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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Efeito de adição de drogas hipolipemizantes à ração sobre as concentrações de lípides plasmáticos e de colesterol na gema do ovo de galinhas / Effect of dietary Iipid-Iowering drugs upon plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens

Agnes Veridiana Mori 14 September 1998 (has links)
Para se verificar o efeito de drogas hipolipemizantes sobre a qualidade do ovo, desempenho das aves, níveis de Iípides plasmáticos e colesterol na gema do ovo, foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando-se galinhas poedeiras Shaver. No experimento 1, 240 aves com 30 semanas de idade, foram alimentadas durante 12 semanas com dieta comercial (CON1) acrescida de Probucol a 0,1% (PROB), Gemfibrozil a 0,025% (GEMF) e Lovastatina em três concentrações: 0,0005% (LOV1), 0,001% (LOV2) e 0,0015% (LOV3), totalizando seis tratamentos. No experimento 2, 128 aves com 26 semanas de idade, receberam como alimentação, durante seis semanas, dieta formulada sem ingredientes de origem animal (CON2), acrescida de Colestiramina a 0,2% (COL 1) e 0,3% (COL2) e Lovastatina a 0,005% (LOV4), perfazendo um total de quatro tratamentos. Em ambos os experimentos, a adição das drogas não prejudicou a qualidade da casca e do albúmen dos ovos e, de um modo geral, não determinou efeitos indesejáveis sobre o desempenho produtivo das aves, com exceção da redução observada no peso médio dos ovos no experimento 2. No experimento 1, em relação aos lípides plasmáticos, a adição de drogas à ração determinou reduções de significado estatístico (p<0,05), nos triglicérides, apenas no LOV2 (38,5%), e no colesterol total, nos grupos LOV2 (36,0%), LOV3 (36,8%), PROB (29,6%) e GEMF (30,4%). Não foram consignadas alterações significativas nos níveis de HDL-colesterol em relação ao CON 1, observando-se, com exceção do GEMF, tendência a elevação de seus valores com o uso das diferentes drogas. Verificou-se redução significativa (p<0,05) do colesterol na gema (mg/g) nos grupos LOV1 (7,4%) e LOV3 (12,1%). No experimento 2, os lípides plasmáticos não sofreram alterações de significado estatístico em relação ao CON2, sendo que os triglicérides e o colesterol total mostraram tendência a diminuição no LOV4. A concentração de colesterol na gema (mg/g) permaneceu inalterada, em cotejo com o CON2, mediante a adição das drogas utilizadas no experimento 2. Os efeitos da Lovastatina sobre as concentrações de Iípides sanguíneos e de colesterol do ovo foram menos evidentes no experimento 2, onde as aves apresentavam níveis de Iípides plasmáticos mais reduzidos. Os coeficientes de correlação e as equações de regressão calculados mostraram que o peso da gema aumenta conforme o peso do ovo se eleva (p<0,05), e que um aumento do peso da gema corresponde a um incremento de seu teor de colesterol, indicando que as variações dos níveis de colesterol por gema podem ser, em parte, justificadas pelas diferenças entre os pesos dos ovos. / Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of lipid¬lowering agents upon egg quality, reproductive performance, plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of Shaver laying hens. In the first trial, two hundred and forty 30-week-old hens were fed basal diet (commercial ration - CON1) supplemented with 0.1 % Probucol (PROB), 0.025% Gemfibrozil (GEMF), or Lovastatin at 0.0005% (LOV1), 0.001 % (LOV2) and 0.015% (LOV3) for a 12-week experimental period. In experiment 2, one hundred and twenty-eight 26-week-old hens were fed basal diet without animal products (CON2) containing either 0.2% Cholestyramine (CaL 1), 0.3% Cholestyramine (COL2) or 0.005% Lovastatin (LOV4) for a period of six weeks. At the termination of both experiments, it was observed that the supplement of the drugs did not impair albumen and shell quality. In addition, hen performance was not adversely affected, with the exception of the significant reduction (p<0.05) in egg weights observed in experiment 2. In experiment 1, with regard to the plasma lipids, the depression in triglyceride concentrations approached statistical significance (p<0.05) only in LOV2 (38.5%), and total cholesterol was significantly depressed (p<0.05) in LOV2 (36.0%), LOV3 (36.8%), PROB (29.6%) and GEMF (30.4%) groups. HOL-cholesterol levels were not significantly altered by drug treatments; but with the exception of GEMF, there was a trend towards the elevation by the use of other drugs. Egg cholesterol content, expressed per gram of yolk was significantly lowered (p<0.05) in LOV1 (7.4%) and LOV3 (12.1 %). In experiment 2, no significant changes were observed on plasma lipids due to the addition of the drugs, but cholesterol and triglyceride levels tend to reduction in LOV4 group. Egg yolk cholesterol remained unchanged in experiment 2 with the supplement of the drugs. The effect of Lovastatin on plasma lipid and egg yolk cholesterol concentration was less remarkable in experiment 2, when hens presented lower plasma lipid levels. When correlation coefficients and regression equations were calculated, it was found that yolk weight increased linearly (p<0.05) as egg weight raised, and the higher the yolk weight, the higher the yolk cholesterol content, indicating that yolk cholesterol content changes may be partially explained by differences among egg weights.
112

avaliaÃÃo do desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais, submetidas a dietas à base de sorgo-soja / evaluation of performance and quality of eggs from laying trade, subject to diets based on sorghum, soybeans

