Hamburg, University, Diss., 2002.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Kiel.

University, Diss., 2003--Kiel.

Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2007.

Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Siegen, Univ., Diss., 2008

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Berlin.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Variabilität der Atmosphäre in einem neuen gekoppelten Klimamodell (ECHO-GiSP) untersucht, welches eine vereinfachte Stratosphärenchemie (bis 80 km Höhe) enthält. Es wurden 2 Simulationen über 150 Jahre durchgeführt. In einer der Simulationen wurde die atmosphärische Chemie modelliert, hatte aber keinen Einfluß auf die Dynamik des Klimamodelles. In der zweiten Simulation wurde hingegen die Wirkung der Chemie auf die Klimadynamik explizit berücksichtigt, die über die Strahlungsbilanz des Modelles erfolgt. Dies ist die erste Langzeitsimulation mit einem voll gekoppelten globalen Klimamodell mit interaktiver Chemie. Die Simulation mit rückgekoppelter Chemie zeigt eine Abschwächung des atmosphärischen Variabilitätsmusters der Arktischen Oszillation (AO). Zudem kommt es in der Troposphäre zu einer Reduzierung der mittleren Windgeschwindigkeiten der gemäßigten Breiten aufgrund verringerter Temperaturgegensätze zwischen den Tropen und den Polargebieten. Auch in der Stratosphäre ergibt sich eine Abschwächung und Erwärmung des Polarwirbels. Diese Auswirkungen der Kopplung zwischen der atmosphärischen Chemie und der Dynamik des Klimamodelles sind eine wichtige Erkenntnis, da in früheren Klimasimulationen die Variabilität der AO oft zu stark ausgeprägt war. In der Stratosphäre reduziert sich infolge des abgeschwächten Polarwirbels auch die großräumige Zirkulation zwischen den beiden Hemisphären der Erde. In der Troposphäre werden hingegen die allgemeine Zirkulation, und damit auch die subtropischen Strahlströme des Windes verstärkt. Zudem kommt es in den Tropen zu Temperaturänderungen durch stratosphärische Ozonschwankungen in Abhängigkeit von der AO. Allgemein verändert sich die Kopplung zwischen Troposphäre und Stratosphäre, einschließlich des durch die Anregung von langen atmosphärischen Wellen erfolgenden vertikalen Energieübertrages aus der Troposphäre in die Stratosphäre. / In this work the atmospheric variability in a new coupled climate model (ECHO-GiSP) was analyzed, which includes a simplified stratospheric chemistry (up to 80 km height). Two simulations of 150 years were performed. In one of those simulations the atmospheric chemistry was modeled without having any influence back on the model dynamics. In the second simulation the impact of the chemistry on climate dynamics, taking place via the models radiation balance, was explicitly recognized. This is the first long term simulation using a fully coupled global climate model with interactive chemistry. The simulation with interactive chemistry shows a weakening of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) pattern of atmospheric variability. At the same time there is a reduction of the mean wind speeds in middle latitudes in the troposphere, which is caused by weaker temperature gradients between the tropics and the polar regions. Also, in the stratosphere a weakening and warming of the polar vortex is obvious. These effects of the coupling between atmospheric chemistry and the dynamics of the climate model are an important result, since in earlier climate simulations the variability of the AO often was overestimated. Due to the weakened polar vortex in the stratosphere also the large scale interhemispheric mean circulation is reduced. On the other hand, the tropospheric meridional mean circulation, and thus also the subtropical jetstreams of the zonal wind are enhanced. Furthermore there are tropical temperature variations in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, which are induced by stratospheric ozone variations associated to the phase of the AO. Generally, the coupling between tropo- and stratosphere is changed, which includes the vertical energy and momentum transfer by ascending planetary waves from the troposphere to the stratosphere.

Background: The visual system may process spatial frequency information in a low-to-high, coarse-to-fine sequence. In particular, low and high spatial frequency information may be processed via different pathways during object recognition, with LSF information projected rapidly to frontal areas and HSF processed later in visual ventral areas. In an electroencephalographic study, we examined the time course of information processing for images filtered to contain different ranges of spatial frequencies. Participants viewed either high spatial frequency (HSF), low spatial frequency (LSF), or unfiltered, broadband (BB) images of objects or nonobject textures, classifying them as showing either man-made or natural objects, or nonobjects. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and evoked and total gamma band activity (eGBA and tGBA) recorded using the electroencephalogram were compared for object and nonobject images across the different spatial frequency ranges. Results: The visual P1 showed independent modulations by object and spatial frequency, while for the N1 these factors interacted. The P1 showed more positive amplitudes for objects than nonobjects, and more positive amplitudes for BB than for HSF images, which in turn evoked more positive amplitudes than LSF images. The peak-to-peak N1 showed that the N1 was much reduced for BB non-objects relative to all other images, while HSF and LSF nonobjects still elicited as negative an N1 as objects. In contrast, eGBA was influenced by spatial frequency and not objecthood, while tGBA showed a stronger response to objects than nonobjects. Conclusions: Different pathways are involved in the processing of low and high spatial frequencies during object recognition, as reflected in interactions between objecthood and spatial frequency in the visual N1 component. Total gamma band seems to be related to a late, probably highlevel representational process.