Tumour suppressor 73 (Trp73) gene shares structural and functional homology with p53. Trp73 encodes multiple isoforms with opposing effects. The TAp73 isoform is a transcription factor and is classified as a tumour suppressor where as the DNp73 isoform is a putative oncogene. Imbalance of the two opposing isoforms has been reported in human malignancies including ovarian cancer. TAp73 deficiency results in a dramatic increase in the DNp73 isoform, mimicking the altered isoform balance observed in human ovarian cancer. The effects of TAp73 deficiency in mouse OSE cells were assessed. TAp73 deficiency is not sufficient to induce ovarian cancer in mice. However, TAp73 deficiency compromises cellular proliferation in OSE cell lines. Furthermore, expression of p73 isoforms and epithelial markers is altered in TAp73 deficient cell line. Further studies are needed to determine if TAp73 deficiency in conjunction with other molecular alterations can mediate transformation of OSE cells leading to ovarian cancer.

Tumour suppressor 73 (Trp73) gene shares structural and functional homology with p53. Trp73 encodes multiple isoforms with opposing effects. The TAp73 isoform is a transcription factor and is classified as a tumour suppressor where as the DNp73 isoform is a putative oncogene. Imbalance of the two opposing isoforms has been reported in human malignancies including ovarian cancer. TAp73 deficiency results in a dramatic increase in the DNp73 isoform, mimicking the altered isoform balance observed in human ovarian cancer. The effects of TAp73 deficiency in mouse OSE cells were assessed. TAp73 deficiency is not sufficient to induce ovarian cancer in mice. However, TAp73 deficiency compromises cellular proliferation in OSE cell lines. Furthermore, expression of p73 isoforms and epithelial markers is altered in TAp73 deficient cell line. Further studies are needed to determine if TAp73 deficiency in conjunction with other molecular alterations can mediate transformation of OSE cells leading to ovarian cancer.

Das Oberflächenepithel (OSE) des Ovars besteht aus einer Schicht flacher oder kubischen Zellen, die am Hilus in das flache Peritonealepithel übergehen. Das OSE zeigt zyklusabhängige Veränderungen. OSE-Zellen sollen am Prozess der Ovulation aktiv teilnehmen und die Läsion nach der Follikelruptur reparieren. Die mitotische Aktivität der OSE-Zellen um den Reparatur-Prozess könnte das Überleben von mutierten Zellen begünstigen und zum Ovarialkarzinom führen. Hierbei spielen Zell-Zell-Kontakte eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Integrität von Gewebe und der Metastasierung von Tumoren. Um das Verständnis über die Pathogenese des Ovarialkarzinoms zu verbessern, untersuchte die vorliegende Arbeit die Zell-Zell-Kontakte des OSE sowie dessen Abhängigkeit von Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), welches u.a. bei der adjuvanten Therapie des Ovarialkarzinoms verwendet wird. Abstriche von humanen und bovinen Ovarien dienten als Quelle zur Kultivierung von OSE-Zellen. Konfluente Kulturen wurden mit 200 U/ml rekombinantem, speziesspezifischem IFN-γ für 72 h behandelt oder als Kontrolle unbehandelt gelassen. Die Morphologie der OSE-Zellen vor und nach der Behandlung wurde dargestellt. Weiterhin wurden mittels immunzytologischer Färbungen sowie Western Blot Analyse E- und N-Cadherin, β-Catenin, Cytokeratin sowie Vimentin nachgewiesen. Permeabilitätsmessungen von Meerrettichperoxidase (HRP) in einem Ko-Kultursystem wurden mit und ohne IFN-γ durchgeführt. Die Arbeit zeigt eine neue Wirkung von IFN-γ. Es hat die besondere Eigenschaft, das OSE komplett über Cadherin-vermittelte „tight juctions“ abzudichten. Dies könnte die Wirksamkeit des Zytokins bei der adjuvanten Therapie des Ovarialkarzinoms erklären. Möglicherweise werden Interzellularkontakte verstärkt und die Frühinvasion maligner Zellen eingeschränkt. Das erstmals beschriebene Cadherinmuster an den Zell-zu-Zell-Ecken verweist auf die Interaktion der „tight junctions“ mit E-Cadherin.