Jarier de Oliveira Moreno 15 March 2005 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da substituiÃÃo do milho pelo sorgo, com e sem a adiÃÃo de um pigmentante natural, em dietas para poedeiras, sobre o desempenho e qualidade do ovo. Cento e sessenta poedeiras da linhagem Hy-Line, com quarenta e sete semanas de idade, foram alojadas num delineamento inteiramente casualisado com quatro repetiÃÃes de oito aves, totalizando trinta e duas aves por tratamento. As dietas foram isoenergÃticas, isoprotÃicas e isoaminoacÃdicas, formuladas à base de milho, sorgo e farelo de soja, suplementadas ou nÃo com pigmentante natural. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 â raÃÃo contendo 100% de milho como cereal energÃtico; T2 â raÃÃo contendo 50% de milho e 50% de sorgo sem pigmentante natural; T3 â raÃÃo contendo 50% de milho e 50% de sorgo com pigmentante natural; T4 â raÃÃo contendo 100% de sorgo sem pigmentante natural; T5 â raÃÃo contendo 100% de sorgo com pigmentante natural. O experimento teve a duraÃÃo de cento e doze dias, divididos em quatro perÃodos de vinte e oito dias. As variÃveis estudadas foram: desempenho zootÃcnico â percentagem de postura (ave/dia), consumo de raÃÃo (g/ave/dia), conversÃo alimentar (kg de raÃÃo/kg de ovo) e peso do ovo (g); qualidade do ovo â percentagem de casca, percentagem de albÃmen, percentagem de gema e coloraÃÃo da gema e; custo de produÃÃo. A anÃlise de variÃncia dos dados mostrou que a percentagem de postura foi significativamente menor (P<0,05) na raÃÃo com 100% de sorgo e pigmentante natural (T5), quando comparada com os demais tratamentos. Quanto à coloraÃÃo da gema do ovo, a raÃÃo com 100% de milho apresentou pigmentaÃÃo superior (P<0,05), quando comparado com as dietas com 50% e 100% de sorgo sem o pigmentante. AlÃm disso, a coloraÃÃo da gema do ovo foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) nos tratamentos com 50 e 100% de sorgo com o pigmentante, em relaÃÃo ao tratamento controle. O custo de produÃÃo mostrou que o sorgo pode substituir totalmente o milho, desde que se reduza o nÃvel de pigmentante na dieta. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que a substituiÃÃo parcial e total do milho por sorgo nÃo afeta as caracterÃsticas de desempenho (exceto a percentagem de postura) e qualidade do ovo das poedeiras e a inclusÃo do pigmentante natural nas dietas com sorgo contornou o problema da pigmentaÃÃo da gema do ovo. / The experiment was designed to study the effect of the substitution of the corn for sorghum, with and without addition of a natural pigment, in diets for lying hens, on performance and quality of the egg. One hundred and sixty Hy-Line White Leghorns hens with 47 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions of eight birds, totalizing 32 birds per treatment. The diets were isoenergetics, isoproteics and isoaminoacidics, based on corn, soybean meal and sorghum, supplemented or not with natural pigmentant. The reatments were: T1 - diet with 100% of corn as energy cereal; T2 - diet with 50% of corn and 50% of sorghum without natural pigment; T3 - diet with 50% of maize and 50% of sorghum with natural pigment; T4 - diet with 100% of sorghum without natural pigment; T5 - diet with 100% of sorghum with natural pigment. The experiment was held for 112 days divided in four periods of 28 days each. The ariables studied were: performance â egg production (% hen/day), feed intake (g/bird per day), feed: gain ratio (kg feed/kg egg) and egg weight (g); Quality egg â eggshell (%), egg-albumen (%), egg-yolk (%) and yolk color (fan Roche); feed cost. Analysis of variance showed that the egg production was significantly lesser (P<0,05) in the diet with 100% of sorghum with natural pigment, when compared to the other treatments. How much to the pigmentation of the egg yolk, T1 diet presented highest pigmentation (P<0,05), when compared with T2 and T4. Moreover, the pigmentation of the egg-yolk was significantly highest (P<0,05) in the T3 in relation to the T2, as well as in the T5 in relation to the T4. The production cost suggested that the replacement for 100% of corn by sorghum and addition of natural pigment increased the production cost of one kilogram of egg, with good acceptance of consuming market. In conclusion, the partial and total substitution of the corn for sorghum did not affect the characteristics of performance (except egg production), and egg quality of lying hens and the inclusion of the natural pigment in the rations with sorghum skirted the problem of the pigmentation egg yolk.
113

