O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar o radical de Jacobson de anéis de polinômios diferenciais. Mostramos um resultado de M. Ferrero, K. Kishimoro, K. Motose, que mostra que no caso geral, o radical de um anel de polinômios diferenciais é um anel de polinômios diferenciais sobre algum ideal do anel dos coeficientes. Assumindo que o anel dos coeficientes satisfaça uma identidade polinomial, mostramos seguindo B. Madill que este ideal é um ideal nil. Se o anel dos coeficientes é adicionalmente localmente nilpotente, seguindo J. Bell, B. Madill, F. Shinko, mostramos que o anel de polinômios diferenciais será localmente nilpotente. Ainda seguindo J. Bell et al, se o anel dos coeficientes é uma álgebra sobre um corpo de característica zero e tal álgebra satisfaz uma identidade polinomial, mostramos que o ideal nil é o radical de Köthe. Para tais demonstrações, cobriremos os tópicos preliminares necessários para entender os enunciados: radical nil, radical de Levitzki, radical de Baer, radical de Jacobson e propriedades, anéis PI, polinômios centrais, teorema de Kaplansky. / The aim of this work is to study the Jacobson radical of differential polynomial rings. We show a result of M. Ferrero, K. Kishimoto, K. Motose, which shows that in general, the radical of a differential polynomial ring is a differential polynomial ring over some ideal of the ring of coefficients. Assuming that the ring of coefficients satisfies a polynomial identity, we show following B. Madill that this ideal is nil. If the ring of coefficients is additionally locally nilpotent, following J. Bell, B. Madill, F. Shinko, we show that the differential polynomial ring is locally nilpotent. Still following J. Bell et al, if the ring of coefficients is an algebra over a field of zero characteristic and this algebra satisfies a polynomial identity, we show that the nil ideal is the Köthe radical. For the proofs, we cover the preliminary topics necessary for understanding the statements: nil radical, Levitzki radical, Baer radical, Jacobson radical and its properties, PI-rings, central polynomials, Kaplanskys theorem.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O pi à um nÃmero de natureza singular, pois muitos homens em diversos momentos histÃricos se detiveram a calculÃ-lo e estudÃ-lo. CÃrculos podem ser vistos em quase todos os lugares, e como consequÃncia, o pi tambÃm. Por estar tÃo presente na realidade, muitos foram os matematicos que se dedicaram ao estudo desse nÃmero e de seu valor numÃrico. Este trabalho, fruto de muita pesquisa, mostrarà muitos dos diversos caminhos que os matemÃticos fizeram para encontrarem uma aproximaÃÃo para pi . Trataremos tambÃm neste trabalho as curiosas descobertas envolvendo este nÃmero, os famosos problemas em torno dele, assim como tambÃm os diversos mÃtodos que foram usados para calculÃ-lo. A busca pelo valor numÃrico de pi levou os matemÃticos a suporem sua irracionalidade, que posteriormente fora provada e tambÃm serà feita aqui. Finalizaremos tratando de como podemos calcular de uma maneira diferenciadana sala de aula. / pi is a number of singular nature because several men in different historical moments lingered themselves to calculate and study it. Circles can be seen in almost all places, and as a consequence, so can pi. Due to being so present in the reality, a huge number of mathematicians devoted themselves to the study of this number and its numerical value. This work, result of much research, will show many of the different ways that the mathematicians took to find an approximation for pi. We will also approach in this work the curious founds involving this number, the famous problems around it as well as the diverse methods which were used to calculate it. The search for the numerical value took the mathematicians to assume its irrationality which was proved afterwards and will be done here. We will finish approaching how we can calculate pi in the classroom in a different way.

