This thesis is composed of two critical circuit designs for FlexRay ECU (Electron-ics Control Unit), i.e., a transceiver with over-current protection, and a digital over-temperature protection circuit. Regarding the transceiver with over-current protection, to reduce the glitch prob-lem, we propose to use delay cells in the transmitter. In order to avoid the transmitter current which is higher than the upperbound defined by FlexRay specifications, we propose a current comparator circuit to detect the state where the transmitter should stop sending signals. The temperature protection is required for FlexRay specifications. We propose an over-temperature circuit in the thesis. By utilizing an oscillator-based structure, fre-quency to digital converter (FDC) circuit is developed as the core of the temperature protection mechanism. It will convert the frequency signal and output the sensed tem-perature in a digital code format. The output frequency at different process and temper-ature corners show a linear feature such that the range and accuracy of temperature de-tection is enhanced.

In future cellular radio networks Radio over Fiber (RoF) is a very attractive technology to deliver microwave and millimeter-wave signals containing broad band multimedia services to numerous base stations of the network. The radio signals are placed on an optical carrier and distributed by means of an optical fiber network to the base stations (BS). In the BS the optical signals heterodyne in a photodiode to produce the radio signals which are then sent via a wireless link to the mobile units (MU). The optical fiber network provides high frequency, wideband, low loss and a means of signal distribution immune to electromagnetic interference. In this thesis, different methods of electrooptical upconversion were investigated. The generation of an optical double-sideband with suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) signal is a straightforward method due to the fact that only one optical modulator driven at half the millimeter-wave frequency is required. One or both sidebands were ASK-modulated with baseband data rates of up to 10 Gbps. Optical single sideband modulation proves to be dispersion resilient as error free transmission was demonstrated after 53 km of single mode fiber transmission for data rates up to 10 Gbps. Wireless links up to 7 m were also demonstrated, proving the feasibility of this approach for broadband wireless inhouse access systems. / Für zukünftige zellulare Funknetze ist „Radio over Fiber (RoF)“ eine sehr attraktive Technologie, um breitbandige Multimedia-Dienste mit Mikro- und Millimeterwellen zu übertragen. Die Funksignale werden dabei auf eine optische Trägerwelle aufmoduliert und mittels eines optischen Fasernetzes zu den Basisstationen (BS) verteilt. In den BS erfolgt die Überlagung der optischen Signale durch eine Fotodiode, um die Funksignale zu erzeugen. Diese werden dann über eine drahtlose Verbindung zu den beweglichen Multimedia-Endgeräten geschickt. Vorteile des optischen Fasernetzes sind Breitbandigkeit, geringe Dämpfung und eine gegenüber elektromagnetischen Störungen immune Signalverteilung. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Methoden der elektrooptischen Aufwärtskonversion erforscht und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften dieser untersucht. Die Erzeugung eines optischen Zweiseitenbandsignales mit unterdrücktem Träger (DSB-SC) ist eine einfache Methode, da nur ein optischer Modulator, betrieben mit der halben elektrischen Trägerfrequenz, benötigt wird. Eine oder beide Seitenbänder konnten mit Bitraten bis zu 10 Gbps amplitudenmoduliert werden. Optische Einseitenbandmodulation ist extrem tolerant bezüglich der chromatischen Dispersion der Faser, wie die fehlerfreie Übertragung nach 53 km Glasfaser beweist. Drahtlose Links bis zu 7 m wurden realisiert und zeigen die Möglichkeit dieser Verfahren für breitbandige drahtlose Inhouse-Zugangssysteme.