Aspectos da oogenese do Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera, calliphoridae)

Avancini, Rita Maria Pereira, 1956- 31 July 1984 (has links)
Orientador : Angelo Pires do Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T03:12:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avancini_RitaMariaPereira_M.pdf: 3969485 bytes, checksum: a69e9c937e04cea1b5e8f1041b1f12eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 1984 / Resumo: Neste estudo foram investigados alguns aspectos básicos da biologia reprodutiva de C. putoria mosca varejeira, da família Calliphoridae, de introdução recente no Brasil. As moscas foram mantidas em gaiolas de criação sob dieta padrão composta por fígado bovino cru (3 horas/dia) e água à vontade. Constatou-se que são necessários, no mínimo 6 dias para que as fêmeas tenham seus folículos ovarianos totalmente desenvolvidos o que ocorre de maneira sincrôni-ca. Este desenvolvimento é possível quando a fêmea recebe dieta protéica adequada, pois do contrário não se inicia a deposição de vitelo nos folículos. Portanto, sob dieta constituída por açúcar e água, C. putoria manifestou-se como a nautógena. Porém, mesmo após um período prolongado sob dieta aproteica, C. putoria manteve seu potencial reprodutivo, pois desenvolveu normalmente os folículos quando passou ter acesso ao fígado.Esta espécie foi capaz de desenvolver os folículos da segunda camada mesmo quando os primeiros não tinham ainda sido ovipostos, multiplicando dessa forma o mero de ovos a ser deixados numa postura. Os fatos acima mencionados podem ter uma ampla repercussão nas populações naturais, pois se aí também ocorrerem, sabemos que: em ausência de matéria orgânica protéica, as fêmeas não desenvolvem ovos, mas que quando o alimento volta a existir, o processo é retomado e, conseqüentemente, novos indivíduos surgirão; além disto, em ausência de condições ideais para oviposição, o estoque dos folícu-los maduros irá sendo multiplicado. Os ovários são do tipo meroístico politrófico contando em média com 76 folículos por ovário. Existem 15 células tróficas por folículo e o núcleo destas pode apresentar uma ploidia final de até 13 vezes a inicial. estimativa feita a partir das áreas das projeções dos núcleos obtidas de montagem total com coloração de Feulgen. No início do processo de multiplicação desse material nuclear são visíveis cromossomos politênicos típicos. Esses núcleos a-presentam um corpúsculo de DNA bastante evidente o qual não encontramos descrito para outras espécies da família. C putoria apresenta desenvolvimento ovariano bastante semelhante ao que ocorre para a espécie na Tan-zânia (África oriental) e com ela produz descendentes férteis.Este fato nos fez pensar na hipótese de sua origem a partir da África oriental e não da ocidental como anteri-ormente suposto. Julgamos que com o presente estudo serão oferecidos subsídios para bem fundamentar futuros programas de controle dessa espécie-praga / Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate some basic aspects concerning the reproductive biology of a blowfly, Chrydomya putoria (Ca11iphoridae) which has recently been introduced in Brazil.Adu1t flies were kept in cages and were fed on fresh cattle liver during 3 hours a day and water "adlibitum".Results showed that females presented a synchronic development of ovarian follicles, a process which took 6 days at least to be completed.No yolk deposition in the follicles was started out unless a proper protein diet has been supplied. Therefore, C. putoria was an anautogenous species when fed only with sugar and water. However C.putoria maintained its reproductive potential presenting normal follicle growth when liver was available even after along time under an aproteic diet. The concerned species was able to develop the second batch of eggs when the first one had not been laid yet. Thus, the arnount of eggs of a certain oviposition could be multiplied. Great changes in populations structure can be expected if the facts above also occur in the field since females do not complete oogenesis without proteic matter, but when it is present again in the field, eggs can be produced and, consequently, new flies will be risen. In addition, when ideal conditions for egg laying do not occur, there will be mature follicle batches multiplication. In this species, ovaries are classified as meroistic polytrophic, each one presenting 76 follicles in average. There are 15 nurse cells in a follicle and their nucleous may present a final ploidy 13 times greater than the initial one, which was estimated in view of the nucleous areas projections obtained in Feulgen-stained whole mounts. Typical polytenic chromosomes can be seen at the begining of this nuclear material multiplication. Those nuclei present a very remarkable DNA body which we did not find described for other alliphoridae species. C. putoria ovarian developrnent pattern is very similar to that of Tanzania (Eastern Africa) species. When these two species are crossed, fertile progeny is produced. This leads to the hypothesis of its origin from the Eastern Africa instead of the Western one as previously described. / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia
114