Em Metrologia Nuclear, há muitos anos, o método absoluto de medida de atividade radioativa por coincidência 4πβ-γ tem sido considerado um padrão primário, em razão de seu alto grau de exatidão e por depender de grandezas observáveis para a obtenção de resultados. O Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (LMN), do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), dentre suas técnicas de medida, utiliza a metodologia de coincidência 4πβ-γ. Uma nova técnica, conhecida como medida de coincidência por software tem sido empregada na padronização de radionuclídeos, com muitas vantagens sobre a metodologia convencional. Com o objetivo de atualizar sua metodologia de padronização de radionuclídeos, o LMN desenvolveu um novo sistema de medida de coincidências por software, descrito neste trabalho. O sistema eletrônico emprega os mesmos arranjos de detecção beta e gama utilizados em seus sistemas. O novo sistema é constituído por uma placa de aquisição de dados da National Instruments (NI), conectada a um microcomputador e, através de um painel de conexão, aos arranjos de detecção. O gerenciamento é obtido através de software desenvolvido em LabVIEW, proprietária da NI. Este sistema registra as amplitudes e os instantes de ocorrência dos pulsos de detecção beta e gama, em arquivos de disco. Os arquivos são posteriormente analisados por um programa apropriado, o software de análise de coincidências, de forma a obter as contagens beta, gama e de coincidências, e executando o processamento necessário para a determinação da atividade da amostra radioativa de interesse. O trabalho também apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos, utilizando a primeira versão de software desenvolvida especialmente para este trabalho, bem como perspectivas para futuros trabalhos. / The 4πβ-γ coincidence method for absolute radionuclide activity measurement has been considered for many years as a primary standard in Nuclear Metrology, because of dependence on few observable quantities and high accuracy. The Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (LMN) Nuclear Metrology Laboratory , at Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) Nuclear and Energy Research Institute , among its measurement techniques, uses the 4πβ-γ coincidence method. Recently a new technique known as software coincidence has been used, with many advantages over the conventional coincidence methodology. In order to update the methodologies for radionuclide standardizations, the LMN developed a new system based on the software coincidence technique, described in the present work. This system uses the same nuclear set up for beta and gamma detection. The new software coincidence electronics uses a National Instruments (NI) acquisition card connected to a microcomputer and, through a connection panel, to the nuclear detection set up. The card configuration and controlling is accomplished by software using the LabVIEW, a NI proprietary product. This system records into disk files all the amplitudes and occurrence times for beta and gamma detected pulses. A suitable software was developed (the coincidence analysis program) to process the recorded data in order to obtain beta, gamma and coincidence counts and perform calculation of the radioactive source activity. The work also presents and discusses the results obtained with the first version of the coincidence analysis program, as well as perspectives for future works.

Streptococcus agalactiae (Streptocoque du Groupe B, SGB) est une bactérie pathogène opportuniste à Gram-positif responsable principalement d’infections néonatales. Les études épidémiologiques ont montré que les souches appartenant au complexe clonal 17 (ST-17) sont responsables de 80% des cas de méningites tardives. La génomique comparative a permis de mettre en évidence des gènes codant pour des protéines de surface spécifiques au clone ST-17 comme les adhésines Srr2 et HvgA. On y trouve également un locus codant pour un pilus spécifique appelé PI-2b, qui constitua l’objet principal de cette thèse. Ce locus PI-2b est ubiquitaire dans les souches ST-17, mais on le retrouve également dans quelques souches humaines non-ST-17 comme la souche A909 ainsi que dans les souches bovines. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons comparé l’expression du pilus PI-2b dans les souches ST-17 versus non-ST-17. L’expression du locus PI-2b, bien que variable au sein du complexe ST-17, est plus faible que dans les souches non-ST-17. Dans la souche représentative du ST-17 BM110, l’expression du gène spb1codant pour la piline majeure est 4-6 fois plus faible que dans la souche A909. Nous avons montré que cet effet est dû à la présence d’une séquence de 43 paires de base en amont du locus PI-2b, formant une structure de type tige-boucle, qui empêche la transcription provenant du locus situé en amont codant pour l’antigène B. Grâce à des expériences de fusion transcriptionnelle avec un gène rapporteur codant pour la GFP, nous avons montré qu’une région étendue du promoteur ainsi que des facteurs spécifiques à S. agalactiae sont nécessaires pour l’expression maximale du locus PI-2b. Le niveau maximal de transcription du pilus PI-2b est observé à 37 °C. L’ensemble de nos résultats suggère une régulation complexe de l’expression du locus PI-2b, dont l’expression plus faible dans les souches ST-17, pourrait conférer aux bactéries la capacité d’échapper au système immunitaire de l’hôte et de disséminer plus efficacement. La deuxième partie de ce travail a porté sur le rôle des gènes orf, lep et san1519 dont la fonction sur la biosynthèse du pilus n’était pas connue. Nous avons montré que les gènes orf et lep sont importants pour l’expression et la polymérisation du pilus PI-2b. Nous avons montré que lep code pour une signal peptidase fonctionnelle qui participe à la maturation de la piline majeure. Quant à orf, nos autres résultats ainsi le chevauchement traductionnel entre ce gène et lep, conservé dans d’autres espèces de streptocoques, suggèrent un rôle dans la stabilisation des ARNm / Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is an opportunistic Gram-positive pathogen responsible for severe invasive infections, especially in neonates. GBS strains belonging to the ST-17 sequence type are responsible for 80% of late-onset neonatal meningitis. Genomic comparison of ST-17 strains to non-ST-17 GBS isolates revealed a few surface proteins that are characteristic of ST-17 clone, such as HvgA and Srr2, which contribute to colonization and dissemination. Similarly, the PI-2b type pilus is conserved in ST-17 strains and the main goal of this PhD project was to decipher the role of this pilus in the physiopathology of ST-17 strains. In the first part of this work, we compared the expression of the PI-2b pilus in our ST-17 representative strain BM110, and a non-ST-17 human clinical isolate, A909. We showed that PI-2b expression, although variable, was lower in ST-17 isolates as compared to non ST17 isolates. In the representative strain BM110, we demonstrated that the lower expression was be due to the presence of a 43-base pair (bp) hairpin-like structure in the upstream region of PI-2b, preventing read-through transcription from upstream antigen B (AgB) operon. Furthermore, gene reporter assays to characterize the Ppi-2b promoter region revealed the requirement of an extended 5’ region and of GBS-specific regulatory factors to drive PI-2b transcription. PI-2b transcription was shown to be maximal at 37 °C. Collectively our results suggest a complex regulation of PI-2b expression in ST-17 clinical isolates, that may confer a selective advantage in the human host either by reducing host immune responses and/or increasing their dissemination potential.In the second part of this work, we sought to investigate the role of the putative adhesin AP1-2b, and the two accessory genes lep and orf in the biosynthesis of PI-2b pilus. We showed that both orf and lep are important for PI-2b expression. Our results suggest that Lep is a functional signal peptidase involved in the optimal processing of the major PI-2b pilin. The role of orf remains to be uncovered