Background: Extensive literature has described a decrease in force output performance in the local muscle groups after static stretching, and static stretching has therefore been recommended not to be performed during warm-ups. A recent study showed evidence of a cross-over effect in regard to static stretching, i.e. non-local muscles were also affected by static stretching. This result could however be due to fatigue in the muscle groups stretched, and a fatigued condition has previously shown cross-over effects in several studies. Aim: The aim of the study was to (1) examine if upper-limb static stretching and muscle fatigue display a cross-over effect that show changes in force output in the lower limbs, and (2) if there was a difference between the effects of the static stretch protocol and the muscle fatigue protocol for the purpose of examining if fatigue is the larger factor for cross-over. Methods: Concentric maximal jump height of 15 subjects with previous strength training experience of at least one year was measured and the subjects subsequently performed both intervention protocols in a random order. After each protocol concentric jump height was measured again. The static stretch protocol consisted of a static stretch for the shoulder at an intensity of “Very hard”, 10 repetitions of 30 second stretches with 15 seconds rest in between repetitions. The muscle fatigue protocol consisted of 10 repetitions of 30 seconds isometric muscle contraction in the same position with 15 seconds rest between repetitions at an intensity of “Very hard”. The data was collected on an infra-red contact mat and differences between the mean jump heights pre- and post each protocol and between the different protocols were analyzed with pair sample t-test.   Result: Mean concentric jump height (± standard deviation, SD) was 25.31 (±9.4) cm for the baseline jumps, 23.66 (±8.89) cm post static stretch intervention jumps and 24.13 (±8.90) cm post muscle fatigue intervention jumps. This indicates a cross-over effect on force output in the legs post static stretching with a mean reduction of 1.65 cm (p=0.001). Upper-limb muscle fatigue indicated a cross-over effect on force output in the legs with a mean reduction of 1.18 cm (p=0.032). There was no statistical significance between the two protocols (p=0.146). Conclusion: The results presented a cross-over effect on both conditions. This is in line with previous research in the area. The results implicate that static stretching and muscle fatigue effects the central nervous system, which can lead to impairments in performance in non-local muscles. This can be considered in warm-up and exercise program design when force output is of great importance for performance

This project is a study in doing the same thing again and again and again. It experiments with a purposefully reductive design strategy limited to the repetition of a single idea. Taking cues from other disciplines, it uses this incessant repetition to introduce a new affect to architecture based upon the experience of self-similar spaces in an uninterrupted and seemingly endless sequence. Finally, it reimagines the typology of the large history museum, proposing an open-ended series of moments of historical totality as an alternative to the cumulative or narrative unfolding of content. This thesis project is at once a primitive formal game and a spatially complex reinvention of a venerable American institution. It is an architectural contraption that reorders a universe of artifacts.

This project is a study in doing the same thing again and again and again. It experiments with a purposefully reductive design strategy limited to the repetition of a single idea. Taking cues from other disciplines, it uses this incessant repetition to introduce a new affect to architecture based upon the experience of self-similar spaces in an uninterrupted and seemingly endless sequence. Finally, it reimagines the typology of the large history museum, proposing an open-ended series of moments of historical totality as an alternative to the cumulative or narrative unfolding of content. This thesis project is at once a primitive formal game and a spatially complex reinvention of a venerable American institution. It is an architectural contraption that reorders a universe of artifacts.

Tendo em vista o crescente investimento em atividades economicamente importantes nas zonas costeiras, tal como a produção petrolífera brasileira e o crescimento na atividade portuária e esforço de pesca, a compreensão adequada dos fenômenos oceanográficos e meteorológicos sobre tais zonas é de grande valia para as operações desses setores. Os ventos representam um importante parâmetro para análise nesse sentido, sendo a principal fonte de energia para a geração de ondas de gravidade nos oceanos, e determinantes na caracterização de condições severas tempo. Uma série de estudos foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos envolvendo a análise do comportamento dos extremos de ondas sobre a região do Oceano Atlântico Sul, de acordo com o crescimento da demanda por tais informações pelo setor industrial. No entanto, há poucos registros de estudos que caracterizem os extremos de intensidade de vento sobre essa região. E, em nenhum desses trabalhos, a separação direcional do vento extremo e seus fenômenos causadores foram levados em consideração. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho visa atender diretamente a necessidade por trabalhos nesse sentido para a região do Oceano Atlântico Sul, buscando oferecer uma análise dos campos de ventos extremos direcionalmente segregados, através de dados do projeto de reanálise \\textit{NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis I} e de resultados de uma simulação numérica com o modelo BRAMS. A tais conjuntos de dados foi aplicada a metodologia de análise de extremos \\textit{Peaks Over Threshold} (POT), que trata do ajuste dos excessos acima de um limiar estabelecido a uma distribuição conhecida, a Distribuição Generalizada de Pareto (Generalized Pareto Distribution - GPD). E, a partir disso, construir mapas com os valores extremos de retorno para longos períodos. Tais parâmetros são muito importantes na predição de eventos extremos e no refinamento de simulações de longo período. Os extremos relacionados aos fenômenos em larga escala, dados pelos campos do NCEP, em conjunto com o maior detalhamento em mesoescala, dado pelo BRAMS, refletiram diretamente no comportamento dos valores extremos de retorno. Para todas as direções do vento analisadas, observaram-se feições mais refinadas dos extremos de retorno para os resultados com a simulação do BRAMS, principalmente nas zonas costeiras. Essas feições, principalmente àquelas ao sul e sudeste do Oceano Atlântico Sul, tiveram seus valores potencializados em zonas já conhecidas na bibliografia pela grande incidência de eventos altamente energéticos. / Given the growing investment in important economic activities in coastal areas, such as oil and gas exploitation, harbor activities and increasing fishing effort, the proper understanding of oceanographic and meteorological phenomena over such areas has great value to the operations of such sectors. The winds are an important parameter for analysis in this context, being the main source of energy for gravity waves generation in the ocean, and determining the characterization of severe weather conditions. A number of studies have been developed in recent years involving the behavior of extreme waves over the South Atlantic Ocean region, given the rowing demand for such information by industrial sectors. However, there are few records of studies that characterize the extremes of wind speed fields over this region. And, in none of these works, the direction of the extreme wind and meteorological phenomenon associated were considered. Thus, this paper aims to address directly the need for work in this context for the South Atlantic Ocean region, seeking to offer an analysis of extreme wind fields directionally separated, through data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 and results from a numerical simulation with BRAMS. The Peaks Over Threshold (POT), which deals with the adjustment of the excesses above a threshold to the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), was applied to both datasets. And from that, maps with the extreme return values have been developed for long return periods. These parameters are very important in predicting extreme events and refinement of long-period simulations. Extreme winds related to the large scale phenomena, represented by NCEP fields, in conjunction with the greater mesoscale detail, given by the BRAMS simulation, directly reflected in the behavior of extreme return values. For all wind directions analyzed, there were more refined features of the extremes return levels given by the BRAMS simulation, especially in coastal areas. These features, notably those in the south and southeast of the South Atlantic Ocean, values were strengthened in areas already known in the literature for the high incidence of energetic events.

Manifestation visible des cross-overs génétiques, les chiasmata lient les paires de chromosomes homologues afin de les orienter correctement sur le fuseau méiotique en Métaphase et Anaphase I. Ils résultent d'un processus complexe et étroitement régulé impliquant l'induction de cassures double-brins et de leur réparation par l'invasion d'un duplex d'ADN homologue faisant office de modèle. La recombinaison est ainsi essentielle pour le synapsis et la ségrégation correcte des chromosomes méiotiques à la première division méiotique, et pour la génération de la variabilité génétique. Bien que les processus permettant à un chromosome de s'apparier seulement à son homologue ne soient pas complètement élucidés, l'appariement des chromosomes homologues est étroitement lié à la recombinaison catalysée par les enzymes d'échange de brins d'ADN RAD51 et DMC1. Ces deux protéines ont des capacités très similaires in vitro, mais sont fonctionnellement distinctes in vivo.La première partie de ma thèse montre l'impact de l'élimination de l'activité d'échange de brins de RAD51 dans la méiose d'Arabidopsis, tout en conservant sa fonction de facteur accessoire pour l'action de DMC1. La recombinaison peut donner lieu à des cross-over (CO) et non-cross-over (NCO) et la recombinase spécifique de la méiose DMC1 a été jugée particulièrement importante dans la production de CO interhomologue. Des résultats récents suggèrent fortement toutefois que DMC1 est la seule recombinase active dans la méiose et doit donc être responsable des résultats de CO et NCO. Etant donné qu'environ 95% de la recombinaison méiotique homologue dans Arabidopsis n'entraîne pas de cross-overs interhomologues, Arabidopsis est un modèle particulièrement sensible pour tester l'importance relative des deux protéines - même des effets mineurs sur la population d'événements non-cross-over devraient produire des effets détectables sur les cross-overs. DMC1 catalyse la réparation de toutes les cassures d'ADN méiotiques en présence d'une protéine RAD51 catalytiquement inactive (fusion RAD51-GFP), et les résultats de mon travail montrent que cela n'a pas d'effet détectable sur les taux relatifs de recombinaison de CO et de NCO : à la fois localement, à l'échelle du chromosome et du génome. Et non plus sur la progression de la division méiotique. Ce travail a abouti à une publication dans le journal PLoS One (Singh G, Da Ines O, Gallego ME & White CI (2017) Analyse de l'impact de l'absence d'activité d'échange de brins de RAD51 dans la méiose d'Arabidopsis PLoS ONE 12: e0183006- 16).Des publications antérieures montrent une synapsis homologue partielle et incomplète en l'absence de rad51 et xrcc3 dans la méiose d'Arabidopsis. Cela s'accompagne de la présence de nombreuses fibres courtes ZYP1 dans ces noyaux, ce qui pourrait indiquer de faibles longueurs de complèxe synaptonémale (SC). Ce synapsis partielle dépend à la fois de SPO11 et de DMC1 et implique des péricentromères, montrant que DMC1 est capable (au moins partiellement) d'entraîner le synapsis dans les péricentromères en l'absence de RAD51. Afin de mieux caractériser ceci et pour tester l'hypothèse que les fibres ZYP1 courtes montrent la présence d'une initiation de SC à ces sites, j'ai méné des expériences d'immunofluorescence et d'imagerie SIM. Utilisant un coloration DAPI et les antiséra ASY1, ZYP1 et CENH3, j'ai conduite des analyses cytogénétiques de le synapsis dans les mutants rad51, xrcc3 et des plantes sauvages. Ces travaux faisaient l'objet de la deuxième partie de mes travaux de thèse. Dans les plantes mutantes, j'observe effectivement des fibres courtes ZYP1 comprenant des centromères, mais elles ne sont pas la règle, ce qui signifie que le synapsis ne commence pas nécessairement à des centromères ou des péricentromères. (...) / The visible manifestation of genetic crossing-over, chiasmata link homologous chromosome pairs to permit them to properly orient on the meiotic Anaphase I spindle. They are the result of an intricate and tightly regulated process involving induction of DNA double- strand breaks and their repair through invasion of a homologous template DNA duplex. Recombination is thus essential for the synapsis and accurate segregation of meiotic chromosomes at the first meiotic division, and in doing so, generates genetic variation. Although the processes permitting a chromosome to pair only with its homologue are not fully understood, successful pairing of homologous chromosomes is tightly linked to recombination catalysed by the DNA strand exchange enzymes RAD51 and DMC1. Both proteins share very similar capabilities in vitro, but are functionally distinct in vivo. The first part of my thesis shows the impact of eliminating the strand exchange activity of RAD51 in Arabidopsis meiosis, while retaining its function as an accessory factor for the action of DMC1. Recombination can give rise to both crossover (CO) and non-crossover (NCO) outcomes and the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1 has been thought to be of particular importance in the production of inter-homolog CO. Recent results however suggest strongly that that DMC1 is the only active recombinase in wild-type meiosis and thus must be responsible for both CO and NCO outcomes. Approximately 95% of meiotic homologous recombination in Arabidopsis does not result in inter-homologue crossovers and Arabidopsis is thus a particularly sensitive model for testing the relative importance of the two proteins - even minor effects on the non-crossover event population should produce detectable effects on crossing-over. DMC1 catalyses repair of all meiotic DNA breaks in the presence of the catalytically inactive RAD51 (RAD51-GFP fusion) and the results of my work show that this has no detectable effect on the relative rates of CO and NCO recombination, both locally and chromosome- and genome-wide, nor on the progression of the meiotic division. This work has resulted in a publication in the journal PLoS One (Singh G, Da Ines O, Gallego ME & White CI (2017) Analysis of the impact of the absence of RAD51 strand exchange activity in Arabidopsis meiosis. PLoS ONE 12: e0183006–16).Previous publications show partial, incomplete homolog synapsis in the absence of rad51 and xrcc3 in Arabidopsis meiosis. This is accompanied by the presence of many short ZYP1 fibres in these nuclei, possibly indicating short stretches of Synaptonemal Complex (SC). The