Efeito da inclusão de óleos de diferentes composições na ração sobre o desempenho e composição dos lipídios da gema de ovo de galinhas poedeiras / Effect of the inclusion of oils of different compositions in the diets on production parameters and composition of the lipids of the yolk of egg of laying hens

Silva, Marcelo Dias da 15 July 2003 (has links)
Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T14:03:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 190988 bytes, checksum: 1d5db572bbaa03e76413f08af1f54422 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T14:03:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 190988 bytes, checksum: 1d5db572bbaa03e76413f08af1f54422 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-07-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da inclusão de óleos de diferentes composições na ração sobre o desempenho na produção de ovos e a composição dos lipidios da gema do ovo de poedeiras leves e semipesadas. Durante quatro períodos de vinte e oito dias foram utilizadas 432 aves no segundo ciclo de produção, sendo 216 poedeiras da marca comercial Hy Line W36 (aves leves) e 216 aves Hy Line Brown (aves semipesadas), que foram submetidas aos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (1+4 x 2), sendo um testemunha, quatro tratamentos e duas marcas, com quatro repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiam em rações com 16,5% de proteína bruta, formuladas para satisfazer as exigências nutricionais, com inclusão de cada tipo de óleo à 2 ou 4%. Sendo os óleos utilizados: o de soja, de canola, de linhaça e de peixe. A ração do tratamento testemunha não possuía óleo. As variáveis estudadas foram: consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), produção de ovos(%), peso dos ovos (g), massa de ovos (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar (Kg de ração consumida por dúzia de ovos e por Kg de ovos), além do perfil de ácidos graxos dos lipídios da gema. Os principais ácidos graxos encontrados foram: palmítico, esteárico, oléico, linoléico, linolênico, araquidônico e docosahexaenóico(DHA). Nas condições em que este experimento foi realizado, com relação ao desempenho, os níveis e fontes de óleo utilizados não influenciaram a massa de ovos, a conversão alimentar (por kg e por dúzia de ovos) e a produção de ovos. Em relação ao peso médio do ovo, nos três primeiros períodos, independente da fonte de óleo e do tipo de poedeira, os valores foram maiores nas poedeiras que receberam ração com 4% de óleo. Exceto no 3 0 período, no caso das aves leves submetidas a ração com inclusão de óleo de soja onde os valores foram semelhantes para os níveis de 2 e 4%. As poedeiras leves consumiram menos ração e tiveram melhores conversões alimentares (por dúzia e por Kg de ração) e as fontes de óleo utilizadas não interferiram no consumo de ração. Em relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos, nas condições em que este experimento foi realizado, constata-se que o tipo de fonte de óleo utilizada influenciou a porcentagem na gema de todos os ácidos graxos estudados. A presença na gema de determinados ácidos graxos ausentes em alguns óleos, confirma a capacidade de alongamento e de dessaturação, de produção destes ácidos graxos pelo sistema enzimático das aves. Os óleos de peixe e de linhaça, nos níveis de inclusão de 4% e 2% na ração, resultaram nas maiores porcentagens de ácidos graxos ômega 3 nas gemas, constituindo boas fontes para produção de ovos enriquecidos em ácidos graxos ômega 3 para o consumo humano, enquanto os óleos de canola e de soja levaram a produção de níveis baixos de ácidos graxos ômega 3 não sendo boas fontes para produção de ovos enriquecidos nestes ácidos graxos. / The objectives of this research is to evaluate the inclusion effects of oils in different compositions in the diets on the egg production parameters and composition of the lipids of the yolk of egg of heavy and light laying hens. During four periods of twenty-eight days 432 birds were used, in the second production cycle, in wish there were 216 laying hens of the commercial mark Hy Line W36 (light birds) and 216 birds Hy Line Brown (heavy birds), that were submitted to the treatments. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (1+4 x 2) and there were a witness, four treatments and two marks, with four repetitions and six birds for experimental unit. The treatments consisted in diets with 16,5% of gross protein, formulated to satisfy the nutritional requirements, with inclusion of each oils type to at 2 or 4%. There were used: soy, canola, linseed and fish. The diet of the witness treatment didn't include oil. The studied variables were: intake (g/hen/day), production of eggs (%), egg weight (g),egg mass (g/hen/day), feed efficiency ( Kg feed /dozen of eggs and for Kg of eggs), besides the profile of fatty acids. The main fatty acids found were: palmitic, estearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, araquidonic and docosahexanoic(DHA). In the conditions this experiment was carried out, xaccording to the productions parameters, the levels and the oil sources that were used, didn't influence the egg mass, the feed efficiency (by kg and dozen of eggs) and the egg production. In relation to the egg weight, in the first three periods, independently of the oil source and the hen mark, the values were larger in the hens which received diet with 4% of oil. Except in the third period, in the case of the light birds submitted to the diet with inclusion of soy oil which values were similar for the 2 and 4% levels. The light hens consumed less diet and had better alimentary conversions (by kg and dozen of eggs) and the oil sources that were used, didn't interfere in the diet consumption. In relation to the profile of fatty acids, in the conditions this experiment was carried out, it was verified that the type of oil source influenced the percentage in the yolk of all the fatty acids studied. The presence in the yolk of certain fatty acids that are absent in some oils confirms the capacity of production of these fatty acids for the enzymatic system of the birds. The fish and linseed oils, in the levels of inclusion of 4% and 2% in the diet, resulted in the largest percentages of omega-3 fatty acids in the yolks, there are good sources for production of eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids for the human consumption, while the canola oils and of soy resulted in the production of low levels of acid omega-3 fatty acids thus, they are not good sources for production of eggs enriched in these fatty acids.
115