<p>For many years OSE has been a common used operating system, with real time extensions enhancements, in embed-ded systems. But in the last decades, Linux has grown and became a competitor to common operating systems and, in recent years, even as an operating system with real time extensions. With this in mind, ÅF was interested in replacing the quite expensive OSE with some distribution of the open source based Linux on a PowerPC MPC8360. Therefore, our purpose with thesis is to implement Linux on the named platform and make some tests to see if it is possible to replace OSE with Linux. Using Linux has several advantages, for example it is free of charge to use and over the years the popularity of Linux within the developer community has resulted in numerous tools and utilities available for free.</p><p>As a result, this study shows that Linux with real time extensions on the MPC8360 PowerPC platform is a viable alternative to OSE regarding cost efficiency, flexibility, adaptability and competence available on the market.</p><p>Further studies can be done towards benchmarking for I/O systems and implementing support for more hardware on the MPC8360 AF platform.</p>

<p>Ett ramverk för kontraktbaserad schemaläggning av dynamisk resursfördelning i realtidsoperativsystem ska rapporteras till operativsystemet OSE. Ramverket, som utvecklats i ett EU-forskningsprojekt, kräver uppmätt process exekveringstid för att fatta riktiga schemaläggningsbeslut. Sådana mätningar görs för närvarande inte i ENEAs RTOS OSE och examensarbetets syfte har därför varit att undersöka möjligheterna att implementera en sådan funktion. Alternativ har hittats och utvärderats, slutligen har ett valts för implementation. Funktionalilteten har verifierats och slutlilgen har prestanda utvärderats hos den implementerade mätningsmetoden.</p>

For many years OSE has been a common used operating system, with real time extensions enhancements, in embed-ded systems. But in the last decades, Linux has grown and became a competitor to common operating systems and, in recent years, even as an operating system with real time extensions. With this in mind, ÅF was interested in replacing the quite expensive OSE with some distribution of the open source based Linux on a PowerPC MPC8360. Therefore, our purpose with thesis is to implement Linux on the named platform and make some tests to see if it is possible to replace OSE with Linux. Using Linux has several advantages, for example it is free of charge to use and over the years the popularity of Linux within the developer community has resulted in numerous tools and utilities available for free. As a result, this study shows that Linux with real time extensions on the MPC8360 PowerPC platform is a viable alternative to OSE regarding cost efficiency, flexibility, adaptability and competence available on the market. Further studies can be done towards benchmarking for I/O systems and implementing support for more hardware on the MPC8360 AF platform.

Ett ramverk för kontraktbaserad schemaläggning av dynamisk resursfördelning i realtidsoperativsystem ska rapporteras till operativsystemet OSE. Ramverket, som utvecklats i ett EU-forskningsprojekt, kräver uppmätt process exekveringstid för att fatta riktiga schemaläggningsbeslut. Sådana mätningar görs för närvarande inte i ENEAs RTOS OSE och examensarbetets syfte har därför varit att undersöka möjligheterna att implementera en sådan funktion. Alternativ har hittats och utvärderats, slutligen har ett valts för implementation. Funktionalilteten har verifierats och slutlilgen har prestanda utvärderats hos den implementerade mätningsmetoden.

Das Oberflächenepithel (OSE) des Ovars besteht aus einer Schicht flacher oder kubischen Zellen, die am Hilus in das flache Peritonealepithel übergehen. Das OSE zeigt zyklusabhängige Veränderungen. OSE-Zellen sollen am Prozess der Ovulation aktiv teilnehmen und die Läsion nach der Follikelruptur reparieren. Die mitotische Aktivität der OSE-Zellen um den Reparatur-Prozess könnte das Überleben von mutierten Zellen begünstigen und zum Ovarialkarzinom führen. Hierbei spielen Zell-Zell-Kontakte eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Integrität von Gewebe und der Metastasierung von Tumoren. Um das Verständnis über die Pathogenese des Ovarialkarzinoms zu verbessern, untersuchte die vorliegende Arbeit die Zell-Zell-Kontakte des OSE sowie dessen Abhängigkeit von Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), welches u.a. bei der adjuvanten Therapie des Ovarialkarzinoms verwendet wird. Abstriche von humanen und bovinen Ovarien dienten als Quelle zur Kultivierung von OSE-Zellen. Konfluente Kulturen wurden mit 200 U/ml rekombinantem, speziesspezifischem IFN-γ für 72 h behandelt oder als Kontrolle unbehandelt gelassen. Die Morphologie der OSE-Zellen vor und nach der Behandlung wurde dargestellt. Weiterhin wurden mittels immunzytologischer Färbungen sowie Western Blot Analyse E- und N-Cadherin, β-Catenin, Cytokeratin sowie Vimentin nachgewiesen. Permeabilitätsmessungen von Meerrettichperoxidase (HRP) in einem Ko-Kultursystem wurden mit und ohne IFN-γ durchgeführt. Die Arbeit zeigt eine neue Wirkung von IFN-γ. Es hat die besondere Eigenschaft, das OSE komplett über Cadherin-vermittelte „tight juctions“ abzudichten. Dies könnte die Wirksamkeit des Zytokins bei der adjuvanten Therapie des Ovarialkarzinoms erklären. Möglicherweise werden Interzellularkontakte verstärkt und die Frühinvasion maligner Zellen eingeschränkt. Das erstmals beschriebene Cadherinmuster an den Zell-zu-Zell-Ecken verweist auf die Interaktion der „tight junctions“ mit E-Cadherin.