partial synapsis is both SPO11- and DMC1-dependent and involves peri-centromeres, showing that DMC1 is able to (at least partially) drive synapsis in peri-centromeres in the absence of RAD51. In an effort to better characterize this and to test the hypothesis that the short ZYP1 fibres show the presence of initiation of SC at these sites, immunofluorescence and SIM imaging with DAPI staining and ASY1, ZYP1 and CENH3 antisera were carried out for cytogenetic analyses of synapsis in rad51 and xrcc3 mutants and the WT in the second part of my thesis work. Although I do observe short ZYP1 fibres including centromeres in the mutants, these are not the rule, so synapsis does not necessarily begin at centromeres or peri-centromeres. The superresolution imaging does confirm the presence of stretches of 4-chromatid fibres in xrcc3 plants and this approach will be extended in future work of the group to probe the nature of the RAD51-independent partial meiotic chromosome synapsis.Finally, I have designed and built CRISPR/CAS9 constructs with the aim of creating meiotic DSB hotspots at specific genomic loci. Taking advantage of single nucleotide polymorphism data, these constructs were designed to specifically cleave sites in the Arabidopsis Col-0 ecotype, and not in Ler-0 plants. (...)

La recombinaison méiotique produite par les Crossing Overs (COs) est un facteur limitant pour l’efficacité de la sélection variétale. Une possibilité pour produire des plantes hyper-recombinantes serait d’exploiter la variabilité intraspécifique pour les fréquences de recombinaison. L’identification des polymorphismes causaux, liés à la séquence ou l’expression, représente un travail de longue haleine. Une approche alternative serait de produire des mutants pour des régulateurs négatifs des fréquences de recombinaison. Chez le colza, jeune allotétraploïde (AACC, 2n=38), il est possible de jouer sur ces 2 approches. Dans un premier temps j’ai cherché à vérifier dans quelle mesure pouvait varier le transcriptome méiotique entre 2 variétés ayant servi à cartographier un QTL pour le contrôle de la recombinaison entre chromosome homoéologues (hérités des génomes parentaux). Ce transcriptome méiotique s’est révélé de façon inattendue très variable ; les principales sources de cette variation étant notamment la nature du génome (A ou C) ainsi que l’effet variété. J’ai montré que les HEs (le remplacement d’une région chromosomique par la duplication de la région homoéologue) contribuent de façon importante aux différences d’expression observées à la fois entre variétés ou au sein d’un même génotype. Dans un second temps, j’ai vérifié que FANCM décrit chez Arabidopis thaliana comme un régulateur négatif pour les fréquences de recombinaison avait bien la même fonction chez les Brassica. Chez Brassica rapa j’ai vérifié qu’un mutant fancm complémente comme attendu un mutant déficient pour la voie majoritaire de formation des COs. Chez Brassica napus j’ai observé une faible augmentation à la fois des fréquences de recombinaison entre chromosomes homologues et homoéologues. Ce travail souligne l’importance de la caractérisation des HEs chez les allopolyploïdes. Au-delà de leurs impacts sur le contenu et l’expression génique, les HEs ont très certainement des conséquences phénotypiques. Cette étude présente aussi un exemple de biologie translationnelle pour un trait important en amélioration des plantes. / Meiotic recombination driven by Crossing-Over (CO) is a limiting factor for the efficiency of plant breeding. One way to produce hyper-recombinant plants is to use the existing interspecific variability for recombination frequencies. Identification of the causal polymorphisms, either link to gene sequence or expression, represents a long-term endeavour. Another possibility is to mutate anti-meiotic CO genes. In rapeseed, a young allotetraploid species (AACC, 2n=38), both of these approaches are possible. First I wanted to check how much varies the meiotic transcriptome between 2 varieties that differ in term of recombination between homoeologous chromosomes (inherited from parental genomes). Unexpectedly, the meiotic transcriptome turned out to be very variable, the main source of this variation being notably the origin of the genome (A or C) and the variety. I also showed that homoeologous exchanges (HEs; the replacement of one chromosomal region with a duplicate of the homeologous region) contributed to this variation and led to large changes in expression both between and within varieties. Then I assessed whether FANCM, an anti-CO protein identified in Arabidopis thaliana had the same function in the Brassica genus. In Brassica rapa, a fancm mutant complements as expected a meiosis mutant defective in the main formation pathway for the formation of meiotic COs. In Brassica napus, I observed a slight increase in both homologous and homoeologous recombination frequencies. This work emphasizes the importance of characterizing HEs in allopolyploids species. Beyond their impact on gene content and expression, HEs most have likely phenotypic consequences. This study also presents an example of translational biology for an important trait in crop breeding.