Disponibilidade de ferro em ovo, cenoura e couve e em suas misturas / Iron availability in egg, carrot and cabbage and in them mixtures

Flavia Maria Vasques Farinazzi Machado 26 October 2005 (has links)
A anemia causada por deficiência de ferro é a forma mais comum de todas as anemias e afeta grande parcela da população mundial, especialmente o grupo materno-infantil: lactentes, pré-escolares, escolares, gestantes e nutrizes. A carência acarreta atraso no desenvolvimento psicomotor e cognitivo de crianças menores de dois anos, além de diminuição da eficiência da função imune, e agravamento de doenças infecciosas. O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar a disponibilidade de ferro em alimentos fontes deste e de vitamina A, ovo (o), cenoura (c) e couve (cv), bem como verificar a interação do ferro com &#945; e ß-caroteno, e com outros interferentes. As misturas foram de ovo com cenoura e ovo com couve em diferentes proporções (1:1), (1:1,5), (1:2), (1:2,5) e (1:3) e também dos 3 alimentos sozinhos, totalizando 13 amostras. As amostras, após pré-preparo e cocção, foram submetidas às análises de composição centesimal, ferro, taninos, ácido fítico, ácido oxálico, &#945;- e &#946;- caroteno e ferro dialisável. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística empregando o teste de Tukey, regressão polinomial e correlação, utilizando o software SAS (1996). Os valores para umidade variaram de 83,93 a 95,74 g/100g, apresentando diferenças significativas entre as distintas amostras, assim como para proteínas (0,55 a 7,22g /100g) e extrato etéreo (0,21a 5,94 g/100g). Foi observado que em relação à umidade, extrato etéreo, proteínas, cinzas e &#946;-caroteno houve correlação significativa para o ferro dialisável, sendo que para umidade e &#946;-caroteno essa correlação foi positiva e para os demais componentes foi negativa. Os teores para taninos, fitatos e oxalatos variaram de 0,78 a 1,40 mEqcatequina/g, 0,17 a 0,42 mg/g, e 0,06 a 0,30% respectivamente. A amostra 2 (1o:1,5c) apresentou teores mais elevados de taninos (1,40 mEqcatequina/g), e as amostras 6 (1o:1cv) e 7 (1o:1,5cv) apresentaram teores mais elevados de oxalato e teores de ferro dialisável mais baixo, em relação às outras misturas. O teor de &#945;-caroteno para as amostras contendo cenoura variou de 2.435,27 a 4.609,83 µg/100g. Quanto ao &#946;-caroteno observou-se variações de 2.406,75 a 7.881,55 µg/100g, sendo evidenciado valores mais elevados para as amostras com cenoura. Numericamente, as misturas com maior proporção de cenoura e couve apresentaram os maiores resultados para o ferro dialisável, que variou entre 0,99 a 7,43%, sendo que a amostra 5 (1o:3c) apresentou o melhor resultado, seguida pelas amostras 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 e 10. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que as misturas com maior proporção de cenoura e couve aumentaram a disponibilidade do ferro, principalmente pelo maior conteúdo de ß-caroteno. Não houve interferência significativa dos antinutricionais sobre o ferro dialisável, embora os taninos e ácido oxálico atuaram como fatores limitantes quando observados os valores numéricos nas amostras com maiores concentrações de cenoura e couve. O ß-caroteno apresentou correlação positiva significativa com o ferro dialisável, exercendo influência na redução do efeito dos antinutricionais, especialmente dos fitatos, na disponibilidade do ferro, principalmente nas amostras com cenoura. Assim, pode ser recomendada a utilização de misturas de alimentos como ovo e cenoura, sendo que este último deve estar em maiores proporções em refeições destinadas a populações carentes em ferro. / The anemia caused by iron deficiency, is the form more common of all the anemias and it affects large portion of the world population, especially the maternal-infantile group: infants, child-school, children, pregnant woman and nutrizes, carting delay in the development psicomotor and cognitive of smaller children two years old, besides decrease of the efficiency of the immune function, and worsening of infectious diseases. This research aims to estimate the iron availability in food iron sources and vitamin A, egg (e), carrot (c) and cabbage (cb), as well as to verify the interaction of the iron with &#945;, ß-carotene and with other interferents, being mixed the foods in study, resulted 13 food mixtures in different proportions (1:1), (1:1.5), (1:2), (1:2.5) and (1:3) include three food alone. The food mixtures, after prepare and cooking, was submitted the analyses of centesimal composition, levels of iron, tannin, phytic acid, oxalic acid, &#945;, ßcarotene and in vitro iron dialysability. The statistical analysis was determinate by SAS System include polynomial regression and correlation. The values for moisture varied from 83.93 to 95.74 g/100g, showing significant differences among the different mixtures, as well as for proteins (0.55 to 7.22 g/100g) and fat (0.21 to 5.94 g/100g). There was significant correlation with regard to moisture, fat, protein, ash and ß-carotene to in vitro iron dialysability, being positive correlation to moisture and ß-carotene, and negative to other components. The levels of tannins, phytate and oxalates ranged 0.78 to 1.40 mEqcatequina/g, 0.17 to 0.42mg/g and 0.06 to 0.30%, respectively. The mixture 2 (1e:1.5c) showed high levels of tannins (1.40mEqcatequina/g), and the mixtures 6 (1e:1cb) and 7 (1e:1.5cb) high levels of oxalates, and lower levels of in vitro dialysability iron, in relation to the other mixtures. The values for &#945;- carotene to mixtures with carrot ranged 2,435.27 to 4,609.83 µg/100g. With regard to ß-carotene, ranged variations to 2,406.75 from 7,881.55 µg/100g, being observed higher levels for the mixtures with carrot. The numbers showed that the mixtures with larger carrot and cabbage proportion showed the bigger results for the in vitro dialysability iron, ranges to 0.99 from 7.43 %, and the sample 5 (1e:3cb) it presented the bigger value, proceeded by the mixtures 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10. It’s concluded that the mixtures with larger carrot and cabbage proportion increased the iron availability, especially for the largest content of ß-carotene. There was not significant interference of antinutritional in the in vitro iron dialysability, although tannins and oxalates were an inhibitor when observed the numeric values in the mixtures with larger carrot and cabbage concentrations. The ß-carotene showed significant positive correlation with in vitro iron dialysability, increasing influence in the reduction of the antinutritional factors effect, especially phytates, in the iron availability, mainly in the mixtures with carrot. Therefore, the use of food mixtures as egg and carrot can be recommended, and this last one should be in larger proportions in meals destined to lacking populations in iron.
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Effect of in ovo injection of glucose on egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight, productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Potchefstroom Koekoek chickens