Aus der Vision, Computertechnik für den schmalen Geldbeutel technisch interessierten Jugendlichen verfügbar zu machen entstand ein kreditkartengroßer Einplatinencomputer, der Raspberry Pi. Wir möchten den Raspi im Vortrag etwas näher vorstellen und in einer kleinen Demonstration Anregungen für eigene Projekte geben. Gespannt sind wir auch auf Projekte, welche die Zuhörer bereits mit dem Raspberry Pi umgesetzt haben.

The fascinating role that porphyrins play in natural processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, continues to provide a compelling motivation to study these chromophores and to design new analogues with improved functions. This dissertation describes the interdisciplinary study of several classes of compounds that include π-extended porphyrins, expanded porphyrins, porphycenes, polypyrroles and porphyrins. Dictated by the need to capture efficiently red and near-infrared light, the so-called π-extension approach has been established as a powerful tool in the synthesis of large aromatic chromophores. Many of these artificial systems demonstrate properties similar to natural porphyrins. Often, however, a reduced bandgap is seen due to a greater π-system. Synthetic challenges associated with the preparation of the linearly annulated porphyrins have long been recognized. Many of these have now beed overcome as the result of a newly developed synthetic protocol described in Chapter 1. This protocol allows for the synthesis of a pyrrolic building block under milder conditions. As a continuation of this work, naphthobipyrroles were obtained via the π-extension strategy applied to a benzobipyrrole. The utility of this new building block was demonstrated with the syntheses of an electrochromic polynaphthobipyrrolic polymer (Chapter 3) and a dinaphthoporphycene (Chapter 2), a chromophore isomeric to porphyrin. Chapter 4 describes a different approach to porphyrin functionalization. Here, the goal was to effect substitution at the so-called β pyrrolic positions with using two bithiophene groups. Although, the resulting product is not completely rigid, enhancement in the sensitizing properties of the basic porphyrin chromophore was seen in a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) assembly, as studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The synthetic contributions concerning this work, carried in collaboration with Bard group, are expected to lay the groundwork for the development future photovoltaic materials. Expanded porphyrins are the more diverse group of porphyrinic derivatives. In effort to develop new conjugated expanded porphyrin systems and to understand their spectroscopic behavior in greater detail, a set of expanded porphyrins, based on the direct electrochemical oxidation of terpyrrole-like fragments, was developed in conjunction with the Bucher group (Grenoble, France). This effort is described in Chapter 5. Specifically it is shown that trithiacyclo[9]pyrrole may be prepared by means of an electrochemical synthesis. / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί μια μελέτη επί του ελέγχου των κινητήρων επαγωγής που στόχο έχει τη διερεύνηση της επίδασης των διαφορετικών σημάτων ανάδρασης (ανάλογο στροφών και ανάλογο του τετραγώνου στοφών) στην απόκριση του συστήματος κίνησης. Για το σκοπό αυτό αναπτύχθηκε ενδελεχώς η σχετική θεωρία, μελετήθηκε η παθητικότητα ηλεκτρομηχανικών συστημάτων, χρησιμοποιήθηκε συγκεκριμένος ηλεκτρονικός μετατροπέας και κατασκευάστηκε μετατροπέας σήματος συνεχούς ρεύματος ανάλογος του αριθμού των στροφών και του τετραγώνου του. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας εξετάστηκε PI έλεγχος βασισμένος στον βαθμωτό (Scalar V/f) έλεγχο, με σήμα αρνητικής ανάδρασης ρεύμα ανάλογο του αριθμού και του τετραγώνου του αριθμού των στροφών. Μελετήθηκε η απόκριση του κινητήρα και για τους δύο ελέγχους για διαφορετικές τιμές των παραμέτρων KP και KI, και διερευνήθηκε ποιες είναι αυτές ώστε να έχουμε βέλτιστη απόκριση. Συγκεκριμένα ποιες παρουσιάζουν την μικρότερη υπερύψωση, τον μικρότερο χρόνο αποκατάστασης, το μικρότερο σφάλμα μόνιμης κατάστασης. Επίσης εξετάστηκε η επίδραση της κάθε παραμέτρου στην διαμόρφωση της εσωτερικής ενέργειας του κινητήρα. / This diploma thesis forms a study on control techniques of induction motors which comes with the intention to explore the effets of different signals of feedback (proportional to the number of revolutions and to the square of the number of revolutions) on the output of the motor. For this purpose sedulous analysis of relevant theory was carried out, passivity of electromechanical systems was studied, a specific electronic commutator was used and a converter of constant current signal proportional to the number of revolutionsand to the square of the number of revolutions was developed. In this thesis a PI controller based on the Scalar V/f control with a signal of current of negative feedback was examined. The output of the motor for both the controls aid for different values of the parameters KP and KI was examined, and it was investigated which of them lead to an optimal output of the motor. It was studied more specifically which of them result in the optimal overshoot, settling time and the error of the permanent mode. Furthermore, it was inquired the impact of its parameter on the modulation of the intrinsic power of the motor.

