lagrangian tracking of microorganisms in a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field is then chosen. The effects of local concentration heterogeneities seen by microorganisms are observed at the population scale. An analytical expression is proposed for the assimilated substrate flux distribution by the microorganisms, based on the substrate concentration distribution in the fluid. From these concentrations encountered by microorganisms, we coupled a simplified metabolic model that explains the decreased specific growth rate, and the by-products formation often observed in many experiments. Finally, first results on the biological two-way coupling are proposed. The effect of microorganisms on the substrate field is characterised and a parametric study on the dynamics as well as biological parameters is realised.

Les écoulements turbulents de gaz denses, qui sont d’un grand intérêt pour un large éventail d'applications, sont le siège de phénomènes physiques encore peu connus et difficiles à étudier par des approches expérimentale. Dans ce travail, nous étudions pour la première fois l’influence des effets de gaz denses sur la structure de la turbulence compressible à l’aide de simulations numériques. Le fluide considéré est le PP11, un fluorocarbure lourd, dont le comportement thermodynamique a été représenté à l’aide de différentes lois d’état, afin de quantifier la sensibilité des solutions aux choix de modélisation. Nous avons considéré d’abord la décroissance d’une turbulence homogène isotrope compressible. Les fluctuations de température sont négligeables, alors que celles de la vitesse du son sont importantes à cause de leur forte dépendance de la densité. Le comportement particulier de la vitesse du son modifie de manière significative la structure de la turbulence, conduisant à la formation de shocklets de détente. L’analyse de la contribution des différentes structures à la dissipation d’énergie et à la génération d’enstrophie montre que, pour un gaz dense, les régions de forte dilatation jouent un rôle similaire à celles de forte compression, contrairement aux gaz parfaits, dans lesquels le comportement est fortement dissymétrique. Ensuite, nous avons mené des simulations numériques pour une configuration de canal plan en régime supersonique, pour plusieurs valeurs des nombres de Mach et de Reynolds. Les résultats confirment la validité de l’hypothèse de Morkovin. L’introduction d’une loi d’échelle semi-locale prenant en compte le variations de densité et viscosité, permet de comparer les profils des grandeurs turbulentes (contraintes de Reynolds, anisotropie, budgets d’énergie) avec ces observés en gaz parfait. Les variables thermodynamiques, quant à elles, présentent une évolution très différente pour un gaz parfait et pour un gaz dense, la chaleur spécifique élevée de ce dernier conduisant à un découplage des effets dynamiques et thermiques et à un comportement proche de celui d’un fluide incompressible avec des propriétés variables. / Dense gas turbulent flows, of great interest for a wide range of engineering applications, exhibit physical phenomena that are still poorly understood and difficult to reproduce experimentally. In this work, we study for the first time the influence of dense gas effects on the structure of compressible turbulence by means of numerical simulations. The fluid considered is PP11, a heavy fluorocarbon, whose thermodynamic behavior is described by means of different equations of state to quantify the sensitivity of solutions to modelling choices. First, we considered the decay of compressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Temperature fluctuations are found to be negligible, whereas those of the speed of sound are large because of the strong dependence on density. The peculiar behavior of the speed of sound significantly modifies the structure of the turbulence, leading to the occurrence of expansion shocklets. The analysis of the contribution of the different structures to energy dissipation and enstrophy generation shows that, for a dense gas, high expansion regions play a role similar to high compression ones, unlike perfect gases, in which the observed behaviour is highly asymmetric. Then, we carried out numerical simulations of a supersonic turbulent channel flow for several values of Mach and Reynolds numbers. The results confirm the validity of the Morkovin' hypothesis. The introduction of a semi-local scaling, taking into account density and viscosity variations across the channel, allow to compare the wall-normal profiles of turbulent quantities (Reynolds stresses, anisotropy, energy budgets) with those observed in ideal gases. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic variables exhibit a different evolution between perfect and dense gases, since the high specific heats of the latter lead to a decoupling of dynamic and thermal effects, and to a behavior close to that of variable property incompressible fluids.

La propagation de flammes turbulentes dans des milieux réactifs inhomogènes concerne un grand nombre d’applications pratiques, y compris celles qui reposent sur des cycles de combustion à volume constant. Les hétérogénéités de composition (richesse, température,dilution par des gaz brûlés, etc.) sont issues de plusieurs facteurs distincts tels que la dispersion du spray de gouttelettes de combustible et son évaporation, la topologie de l’écoulement ainsi que la présence éventuelle de gaz brûlés résiduels issus du cycle précédent. La structure des flammes partiellement prémélangées qui en résultent est significativement plus complexe que celles des flammes plus classiques de diffusion ou de prémélange. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc de contribuer à l’amélioration de leur connaissance, en s’appuyant sur la génération et l’analyse de base de données de simulations numériques directes ou DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation). Celles-ci sont conduites avec le code de calcul Asphodele qui est basé sur l’approximation de faible nombre de Mach. Le combustible de référence retenu est l’iso-octane.La base de données est structurée suivant cinq paramètres qui permettent de caractériser l’écoulement turbulent ainsi que l’hétérogénéité de composition du milieu réactif. Dans un premier temps, des configurations bidimensionnelles ont été considérées en raison du coût élevé induit par la description détaillée de la cinétique chimique. L’étude des ces différents cas de calcul a permis de mettre en lumière plusieurs mécanismes fondamentaux de propagation dans les milieux hétérogènes en composition. Une réduction significative des coûts de calcula pu ensuite être obtenue grâce au développement d’un modèle chimique simplifié optimisé.Son utilisation a permis d’étendre les analyses à de / The propagation of turbulent flames in non-homogeneous reactive mixtures of reactants concerns a large number of practical applications, including those based on constant volume combustion cycles. The composition heterogeneities (equivalence ratio, temperature, dilution by burnt gases, etc.) result from several distinct factors such as the dispersion of the spray of fuel droplets and its evaporation, the flow field topology as well as the possible presence of residual burnt gases issued from the previous cycle. The resulting partially premixed flames structure is significantly more complex than the one of more conventional diffusion or premixed flames.The aim of this thesis work is therefore to contribute to the improvement of their understanding, by proceeding to the generation and analysis of a new set of direct numerical simulations (DNS) databases. The present computations are performed with the low-Mach number DNS solver Asphodele. The database is structured according to five parameters that characterize the turbulent flow as well as the composition heterogeneity of the reactive mixture. First, because of the high numerical costs induced by the detailed description of chemical kinetics, two-dimensional configurations were considered. The study of these various simulations highlights several fundamental mechanisms of flame propagation in heterogeneous mixtures. Then, a significant computational cost saving has been achieved through the development of an optimized simplified chemistry model. The use of the latter allowed to overcome the major bottleneck of high CPU costs related to chemical kinetics description and thus to extend the analysis to three-dimensional configurations. Some of the conclusions obtained previously were reinforced.