Letsoalo, Tshegofatso Maapeya Caroline January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of in ovo glucose injection on egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight, productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Potchefstroom koekoek chickens. A complete randomized design was used in all the three parts of the study (from incubation, 1-49 days old unsexed chickens and 50-91 days old female chickens). On day 18 of incubation the developing eggs were subjected to the following treatments: 0- (no glucose or water injected), 0+ (only water injected), 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg of glucose per egg. Each treatment had three replications and there were 20 eggs per replicate. A quadratic model was used to determine in ovo glucose injection levels for optimal egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight and chick to egg weight ratio of Potchefstroom koekoek chickens. In ovo glucose injection improved (P<0.05) egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight and chick to egg weight ratio of the chickens. Egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight and chick to egg weight ratio Potchefstroom koekoek chickens were optimized at different injection levels of 4.50, 10.43 and 12.00 mg of glucose per egg, respectively. Unsexed day-old chicks from the first experiment (according to their initial treatments and replicates) were used in a complete randomized design having six treatments, replicated three times, and having ten birds per replicate. Glucose injection levels increased (P<0.05) feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 1 to 49 days. However, growth rate, live weight, metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of the chickens were optimized at glucose injection levels of 3.92, 4.36, 10.67 and 13.50 mg per egg, respectively. Female chickens from the second part of the study (according to their initial treatments and replicates) were used in a complete randomized design having six treatments, replicated three times, and having five birds per replicate. In ovo glucose injection levels improved (P<0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 50 to 91 days. However, only feed conversion ratio and metabolisable energy intake of the chickens were optimized at glucose injection levels of 12.15 and 5.57 mg per egg, respectively. Injection level also improved (P<0.05) carcass, breast, v drumstick, thigh, wing, gizzard and liver weights of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 13 weeks. In ovo glucose injection increased (P<0.05) breast meat tenderness, juiciness and flavour of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 91 days. However, breast tenderness, juiciness and flavour of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens were optimized injection levels of 13.50, 19.25 and 10.83 mg of glucose per egg, respectively. No chicken deaths were observe
117