Due to concerns about the negative impacts of powering vehicles using fossil fuel and the future availability of fossil fuel, there has been an increased focus on electric vehicles. However, current electric vehicle energy efficiency is a key problem as these vehicles are not as efficient as fossil-fueled vehicles. One way of decreasing a vehicle’s energy consumption is to reduce the weight of the vehicle, while still ensuring the safety and reliability of the vehicle. Controller Area Network (CAN) systems have been used in vehicles to realize real-time applications, however the low peak data rates of CAN have begun to limit the applications that can be realized. This bachelor’s thesis project focuses on secure communication within a vehicle using Ethernet. Additionally, the use of Power over Ethernet can be used for powering some of the network attached devices within the vehicle. The goal is to reduce the number of components and the weight of the vehicle while continuing to ensure the security and reliability of the communication – even when the network grows in size (either in physical size or in number of connected devices). This thesis shows that an Ethernet based system can serve as a possible replacement candidate for the CAN system due to its low latencies and high bandwidth. Ethernet is also a very scalable system with none of the limitations that a CAN system have. / Den negativa påverkan av fossila bränslen har de senaste årtionden haft en negativ på planeten, mängden fossila bränslen över världen konsumeras även i en högre takt än vad som produceras. Därför har fokusen för att finna förnybara energi källor som både är effektiva och inte påverkar miljön på ett negativt sätt ökat. Därför är elbilar en viktig del i konverteringen av enheter som drivs av fossila bränslen till förnybara energikällor. Ett av problemen i en elbil är att energi konsumptionen är inte lika effektiv som fossila bränslen inom bil industrin. Ett sätt att sänka energi konsumptionen är att minska mängden komponenter inom en bil för att minska på vikten, utan att påverka säkerheten och tillförlitligheten. Tidigare har man använt sig av ett CAN system för att försäkra sig om systemet fungerar felfritt i realtid, problematiken med detta system är att när nätverket ökar i storlek så sätter de fysiska begränsningarna av detta system stop för den garanterade säkerheten. Detta kandidatexamensarbete kommer att fokusera på den interna kommunikationen i en elbil med hjälp av ett ethernet baserat kommunkations system över CAN systemet. Power over Ethernet tekinken kommer att tillämpas för de systemen som kan drivas av detta system. Målet är att reducera antalet komponenter som behövs och att garantera säkerheten och tillförlitligheten av den interna kommunikationen när nätverket av komponenter ökar i storlek. Det här kandidatarbetet visar att Ethernet kan ersätta det nuvarande CAN systemet ef-tersom att Ethernet erbjuder låga latenser och hög bandbredd. Detta arbete visar även att Et-hernet är väldigt skalbart och har inte begränsingarna som ett CAN system har.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The cost of telemetry collection is significantly reduced by unmanned store and forward systems made possible using 622MHz OC-12 networks. Networks are readily available to telemetry system architects. The in-band control of remote unmanned collection platforms is handled through a Java browser interface. Data from many telemetry channels are collected and temporarily stored on a digital disk system designed around the OC-12 network. The I/O, storage, and network components are configured, set, and initialized remotely. Recordings are started and stopped on command and can be made round-the-clock. Files of stored, time stamped data are delivered at the rate of OC-12 to a distribution center.