Orientador: Wagner Cotroni Valenti / Banca: Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo / Banca: Fabiana Garcia Scaloppi / Resumo: O cultivo de moluscos bivalves filtradores como as ostras é frequentemente citado como atividade aquícola sustentável. Porém, não há avaliações que quantifiquem a sustentabilidade ambiental desses cultivos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sustentabilidade ambiental de um sistema de produção de ostras-do-mangue (Crassostrea spp.), com sementes coletadas na natureza, em Cananeia-SP, utilizando conjuntos de indicadores. Foram calculados indicadores para refletir o uso de recursos naturais, a eficiência no uso destes recursos, a liberação de poluentes e a conservação da diversidade genética e biodiversidade. O cultivo usa pouco espaço e pouca água, praticamente não depende da adição de nitrogênio e fósforo e apresenta potencial para retirar esses nutrientes em excesso no ambiente aquático, além de absorver gases causadores do efeito estufa. Além disso, utiliza espécie nativa e local. Deste modo, é possível afirmar que o sistema de produção de ostras de Cananeia apresenta elevada sustentabilidade ambiental / Abstract: Farming of filter feeding bivalve molluscs such as oysters is frequently cited as a sustainable activity. However, there is no quantitative assessment to support this fact. The aim of this work is to evaluate the environmental sustainability of a mangrove oyster (Crassostrea spp.) production system, with seeds collected in the wild, in Cananeia-SP, Brazil using sets of indicators. The indicators were calculated to reflect the use of natural resources, the efficiency in the use of these resources, the release of pollutants and the conservation of genetic diversity and biodiversity. The culture use low space and water, does not depend on the addition of nitrogen and phosphorous and shows potential to remove surplus nutrients in the aquatic environment and absorb greenhouse gases. In this way, we concluded that the oyster production system of Cananeia showed high environmental sustainability / Mestre

The Virginia oyster industry changed markedly in the period between 1950 and the present. This change has been the result of a variety of forces which can be conveniently classified as economic, biological and institutional. In general, biological forces initiated a series of changes in the fishery which have had economic impacts and impacts on the institutional structure of the fishery. The biological forces have had a much more severe impact on the seed-planting, or private grounds, sector than on the public grounds sector. The dependence of the seed planting sector on public seed beds and the different regulatory regimes applicable to the public and private grounds makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions on the relative merits of alternative tenure structures. The magnitudes of economic, biological and public policy forces as contributing factors to the decline of the oyster fishery are estimated and it is concluded that the biological forces have played the dominant role in the decline of the Virginia oyster fishery. It is suggested that attention be focused on the physical and management inputs to the production of oysters and on methods for bringing forth an appropriate resource mix. It is argued that either a predominantly private grounds fishery, a predominantly public grounds ‘' fishery, with appropriate institutional modifications to allow efficient harvest technologies to be used without threatening the viability of the resource base, or a mixed tenure system could be used and with appropriate management could result in substantial revitalization of the Virginia oyster industry. However, because of the biological changes which have occurred, management, whether public or private, takes on a much more important role in determining the future of the Virginia oyster fishery. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis--University of Florida. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 376-388).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 53-59)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-15. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:44:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000542639.pdf: 751735 bytes, checksum: 334cd0b1e79c6259fc057d2892fc30d7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A ostreicultura surgiu da necessidade em: atender a crescente demanda de ostras, sem ameaçar o estoque natural através do extrativismo. Os métodos de cultivo foram aperfeiçoados ao longo dos anos em diversos países permitindo um crescente aumento na produção deste molusco. Em alguns lugares este aumento da produção está sendo superior ao volume consumido in natura como conseqüência, toma-se necessário o aperfeiçoamento da tecnologia pós-colheita. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizado congelamento de ostras inteiras (vivas) em túnel de ar forçado. Amostras de ostras frescas e congeladas, com ° (recém congelada), 30 e 60 e 90 dias foram submetidas às análises de composição química, testes sensoriais e estudo dos índices de condição. A composição química da ostra fresca mostrou teores médios de umidade de 81,7 I ± 0,56% e 83,25 ± 0,12; de proteína de 9,96 ± 0,48 e 11,02 ± 0,59; lipídeo de 0,51 ± 0,11 e 0,27 ±0,14; carboidrato de 6,06 e 3,22, para o I e II experimento, respectivamente. Com relação ao processamento da ostra, foram detectadas alterações em sua composição química, tanto em função do congelamento quanto do armazenamento, em ambos experimentos. Os três índices de condição estudados mostraram diferenças entre as ostras frescas e as congeladas, e de modo geral estão de acordo com os valores descritos na literatura. Com a análise sensorial foi possível verificar que a ostra congelada foi satisfatoriamente aceita para o consumo humano, com índices de aceitabilidade acima de 70%. / Oyster fanning appeared of the necessity in taking care of the increasing- demand of oysters, without threatening the natural supply through the extrativism. The farming had been improved to long of the years in diverse countries allowing a increase the production of this mollusc. Increase of the production is being incompatible to the consumed volume in natura, and as consequence, becomes necessary the perfectioning of the technology after¬ harvest. To reach such objective, the freezing of entire oysters (alive) in continuous air blast freezer was carried through. The changes of chemical composition, condition indices and sensorial tests were analyzed in response to different samples of oysters: fresh and frozen, with O (just frozen), 30 and 60 and 90 days. The chemical composition of the fresh oyster showed average texts of moisture of 81.71 ± 0.56 and 83.25 ± 0.12; of protein of 9.96 ± 0.48 and 11.02 ± 0.59; lipid of 0.51 ± 0.11 and 0.27 ± 0.14; carbohydrate of 6.06 and 3.22, for the I and II experiment, respective1y. Relating to the processing of the oyster, alterations in its chemical composition, as much in function of the freezing as of the storage had been detected, in both experiments. The studied indices of condition had shown to differences between the fresh oysters and the frozen ones, and in general way they are in accordance with the described va1ues in literature. With the sensorial analysis it was possible to verify that the frozen oyster was satisfactorily accepted for the human consumption, with situated indices of acceptability above of 70%.