Effects of the In Ovo Injection of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol on the Subsequent Hatchability, Post-Hatch Performance, and Bone Characteristics of Ross × Ross 708 broilers

Bello, Abiodun 11 May 2013 (has links)
The effects of varying dosages of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] in commercial diluent injected into the amnion of developing broiler embryos were investigated in a preliminary trial and 2 consecutive main trials. Evaluation of the results of the preliminary trial showed that the in ovo injection of 0.60 micrograms of 25(OH)D3 is capable of increasing its subsequent levels by approximately 3 fold in the circulation of broiler embryos on 19.5 days of incubation. Similarly, results of the 2 main trials showed that the in ovo injection of 0.60 micrograms of 25(OH)D3 significantly improved hatchability on day 21 of incubation and the subsequent performance and bone characteristics of broilers through 28 days of post-hatch age. In conclusion, it is suggested that the in ovo injection of 25(OH)D3 at a 0.60 micrograms dose may be used to effectively improve hatchability, and the performance and bone characteristics of Ross ~ Ross 708 broilers.
118

Effects of the in ovo administration of the Poulvac E. coli vaccine in layer hatching eggs on hatchability, hatchling characteristics, and early posthatch chick performance

Lindsey, Lauren L 09 August 2022 (has links) (PDF)
Avian Pathogenic E. coli can lead to infections in laying hens and wide-spread economic problems in the table egg industry. A vaccine widely used to combat APEC is the Poulvac E. coli vaccine, which is normally applied via spray vaccination. Application of this vaccine via in ovo injection has not been examined. The purpose of this series of studies was to determine the effects of injecting 50 μL of different dosages of the PECV into Hy-Line W-36 layer hatching eggs on the hatchability and characteristics of the hatchlings, and on the livability and characteristics of the chicks through 21 d growout. Administration of the PECV at 18 d of incubation yielded unsatisfactory results in terms of hatchability and the characteristics of the chicks at hatch and through 21 d of age. Commercial use of the PECV via in ovo injection in Hy-Line W-36 layer hatching eggs is not recommended.
119

[pt] SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE HIDROXIAPATITA NANOESTRUTURADA OBTIDA A PARTIR DE CASCAS DE OVOS DE GALINHA UTILIZANDO SACAROSE COMO TEMPLATE / [en] YNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED HYDROXYAPATITE FROM CHICKEN EGGSHELLS USING SUCROSE AS A TEMPLATE