Deux séries d'OSSEs (Observing System Simulation Experiments) sont menées avec deux systèmes globaux d'assimilation de données au 1/4° et au 1/12°, utilisant des observations altimétriques (satellites) et in situ (flotteurs Argo) simulées à partir d'une simulation libre au 1/12°. Les objectifs sont d'évaluer la capacité des différents jeux d'observations à contraindre un système global d'assimilation de données. L'impact positif de plusieurs satellites est clairement identifié autant sur le niveau de la mer et les courants de surface. L'ajout des flotteurs Argo améliore significativement les champs de température et démontre le rôle essentiel de la flotte Argo associée à l'altimétrie afin de contraindre un système d'assimilation global. Ces résultats issus d'OSSEs sont cohérents avec des résultats obtenus à partir de données réelles (OSEs - Observing System Evaluations) tout en permettant une meilleure description des erreurs faites sur les analyses et les prévisions. / Two series of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are carried out with global data assimilation systems at 1/4° and 1/12° resolution using simulated altimetry (satellite) and in situ (Argo float) data derived from a 1/12° resolution free run simulation. The objectives are to quantify how well different data sets can constrain a global data assimilation system. The positive impact of multiple altimeter data is clearly evidenced on sea level and ocean currents. The addition of Argo has a major impact to improve temperature and demonstrates the essential role of Argo together with altimetry to constrain a global data assimilation system. Results derived from these OSSEs are consistent with those derived from experiments with real data (observing system evaluations/OSEs) but they allow a more detailed characterization of errors on analyses and forecasts.

The human ovarian surface epithelium (hOSE) is a cell monolayer that covers the surface of the ovary. Natural events like incessant ovulation, associated reproductive hormone action prior to and post-ovulation, along with the ovulationassociated inflammation, that result in injury and repair of hOSE, are considered to have a role in the development of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Progesterone is apoptotic and anti-inflammatory, whereas androgens appear cytoproliferative for hOSE. Local generation of these steroid hormones is subject to 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity. Moreover, action of these hormones is achieved through coupling to their cognate receptors, progesterone (PR) and androgen receptors (AR). The overall aim of this thesis is to elucidate in vitro the regulation of progesterone and androgen biosynthesis and downstream signalling during the injury and repair of primary hOSE cells that were collected from pre-menopausal women who underwent surgery for benign gynaecological disorders. Injury was mimicked by treatment of cells with several pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas repair was mimicked with T-lymphocyte, ‘anti-inflammatory’ cytokines. Immunohistochemical studies showed immunodetectable 3β-HSD in the human ovarian cell surface of whole ovary and three-week cultured hOSE cells, establishing 3β-HSD expression in vivo and in vitro. Cross-reaction of the 3β-HSD antibody with both enzyme isoforms did not allow investigation of isoform expression pattern. However, mRNA transcriptional studies with isoform specific primers and probe sets for semi-quantitative (sq) and quantitative (q) PCR revealed expression of both isoforms in hOSE cells; 3β-HSD1 mRNA was expressed at higher levels relative to 3β-HSD2 mRNA in accordance with the preference of this isoform in peripheral non-steroidogenic tissues. Of the cytokines tested, only IL-1α and IL-4 affected 3β-HSD expression. IL- 1α suppressed 3β-HSD1 mRNA, whereas it up-regulated 3β-HSD2 mRNA as assessed with qPCR, without though affecting total 3β-HSD protein and activity levels as assessed with western immunoblotting and radiometric activity assays, respectively. IL-1α did not affect AR or PR mRNA levels, suggesting a balance in androgen and progesterone biosynthesis during post-ovulatory wounding. IL-4 massively induced 3β-HSD1 and 3β-HSD2 mRNA and total 3β-HSD protein and activity. It also attenuated AR mRNA and protein, without affecting PR mRNA. Collectively, these data demonstrate that IL-4 sustains progesterone rather than androgen signalling and this may be part of the anti-inflammatory steroid action that protects hOSE from genetic damage. IL-1α effects appear to be mediated by NF-κB signalling pathway. PI-3K and p38 MAPK appeared involved in IL-1α-induced 3β- HSD2. IL-4-induced 3β-HSDs required STAT-6 and PI-3K pathways and also p38 MAPK at the case of 3β-HSD2. IL-4-attenuated AR was reversed by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. These data suggest that steroid signalling by IL-1α and IL-4 involve multiple signalling pathways. In primary EOC, 3β-HSD1 and 3β-HSD2 transcripts were attenuated relative to hOSE cells, suggestive of an acquired feature of neoplastic transformation. However, both transcripts could be restored after IL-4 treatment, attesting a therapeutic advantage of this cytokine. In conclusion, we have shown that 3β-HSD is under inflammatory control during ovarian post-ovulatory wound healing of hOSE. IL-1α- and IL-4-mediated 3β-HSD1 and 3β-HSD2 are regulated by multiple signalling pathways. Also, IL-4 was identified as an anti-inflammatory agent in hOSE with putative therapeutic benefit in malignancy.