This study focused on experimentally determining the cooling performance of a fully cooled, scaled-up model of a C3X turbine vane. The primary objective was to determine the differences in overall effectiveness in the presence and absence of a hot mainstream flowing over the vane. Overall effectiveness was measured using a thermally scaled matched Biot number vane with an impingement plate providing the internal cooling. This is the first study focused on investigating the effect of removing the mainstream flow and comparing the contour and laterally-averaged effectiveness data in support of the development of an assembly line thermal testing method. It was found that the proposed method of factory floor testing of turbine component cooling performance did not provide comparable information to traditional overall effectiveness test methods. A second experiment was performed in which the effect of altering the angle of attack of a flow into a passive turbulence generator was investigated. Measurements in the approach flow were taken using a single wire hot-wire anemometer. This study was the first to investigate the effects such a setup would have on fluctuating flow quantitates such as turbulence intensity and integral length scale rather than simply the mean quantities. It was found that both the downstream turbulence intensity and the turbulence integral length scale increase monotonically with approach flow incidence angle at a specified distance downstream of the turbulence generator. / text

Le but principal du présent travail est ainsi de réaliser une expérience de mélange par la turbulence, dans laquelle il est possible de déterminer et de quantifier les temps de cohérence des différentes échelles spatiales des fluctuations du champ de vitesse et du champ de concentration qu'il transporte et mélange. La turbulence est ici voisine de la situation idéale statistiquement homogène et isotrope, et la configuration est conçue pour qu'il en soit de même pour le champ de concentration. La turbulence est créée par une grille placée perpendiculairement à un écoulement uniforme à l'extérieur des couches limites qui se développent le long des parois de la veine d'essais à section carrée constante. L'écoulement de la présente étude est un écoulement d'eau, dans lequel le champ de concentration est celui d'une solution de Rhodamine B injectée au niveau de la grille à travers des injecteurs équi-répartis le long des barreaux de celle-ci. Ce choix, dicté par la technique de mesure du champ de concentration par Fluorescence Induite par Laser, permet en outre de mesurer le champ de vitesse par une autre technique optique, elle aussi non-intrusive. Pour se rapprocher le plus de la théorie d'un mélange idéal statistiquement homogène et isotrope sans vitesse moyenne, on considère dans l'expérience, conformément à l'hypothèse de Taylor, que toutes les échelles associées à chacun de ces champs, sont convectés à la vitesse moyenne U de l'écoulement, et l'on suit une "boîte de turbulence" qui se déplace à cette vitesse le long de la veine. Par suite déterminer l'état de la turbulence en un point donné de cette boite à l'instant t et à l'instant t'=t+dt, revient à l'étudier dans l'expérience à t à l'abscisse x de la veine d'essai, et à t' à l'abscisse x+dx , avec dx=Udt, où se trouve le point de la boîte aux deux instants successifs. Les résultats expérimentaux concernant les échelles pour lesquelles l'isotropie statistique est satisfaite, permettent alors de vérifier une phénoménologie de l'évolution de la cohérence temporelle des diverses échelles spatiales du champ des fluctuations de concentration fondée sur les idées de Comte-Bellot et Corrsin. Cette expérience, est en outre l'occasion de donner des résultats sur les densités de probabilité de diverses propriétés statistiques des champs de fluctuation de vitesse. / The main purpose of this work is to make an experiment of mixing by turbulence, in which it is possible to determine and quantify the coherence time of the different spatial scales of fluctuations of a scalar field. We measure concentration fluctuations of rhodamine B by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) which is transported and mixed by velocity fluctuations. These latter ones are generated by a grid placed perpendicularly to the flow in a water channel and are measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The concentration field is injected in the flow by injectors regularly spaced on the grid so that it is a situation where both the velocity and the concentration fields are statistically homogeneous and isotropic. To get as close as the theory of statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence with no mean velocity, we consider, according to Taylor's hypothesis, that all scales associated with each of these fields are convected with the mean velocity U of the flow, and we follow a "turbulent box" that moves at U along the channel. As a result determining the state of turbulence at a given point of the box at time t and time t ' = t + dt, is like studying in the experiment at time t and space x of test section, and time t' and space x + dx of the test section, with dx = U dt. When statistical isotropy is satisfied, we can verify a phenomenology of the evolution of the temporal coherence of various space scales of the concentration fluctuation fields based on the ideas of Comte-Bellot and Corrsin. This experiment is also an opportunity to give results on probability densities of various statistical properties of fluctuating velocity fields.