Use of antibiotics in the aquaculture industry for the control of bacterial infections in salmon has led to public concern regarding antibiotic residues in salmon tissue and the potential health risk this poses to humans. Oxytetracycline and Romet-30 are two common antibacterial agents utilized to control disease in the local finfish aquaculture industry of British Columbia, Canada. Many fish farms in British Columbia are located within close proximity to existing shellfish stocks. The potential for antibiotic bioconcentration and the production of bacterial resistance to the drugs in bivalves is a concern. The development of a solid phase extraction technique for these two drugs from Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas was accomplished. Analysis of whole oysters via HPLC revealed detectable levels of oxytetracycline and Romet-30 up to 4 weeks after antibiotic treatment at the salmon farm site. Oysters suspended in the salmon net pens and surrounding waters were sampled over a 5 month period. Concentration of oxytetracycline residues in oyster tissue reached a maximum of 0.11 ppm (n=2). Levels of sulphadimethoxine in oyster tissue reached a maximum concentration of 1.27 ppm (n=2). Maximum detectable concentrations of ormetoprim in oysters were 0.26 ppm (n=2). A controlled study investigating uptake and depuration of oxytetracycline and Romet-30 in the Pacific oyster revealed results similar to those described for the salmon farm. A flow through drug delivery system for the Pacific oyster was utilized over a ten day uptake and thirty day depuration period. Levels of oxytetracycline in whole animal tissue increased in a linear fashion (r²=0.984) over the uptake period. This indicates that the drug was bioaccumulated in the oyster reaching a maximum concentration of 10.72 ± 2.4 s.e. ppm (n= 3) on day 10 of uptake. Depuration of the drug was rapid. After thirteen days a concentration of 0.21 ± 0.04 s.e. ppm (n=7) was detected. The detection of Romet-30 in the uptake and depuration in the oyster was more erratic. Day 7 of uptake revealed a maximum concentration of sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim of 1.092 ± 0.24 s.e. ppm (n=7) and 0.21 ppm (n=3) respectively. Depuration of Romet-30 was rapid. The concentration decreased to 0.029 ppm (n=3) by day 13. Condition indices of oysters sampled before and after antibiotic treatment indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in condition index after treatment with medicated feed. A quantitative survey of bacteria associated with the gut of the oyster was performed. Relative numbers of endogenous bacteria were compared to oysters before and after antibiotic treatment. Numbers of bacteria significantly decreased (p< 0.05) following treatment. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Orientadora: Léa Silvia Sant'Ana / Banca: Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas / Banca: Marcelo Barbosa Henriques / Resumo: A ostreicultura surgiu da necessidade em: atender a crescente demanda de ostras, sem ameaçar o estoque natural através do extrativismo. Os métodos de cultivo foram aperfeiçoados ao longo dos anos em diversos países permitindo um crescente aumento na produção deste molusco. Em alguns lugares este aumento da produção está sendo superior ao volume consumido in natura como conseqüência, toma-se necessário o aperfeiçoamento da tecnologia pós-colheita. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizado congelamento de ostras inteiras (vivas) em túnel de ar forçado. Amostras de ostras frescas e congeladas, com ° (recém congelada), 30 e 60 e 90 dias foram submetidas às análises de composição química, testes sensoriais e estudo dos índices de condição. A composição química da ostra fresca mostrou teores médios de umidade de 81,7 I ± 0,56% e 83,25 ± 0,12; de proteína de 9,96 ± 0,48 e 11,02 ± 0,59; lipídeo de 0,51 ± 0,11 e 0,27 ±0,14; carboidrato de 6,06 e 3,22, para o I e II experimento, respectivamente. Com relação ao processamento da ostra, foram detectadas alterações em sua composição química, tanto em função do congelamento quanto do armazenamento, em ambos experimentos. Os três índices de condição estudados mostraram diferenças entre as ostras frescas e as congeladas, e de modo geral estão de acordo com os valores descritos na literatura. Com a análise sensorial foi possível verificar que a ostra congelada foi satisfatoriamente aceita para o consumo humano, com índices de aceitabilidade acima de 70%. / Abstract: Oyster fanning appeared of the necessity in taking care of the increasing- demand of oysters, without threatening the natural supply through the extrativism. The farming had been improved to long of the years in diverse countries allowing a increase the production of this mollusc. Increase of the production is being incompatible to the consumed volume in natura, and as consequence, becomes necessary the perfectioning of the technology after¬ harvest. To reach such objective, the freezing of entire oysters (alive) in continuous air blast freezer was carried through. The changes of chemical composition, condition indices and sensorial tests were analyzed in response to different samples of oysters: fresh and frozen, with O (just frozen), 30 and 60 and 90 days. The chemical composition of the fresh oyster showed average texts of moisture of 81.71 ± 0.56 and 83.25 ± 0.12; of protein of 9.96 ± 0.48 and 11.02 ± 0.59; lipid of 0.51 ± 0.11 and 0.27 ± 0.14; carbohydrate of 6.06 and 3.22, for the I and II experiment, respective1y. Relating to the processing of the oyster, alterations in its chemical composition, as much in function of the freezing as of the storage had been detected, in both experiments. The studied indices of condition had shown to differences between the fresh oysters and the frozen ones, and in general way they are in accordance with the described va1ues in literature. With the sensorial analysis it was possible to verify that the frozen oyster was satisfactorily accepted for the human consumption, with situated indices of acceptability above of 70%. / Mestre

The United States Pacific Northwest is well known for its shellfish farming. Historically, commercial harvests were dominated by the native Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida, but over-exploitation, habitat degradation, and competition and predation by non-native species has drastically depleted their densities and extirpated many local populations. As a result, shellfish aquaculture production has shifted to the introduced Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. An underlying objective of this dissertation is the use of molecular genetics to improve our ability to accurately identifying optimal oyster broodstock for either restoration of Olympia oysters or farming of Pacific oysters. The ecological benefits provided by oysters as well as the Olympia oyster's historical significance, has motivated numerous restoration/supplementation efforts but these efforts are proceeding without a clear understanding of the genetic structure among extant populations, which could be substantial as a consequence of limited dispersal, local adaptation and/or anthropogenic impacts. To facilitate this understanding, we isolated and characterized 19 polymorphic microsatellites and used 8 of these to study the genetic structure of 2,712 individuals collected from 25 remnant Olympia oyster populations between the northern tip of Vancouver Island BC and Elkhorn Slough CA. Gene flow among geographically separated extant Olympia oyster populations is surprisingly limited for a marine invertebrate species whose free-swimming larvae are capable of planktonic dispersal as long as favorable water conditions exist. We found a significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances supporting the premise that coastal populations are isolated by distance. Genetic structure among remnant populations was not limited to broad geographic regions but was also present at sub-regional scales in both Puget Sound WA and San Francisco Bay CA. Until it can be determined whether genetically differentiated O. lurida populations are locally adapted, restoration projects and resource managers should be cautious of random mixing or transplantation of stocks where gene flow is restricted. As we transition from our Olympia oyster population analysis to our Pacific oyster quantitative analysis, we recognize that traditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping strategies use crosses among inbred lines to create segregating populations. Unfortunately, even low levels of inbreeding in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) can substantially depress economically important quantitative traits such as yield and survival, potentially complicating subsequent QTL analyses. To circumvent this problem, we constructed an integrated linkage map for Pacific oysters, consisting of 65 microsatellite (18 of which were previously unmapped) and 212 AFLP markers using a full-sib cross between phenotypically differentiated outbred families. We identified 10 linkage groups (LG1-LG10) spanning 710.48 cM, with an average genomic coverage of 91.39% and an average distance between markers of 2.62 cM. Average marker saturation was 27.7 per linkage group, ranging between 19 (LG9) and 36 markers (LG3). Using this map we identified 12 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 5 potential QTLs in the F1 outcross population of 236 full-sib Pacific oysters for four growth-related morphometric measures, including individual wet live weight, shell length, shell width and shell depth measured at four post-fertilization time points: plant-out (average age of 140 days), first year interim (average age of 358 days), second year interim (average age of 644 days) and harvest (average age of 950 days). Mapped QTLs and potential QTLs accounted for an average of 11.2% of the total phenotypic variation and ranged between 2.1 and 33.1%. Although QTL or potential QTL were mapped to all Pacific oyster linkage groups with the exception of LG2, LG8 and LG9, three groups (LG4, LG10 and LG5) were associated with three or more QTL or potential QTL. We conclude that alleles accounting for a significant proportion of the total phenotypic variation for morphometric measures that influence harvest yield remain segregating within the broodstock of West Coast Pacific oyster selective breeding programs. / Graduation date: 2012