Įprasti elektromechaninių vykdymo sistemų dinamikos optimizavimo metodai – kiekybinis ir simetrinis optimumai turi savų privalumų bei trūkumų ir yra pagrįsti pastovios struktūros greičio reguliatoriais: proporciniu (P) ir proporciniu integruojančiu (PI). Siekiant suderinti kiekybinio ir simetrinio optimumų tiekiamus privalumus bei pašalinti jų trūkumus, užtikrindamas elektromechaninės vykdymo sistemos greičio dinaminį nuokrypį neviršijantį 5 % ir nulinį greičio statinį nuokrypį ištirtas P-PI valdymo dėsnio kintamos struktūros reguliatorius. Remiantis ITAE integraliniu kokybės rodikliu nustatyta geriausią elektromechaninės vykdymo sistemos dinamikos kokybę užtikrinanti greičio reguliatoriaus valdymo dėsnio perjungimo parametro priklausomybė nuo statinės apkrovos. Atlikti elektros pavaros su kintamos struktūros greičio reguliatoriumi veikimo imitacijos tyrimai MATLAB/Simulink programa. Nustatyta, kad P-PI kintamos struktūros reguliatorius užtikrina nuo 60,7 % iki 83,15 % geresnę elektromechaninės vykdymo sistemos dinamikos kokybę nei pastovios struktūros simetrinio optimumo reguliatorius (PI). Tačiau naudojant P-PI kintamos struktūros reguliatorių gaunama nuo 2,76 % iki 13,67 % blogesnė sistemos dinamikos kokybė nei PI-P-PI kintamos struktūros reguliatoriaus atveju. / Classical dynamics optimization methods of the electromechanical servo drives are the quantitative and symmetrical optimums. These methods have advantages and disadvantages and are based on the fixed structure velocity controllers – proportional (P) and proportional-integrating (PI). In order to coordinate the advantages and eliminate disadvantages of the quantitative and symmetrical optimum methods have been investigated the P-PI variable structure velocity controller in the electromechanical servo drive. The P-PI variable structure velocity controller ensures that the dynamic error does not exceed 5 % and enables avoiding the static velocity error. According to the ITAE (Integral of Time multiplied by Absolute Error) quality indicator it was determined the control law switching parameter dependence on the static load ensuring the best dynamical quality of the electromechanical servo system. The investigations have been accomplished simulating the electromechanical servo system with P-PI variable structure velocity controller using MATLAB/Simulink program. It has been determined that P-PI variable structure velocity controller ensures from 60,7 % to 83,15 % better dynamical quality of the electromechanical servo system compared to the fixed structure controller (PI) of the symmetrical optimum. But using P-PI variable structure velocity controller the dynamical quality declines from 2,76 % to 13,67 % compared to the PI-P-PI variable structure velocity controller.

This thesis analyzes the relation between Kripke&#039 / s rule-sceptic argument and Wittgenstein&#039 / s paradox. Besides, Kripke&#039 / s claim that the conclusion of Wittgenstein&#039 / s private language argument is stated in PI 202 will be discussed. The thesis will also evaluate the consistency of Kripke&#039 / s rule-sceptic argument independently of Wittgenstein&#039 / s views.

Thesis (M.CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).