MARLA KAROLYNE DOS SANTOS HORTA 19 May 2021 (has links)
[pt] A hidroxiapatita está entre os biomateriais cerâmicos de maior interesse na área médica, pois, além da sua semelhança com a fase inorgânica dos ossos e dentes, apresenta exelente biocompatibilidade e bioatividade. Devido a sua ampla aplicação e aos gastos inerentes a utilização de implantes em processos cirúrgicos, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de processos mais viáveis encomonicamente e de materiais com melhores propriedades, com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese de hidroxiapatita (HAp) pelo método de precipitação utilizando cascas de ovos de galinha como fonte de cálcio na presença de diferentes concentrações de sacarose, para avaliar sua influência nas características dos materiais sintetizados. A utilização da casca de ovo surge como um insumo atrativo, uma vez que é composta majoritariamente por carbonato de cálcio, um material abundante e barato. A casca de ovo foi calcinada à 1000 graus Celsius para obtenção do CaO que foi hidrolisado para a obtenção do Ca(OH)2.Os materiais foram obtidos pela reação de precipitação entre o Ca(OH)2 e H3PO4 a temperatura ambiente e com controle de pH, utilizando diferentes quantidades de sacarose. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados pelos métodos de Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-FEG), adsorção de N2 a 77K (BET), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TG) e Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX). Os resultados de DRX confirmaram a formação da HAp. O FTIR apresentou as bandas correspondentes a HAp, corroborando os resultados de DRX, identificando também bandas de carbonato. Os resultados de EDXS confirmaram a composição química das amostras, sendo esta de P, O e Ca. A caracterização por MEV permitiu a avaliação da mudança da morfologia com o para as diferentes da quantidade de sacarose utilizada, sendo observada uma tendência a formação de partículas esferoidais. Os resultados de BET evidenciaram um aumento de superfície específica com o aumento da quantidade de sacarose, passando de 36 para 93 m2/g, decorrente do aumento de porosidade e diminuição do tamanho de partícula, resultado confirmado pelo MET, com tamanho de partícula passando 50 nm para valores em torno de 10-20 nm. Para avaliação da citotoxicidade foi realizado o ensaio da redução da resazurina para o período de 24h. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as amostras são não citotóxicas. O ensaio de bioatividade foi realizado em meio McCoy para o período de 3 e 7 dias, apresentando resultados de dissolução das amostras compatíveis com caracteríticas de superfícies bioativas, porém, para o período de da análise, não foi observada a formação da camada bone like apatite. Os materiais sintetizados apresentaram propriedades semelhantes aos obtidos a partir de fontes de cálcio comerciais, apresentando promissor potencial em aplicações da engenharia de tecido ósseo, além de contribuir para a reciclagem desses bio-resíduos que é a casca de ovo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a sacarose pode alterar as características do material, sendo um promissor aditivo/template de fácil obtenção e baixo custo, proporcionando materiais com elevada superfície específica e redução do tamanho de partícula. / [en] Hydroxyapatite is among the ceramic biomaterials of greatest interest in the medical field, because, in addition to its similarity with the inorganic phase of bones and teeth, it presents excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. Due to its wide application and the expensive surgical processes, it is necessary to develop more viable processes and materials with better properties, therefore, the work aimed the hydroxyapatite synthesis (HAp) by precipitation method using hen’s eggshells as a calcium source in the presence of different sucrose concentrations, to evaluate its effect on the characteristics of the synthesized materials. A comparative study was also carried out with HAp samples obtained without sucrose and with commercial Ca(OH)2. The use of eggshells appears as an attractive raw material since it is mainly composed of calcium carbonate and because it is an abundant and cheap material. The eggshell was calcined at 1000 Celsius to obtain CaO, which was hydrolyzed to obtain Ca(OH)2. The materials were obtained by the precipitation reaction between Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 at room temperature with pH control, using different amounts of sucrose. The obtained materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with field emission (SEM-FEG), N2 to 77K adsorption (BET), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The XRD results confirmed the formation of HAp. The FTIR showed the bands corresponding to HAp, corroborating the results of DRX, in addition to the presence of carbonate bands. The results of EDXS confirmed the composition of the samples, being of P, O and Ca. The SEM characterization allowed the evaluation of the morphology changes for the different amounts of the sucrose used, forming spheroidal particles. The BET results showed an increase in specific surface area with the rise in the sucrose amount, from 36 to 93 m2/g, due to the rise in porosity and decrease in particle size, a result confirmed by TEM, with particle size changing from 50 nm to values around 10-20 nm. The resazurin reduction assay was performed for the 24h period to evaluate of cytotoxicity. The results obtained indicate that the samples were non-cytotoxic. The bioactivity assay was carried out in McCoy medium for 3 and 7 days, showing dissolution results of the samples compatible with characteristics of bioactive surfaces. The formation of the bone-like apatite layer was not observed for the analysis period. The synthesized materials showed properties similar to those obtained from synthetic calcium sources. Therefore, it presents promising potential in bone tissue engineering applications, besides contributing to the recycling of this bio-residue, the eggshell. The high specific surface area and small particle size results obtained indicate that sucrose can be a promising additive/template that is easy to obtain at low cost.
120

In ovo vaccination of layer chickens with 6/85 and ts-11 vaccine strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum

Alqhtani, Abdulmohsen 25 November 2020 (has links)
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the organism that causes avian respiratory mycoplasmosis, leading to chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys (Stipkovits and Kempf, 1996; Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). It is also responsible for reductions in egg production and other economic losses in the poultry industry (Stipkovits and Kempf, 1996; Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). Commercially, layer chickens are vaccinated against MG in the pullet phase before lay. In this dissertation, the potential application of in ovo vaccination in layer embryos for the subsequent early protection of pullets against field-strain MG infections was investigated. The use of different sites of injection [air cell (AC) or amnion (AM)] and various dosages of live attenuated 6/85 (6/85MG) and ts-11 (ts-11MG) vaccine strains of MG delivered in ovo at 18 days of incubation were evaluated. Vaccine dosages of ts-11MG up to 7.25 x 105 CFU did not have negative effects on the hatch and posthatch results. However, only the 7.25 x 105 CFU dosage had a negative effect on overall BWG. The ts-11MG was not transmitted from vaccinated to sentinel birds at both the hatch and posthatch periods, and no subsequent MG DNA or serology responses were detected in response to the vaccine. Administration of the 6/85MG vaccine at dosages up to 1.73 x 103 CFU did not negatively affect hatchability or other posthatch variables. Antibody production against 6/85MG through d 42 posthatch with no associated hatch or posthatch mortalities were likewise observed. The high dose of 6/85MG (1.73 x 104 CFU) resulted in a greater than 15 % mortality at hatch and a greater than 40 % mortality during the first 2 wk posthatch. Trachea and bronchi lesion scores in the pullets were significantly increased when they were challenged at d 28 of age with RMG. However, birds that were in ovo-vaccinated with 6/85MGV exhibited no significant microscopic lesions due to the RMG challenge. The 1.66 x 103 CFU dosage of 6/85MGV is proposed to offer the best protection in layer pullets against field-strain MG infections.

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